Teacher Resource CD

for
Sets and Set Operati
ons
 When are two sets equal?

Equality of Sets
Two sets A and B are equal, that is
A = B,
if and only if A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A.

When is a set a proper subset of another set?

Proper Subset A ⊂ B
A set A is a proper subset of B if A ⊆ B and A ≠ B .

B
A

A⊂B

4
What does it mean by union of two (or more) sets?

Union of Sets
The union of two sets A and B is the set whose elements are those
which belong to set A, or to set B, or to both sets. In symbols, the union
of sets A and B is
A∪B
which is read as “A union B.” In the Venn diagram that follows, the shaded
area corresponds to A ∪ B .

B
A

5
 What does it mean by intersection of two (or more) sets?

Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets A and B is the set whose elements are common
to set A and set B. In symbols, the intersection of sets A and B is
A∩B .
This is read as “A intersection B”. In the Venn diagram below, the
shaded area corresponds to A ∩ B .

A B

6
What does A minus B mean?

Difference of Sets
The difference of sets A and B is the set whose elements belong to set A
but which do not belong to set B. In symbols, the difference of A and B is
A−B
which is read as “A minus B.” In the Venn diagram below, the shaded area
corresponds to A − B .

A B

7
 What does the complement of a set mean? What happens if I combine
the set and its complement?

Complement of a Set
The complement of set A is the set whose elements are elements of the
universal set that do not belong to A. In symbols the complement of A is
A′
which is read as “A prime.” In the Venn diagram below, the shaded area
corresponds to A ′.

B
A

8
What is the cardinal number of a set?

Cardinal Number of a Set

Cardinal Number
If P is a set, then the cardinal number of P refers to
the number of elements of P, and is denoted by
n (P ).

9
 In general, what concepts about set operations should I keep in
mind?

Some Properties of Set Operations:

a. A ∪ A = A
b. A ∪U = U
c. A ∪ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C
d. A ∩ A = A
e. A ∩U = A
f. ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C )
g. A ∪∅ = A
h. A ∩∅ = ∅

10
Real Numbers
 When is a number called a real number?

The Set of Real Numbers

The set of real numbers is illustrated in a simple Venn diagram below.

Set of Real Numbers (R )

Set of Set of
Rational Irrational
Numbers Numbers
(Q ) (Q ′)

12
What types of numbers do I have to understand? When will I
encounter these numbers?

Subsets of Real Numbers

The schematic diagram below serves as a visual representation of the
different subsets of real numbers.

Real Numbers, R

Rational Numbers, Q Irrational Numbers, Q ′

Non-Integer Integers, Z
Rational Numbers

Negative Whole Numbers, W

Integers

Zero Positive Integers, N

(Natural or Counting
Numbers)

13
 On the Real Number System

Activity
A Real Significant Day
The day of real important event in one’s life can easily be determined
using real simple procedure. But the totality of the procedure can only be
revealed if the important words in each step will be correctly filled out.

To determine the day of a given date (MONTH, DATE, YEAR ) :

1. Take the last digit in the YEAR.

2. Divide this by . Ignore its remainder.

3. Using the month chart, determine the

corresponding to the given MONTH.

Month Chart
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Number 1 4 4 0 2 5 0 3 6 1 4 6

If it is a Leap Year, January is 0 and February is 3.

4. the DATE to the numbers obtained in steps 1, 2,

and 3.
5. Determine the remainder when the number obtained in step 4 is
divided by . (Note: If the remainder is 0, use 7
instead.)
6. Using the century chart, determine the to be
added to the number obtained in step 5.
Century Chart
Date Duration Add
From September 16,1752 to 1799 4
From September 16,1800 to 1899 2
From September 16,1900 to 1999 0
From September 16,2000 to 2099 6
From September 16,2100 to 2199 4
14
 7. The tells the day of the week.

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat

Now to complete each step, choose the correct answer in each of the
following item. Then write the corresponding words below the choices
to complete the steps.

1. Is it possible to determine the smallest positive rational number?

Yes Maybe No
four three two

2. Which of the following real numbers has the greatest value?

π e 2
4 3 2

3. Which of the following set is the densest set?

integers fractions counting numbers

average number sum

4. What term is given to a real number with digit 1 followed by 100

zeroes?

googol decillon decagol

add multiply divide

15
 5. Which of the following combines fraction with natural numbers?

complex numbers counting numbers mixed numbers

3 5 7

6. How many irrational numbers are there between two rational

numbers?

infinitely many none one only .

number date average

7. Nonrepeating, nonterminating decimals are .

complex numbers counting numbers mixed numbers

3 5 7

Now use the steps to determine the day when you were born.

