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Advanced Microwave Measurements
S Parameters
Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
jschutt@emlab.uiuc.edu
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 1
Transfer Function Representation
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 2
Y-parameter Representation
I1 y11V1 y12V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 3
Y Parameter Calculations
I1 I2
y11 y21
V1 V 0 V1 V 0
2 2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 4
Z Parameters
V1 z11I1 z12 I 2
V2 z21I1 z22 I 2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 5
Z-parameter Calculations
V1 V2
z11 z21
I1 I2 0
I1 I2 0
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 6
H Parameters
V1 h11I1 h12V2
I 2 h21I1 h22V2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 7
H Parameter Calculations
V1 I2
h11 h21
I1 V 0 I1 V2 0
2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 8
G Parameters
I1 g11V1 g12 I 2
V2 g 21V1 g 22 I 2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 9
G-Parameter Calculations
I1 V2
g11 g 21
V1 I 2 0
V1 I2 0
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 10
Y‐Parameters of TL
Find the Y‐parameters of a lossless transmission line
with propagation constant and characteristic
impedance Zo (admittance Yo)
V ( z ) V e j z V e j z
I( z ) Yo V e j z V e j z
Let port 1 be at z=‐l and port 2 at z=0
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 11
Y‐Parameters of TL
at port 1 at port 2 (z = 0)
V1 V e j l V e j l V2 V V
I1 Yo V e j l V e j l I 2 Yo V V
V2 Z o I 2 V2 Z o I 2
V and V
2 2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 12
Y‐Parameters of TL
So that
V2 Z o I 2 j l V2 Z o I 2 j l
V1 e e
2 2
V2 Z o I 2 j l V2 Z o I 2 j l
I1 Yo e Yo e
2 2
and
V1 V2 cos l Z o I 2 j sin l
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 13
Y‐Parameters of TL
Using definitions for Y11
I1 I 2 cos l jYo cos l
Y11
V1 V 0 jZ o I 2 sin l sin l
2
and
I2 I2 jYo
Y21
V1 V2 0
jZ o I 2 sin l sin l
Z Parameters Y Parameters
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2 I1 Y11V1 Y12V2
V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2 I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 15
15
Wave Approach
V1 Ei1 Er1 V2 Ei 2 Er 2
Ei1 Er1 Ei 2 Er 2
I1 = I2 =
Zo Zo
- Total voltage and current are made up of sums of forward and
backward traveling waves.
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 16
16
Wave Approach
Ei1 Ei 2
a1 = a2 =
Zo Zo
Er1 Er 2
b1 = b2 =
Zo Zo
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 17
17
Wave Approach
b1 b2
S11 = | a2=0
S21 =
a1 a1 | a2=0
b1 b2
S12 = | a1=0 S22 =
a2 a2 | a1=0
To make ai = 0
1) Provide no excitation at port i
2) Match port i to the characteristic impedance of the reference lines.
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 18
18
S‐Parameters of Resistor
Determine S‐Parameter of 2‐port resistance
Insert R between two reference TL
Provide excitation at port 1 for S11 and S21
Provide excitation at port 2 for S12 and S22
Can use symmetry and reciprocity
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 19
S‐Parameters of Resistor
b1 ( R Zo ) Zo R
S11 = = =
a1 ( R Z o ) Z o R 2Z o
R R
S11 = and by symmetry, S 22 =
R 2Z o R 2Z o
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 20
Calculating S21 of Resistor
Since a2=0, the total voltage in port 2 is: V2 b2 Z o
VZ Z o a1 b1 Z o Z o a1 S11a1 Z o
V2 1 o
R1 Z o R1 Z o R1 Z o
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 21
S‐Parameters of Resistor
Z o Z o 1 S11 a1 2 Z o a1 Z o
V2
R1 Z o R1 2 Z o
b2 V2 1 2Z o
S 21
a1 Z o a1 R 2 Z o
2Z o 2Z o
S 21 and by reciprocity, S12
R 2Zo R 2Z o
R 2Z o
S parameters of R 2Z R 2Zo
S
o
resistor R 2Z o R
R 2Z R 2 Z o
o
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 22
N-Port S Parameters
b1 S11 S12 a1
b S S22 a2
2 21
bn Snn an
b = Sa
If bi = 0, then no reflected wave on port i port is matched
Vi
ai Vi : incident voltage wave in port i
Z oi
Vi : reflected voltage wave in port i
Vi
bi
Z oi Z oi : impedance in port i
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 23
N-Port S Parameters
1
v Z o a + b (1) i a - b (2) v = Zi (3)
Zo
Substitute (1) and (2) into (3)
1
Zo a + b Z a - b
Zo
Defining S such that b = Sa and substituting for b
Zo U + S a Zo U - S a U : unit matrix
SZ ZS
S Z + Zo U Z ZoU
1 -1
Z Z o U + S U - S
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 24
N-Port S Parameters
If the port reference impedances are different,
we define k as
Z o1
Zo2
k
Z on
S = Zk -1 + k Zk -1 - k Z = k U + S U - S k
-1
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 25
Normalization
Assume original S parameters as S1 with
system k1. Then the representation S2 on
system k2 is given by
Transformation Equation
-1
S 2 = k 1 (U + S1 )(U - S1 ) k 1k 2 + k 2 k 1 (U + S1 )(U - S1 )-1 k 1k 2 - k 2
-1
If Z is symmetric, S is also symmetric
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 26
Dissipated Power
Pd a U - S TS* a*
1 T
2
The dissipation matrix D is given by:
D = U - S T S*
Passivity insures that the system will always
be stable provided that it is connected to
another passive network
For passivity
‐ (1) the determinant of D must be 0
‐ (2) the determinant of the principal minors must be 0
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 27
Dissipated Power
When the dissipation matrix is 0, we have a
lossless network
S T S* U
The S matrix is unitary.
For a lossless two‐port:
S11 S21 1
2 2
S22 S12 1
2 2
If in addition the network is reciprocal, then
S12 S 21 and S11 S 22 1 S12
2
ECE 451 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 28