16
Activity
Real Amazing Animal Facts
You will find the following statements about animals amazing and
sometimes incredible. But not all of these are true. To find out which
of these statements are real facts, determine if the accompanying
mathematical statement is true or false. If the mathematical statement is
true, so is the statement about animals. If it is false, so is the statement
about animals.
1. A worker is a female honey bee without functioning
sex organ.

(T/F? The irrational number π is the between the

integers 2 and 4.)

2. Like other mammals, rats do not have the ability to

reason.

(T/F? All nonnegative integers are counting numbers.)

3. Male seahorse gives birth to its young.

(T/F? All natural numbers are whole numbers.)

4. The blood of most insects is colorless or greenish.

 
T/F? The number − 4 3 is equal to − 19 .

 4 4 

17
 Activity

The Symbols / and %

The slash mark / is used in fractions and dates, or a replacement for
the word “per” or “or”.

On the other hand, the symbol % is exclusively associated to percent,

and is usually written after a figure.

Name each symbol.

Complete each statement satisfying the given property. Then write the
letter corresponding to the answer of your choice in the appropriate box.

1. (15 + 2) + 7 =

Commutative property
K 15 + (2 + 7)
L 7 + (15 + 2)
M (15 + 7) + 2
N 17 + 7

2. −8 + (4 + 10) =

Associative property
G (4 +10) − 8
H −8 + (10 + 4)
I (−8 + 4) +10
F −8 + 14

18
3. −7 (3 + 6) =

Distributive property
C −7 (9)
D (6 + 3)(−7)
E −7 (3) − 7 (6)
F −7 (6 + 3)

7  11
4. −  =
11  7 
Commutative property
R −1
−11  7 
S  
7 11
−7 11
T  
11  7 
−77
U
77

5. 12 (−9)(1) =

Identity property
L −108
M 12 (−1)(9)
N (12)(−9) (1)
 
O 12 (−9)

19
 6. If 3(−8) = −2 (12) and − 2 (12) = 6 (−4)

then
Transitive property
D −8 (3) = −4 (6)
E −2 (12) = 3(−8)
F 3(−8) = −24
G 3(−8) = 6 (−4)

7. 1 + 0 =

Identity property
B 0 +1
C 1+ 0
D 0
E 1

8. (5)(4) + (5)(−2) =
Commutative property
P 5 (4 − 2)
Q 20 −10
R (5)(−2) + (5)(4)
S 10

20
 9. 3(2 + 3) =

Reflexive property
U (2 +13) 3
V 3(2 + 13)
W 3(13 + 2)
X 3(2) + 3(13)

9  6 
10.  =
−11  6 

Identity property
6  9 
S  
6  −11
6  9 
T  
−11  6 
9
U
−11
9
V (1)
−11

8 13 
11.  =
13  8 
Inverse property
13  8 
S  
8 13 
13  8 
T  
13  8 
U 1
8
V
13

21
 12. 8 + (3)(0) =

Zero property
A 8
B 8+0
C 0 +8
D 8 + (0)(2)

13. −1 + 1 =

Inverse property
K 1 −1
L 0
M −1
N 1

The symbol / is called

9 2 8 6 11 13 3

and the symbol ÷ is called

5 12 7 1 10 4

22
In general, what properties of real numbers should I keep in mind?
Will my future lessons require the use of these concepts?

Properties of Real Numbers

If a, b, and c are real numbers (R ) , then
Closure: a + b ∈ R , ab ∈ R .
Commutative: a + b = b + a and ab = ba.
Associative: a + (b + c ) = (a + b ) + c and a (bc ) = (ab ) c .
Distributive: a (b + c ) = ab + ac and (a + b ) c = ac + bc .
Identity: a + 0 = a and a ⋅1 = a
1
Inverse: a + (−a ) = 0 and a ⋅ = 1
a

23
Measurement
 Historical Development of Measurement
Activity
Identifying and Searching for the Past
Identify each phrase. Write your answer in the blank. Your answer
will serve as a clue to the word search activity that follows. Words in the
diagrams read forward, backward, up, down, and diagonally and always
in a straight line. Check the corresponding box when you find it. Words
will often overlap, and some letters may be used more than once. Not all
the letters in the diagram will be used.
Greek word for “measure”

Birthplace of metric system

Yard “standardizer”
Origin of “month”
1
10 000 000 of arc from
Equator to North Pole

Length of 3 grains of barley

Reform movement from the use

of customary or local measurement
and practices to modern
metric system

Prefix for million

He prescribed the use of only

the metric system as the standard
measurement in the Philippines
Prefix for 10−15

25
 Amount of water contained
1
in a cube with side m
10
1,000 grams

A system of measure based on

powers of 10

Measured quantity when kg

is used
A measurement prefix with
abbreviation da

He headed the French Academy

of Sciences who recommended
the use of metric system

12 inches

SI unit for electrical current

1018 meters

3 feet

Physical quantity measured

by clocks

Weight of an object without

direction

26
R O N M E T R I C S Y S T E M E
Z R J A A C E D F T E R A A O X
M A S S B E Q A E C R E R N K A
A I X S D M G E M E F C A M I M
E M E T R I C A T I O N G O L E
R E E L G T N E O S H A F O O T
E T I G I J M C L A G R A N G E
P R K L A T M N H O P F Q T R R
M O O N T H E N R Y A R D H A S
A N I V L E K R T S O C R A M W

27
 Measuring Instruments
Activity
Standard Units of Measure vs. Nonstandard Units of
Measure

A. Use your dangkal to find the measure of each physical quantity. Then
use a ruler to measure these quantities. Record your data on the table
below.

Physical Quantity No. of Dangkal No. of Centimeters

1. length of the blackboard
2. diagonal of teacher’s table .
3. height of the door
4. width of the window
5. perimeter of textbook

B. Compare your results with the results of 9 of your classmates.

C. Write your findings and draw a conclusion regarding the use of

standard unit of measures as opposed to the use of nonstandard units.

28
What do these prefixes and symbols mean in relation to powers
of 10?

The Prefixes and Symbols Used for Powers of Ten

Sym- n
Prefix Name Decimal Number 10
bol
18
exa- E Quintillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 10

15
peta- P Quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000 10

12
tera- T Trillion 1,000,000,000,000 10

9
giga- G Billion 1,000,000,000 10

6
mega- M Million 1,000,000 10

3
kilo- k Thousand 1,000 10

2
hecto- h Hundred 100 10

1
deca- da Ten 10 10

0
- - One 1 10

−1
deci- d Tenth 0.1 10

−2
centi- c Hundredth 0.01 10

−3
milli- m Thousandth 0.001 10

−6
micro- µ Millionth 0.000 001 10

−9
nano- n Billionth 0.000 000 001 10

−12
pico- p Trillionth 0.000 000 000 001 10

−15
femto- f Quadrillionth 0.000 000 000 000 001 10

−18
atto- a Quintillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10

29
 What is the International System of Units?

The International System of Units (SI)

Measured Unit of
Description
Quantity Measure
The meter is the distance traveled
meter by light in vacuum during a time
Length
(m) interval of 11,299,792,458th of a
second.

The kilogram is equal to the mass

of the international prototype of the
kilogram
Mass kilogram—a single precious platinum-
(kg)
iridium cylinder kept in Sevres,
France.

The second is the duration of

9,192,631,770 periods of the
second
Time radiation of the transition between
(s)
two hyperfine levels of the ground
state of the cesium 133 atom.

The ampere is the current needed

Electric ampere in two parallel conductors of
Current (A) infinite length placed 1 meter apart
in vacuum, to produce a force equal
to 2 × 10 newton per meter of length.

The kelvin unit is the fraction

kelvin 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
Temperature
(K) temperature of the triple point of
water.

The mole is the amount of substance

Amount of mole which contains as many elementary
a Substance (mol) entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12.

The candela is luminous intensity

Luminous candela of a source of monochromatic
13
Intensity (cd) radiation of frequency 540 × 10
hertz with radiant intensity of
1/683 watt per steradian.

30
In measuring lengths, what should I keep in mind?

Measures of Length
The basic metric unit for length is the meter (m) .

Metric Units of Length

1 kilometer (km) = 10 hectometers (hm)

1 hm = 10 dekameters (dam)
1 dam = 10 meters
1m = 10 decimeters (dm)
1 dm = 10 centimeters (cm)
1 cm = 10 millimeters (mm)
1 decimeter (dm)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 centimeter (cm) 1 millimeter (mm)

31
 In measuring mass, what should I keep in mind?

Measures of Mass
The basic metric unit for mass is the gram (g ).

Metric Units of Mass

1 metric ton (MT) = 1,000 kilograms (kg)
1 kg = 1,000 grams (g)
1g = 1,000 milligrams (mg)

32
What common units will I encounter in measuring capacity?

Measures of Capacity
The basic metric unit for capacity is the liter (L ) .

Metric Units of Capacity

1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters (L)
1L = 1,000 milliliters (mL)

33
 What is time? What units are used to measure time?

Measures of Time
The basic metric unit for time is the second (s).

Units of Time
1 millennium = 10 centuries
1 century = 100 years
1 decade = 10 years
1 score = 20 years
1 year (yr) = 12 months (mo)
1 yr = 52 weeks (wk)
1 yr = 365 days (da)
1 mo = 30 da
1 da = 24 hours (h)
1h = 60 minutes (min)
1 min = 60 seconds (s)

34
What are the units used in measuring temperature? What is usually
used in the place where I live? In what instance will I encounter the
other units of measuring temperature?

Measures of Temperature
The basic metric unit for temperature is kelvin (K ) . However,
this unit of measure is often used to measure temperature in scientific
experiments. The most common temperature units used in daily life are
the degree Celsius (°C) and the degree Fahrenheit (°F).
A temperature expressed in °F can be converted to °C using the
formula
5
TC = (TF −32)
9

where TF is the given temperature in °F, and TC is the equivalent

temperature in °C.

35
 There are other units of measuring things aside from the metric
system. How are they related?

English System of Measures and the Metric System

In the English system of measures, the most commonly used units of
length are the inch, foot, yard, and miles. Some commonly used units of
capacity are fluid ounce and gallon. The pound and ounce are the units for
measuring mass.

English to Metric System

Length
1 mile (mi) = 1.6093 km
1 yard (yd) = 0.91 (m)
1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm
Mass
1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg
1 ounce (oz) = 28.349 g
Liquid Volume
1 gallon (gal) = 3.7853 L
1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 29.573 mL

36
There are many formulas for perimeter. What are they? In general,
how do I get the perimeter of polygons?

Some Perimeter Formulas for Polygons

Triangle Square
s

a c
s s

b s
PT = a + b + c PS = 4s

Rectangle Parallelogram

l b

w w a a

l b

PR = 2(l + w) PP = 2(a + b)

37
 Converting Measurements
Activity
“I am the Greatest”
Probably the most popular convert to the Muslim faith in recent history
is an American boxer from Louisville, Kentucky. He is the first to win
the heavyweight championship in 3 separate times. An Olympic gold
medalist, his quick reflexes and defensive speed in the ring, combined
with his engaging, sometimes outrageous personality and his refusal to
be inducted into the US army on religious grounds made him a cultural
icon during his 20-year career and long after his final retirement. Can
you name him?

The activity below will help you identify the boxer

who thrilled Manila in 1975.

Convert each measurement in meter. Find the

matching answer on the decoder on the next page,
and write it above each measurement.

38
 0.7 km 18 dam 4260 cm 0.042 cm 152 hm 0.32 hm 297 cm 639 dm

100 in 5.5 ft 3 yd
is also known as (a.k.a.)

7 dam 1.8 km 42.6 hm 42 cm 15.2 dm 3.2 km 2.97 hm

63,900 mm 100 ft 0.55 yd 300 in

Decoder (measures in meter)

A G A D M U H L A C S
42 152 0.502 92 63.9 15.2 3,200 42.6 30.48 2.97 700 297

I M A M U S I Y A E C
1.52 32 2.54 700 180 4,260 2.743 2 7.62 1,800 1.52 63.9

39
 Activity
Julius Nyerere’s Country

Julius Nyerere, one of Africa’s most

respected leaders, unified two countries in
1965 and converted it into what is now known
as the United Republic of Tanzania.

Can you name these two African states

TANGANYIKA’S
which gained respective independence from PRESIDENT
NYERERE

Britain in 1961 and 1963?

Just like in the previous activity, the preceding activity will help
you name the two African states. Simply choose the letter of the correct
conversion of the given measure.

Item Measure I II III IV Letter

1 5.7 cm
M T S K
0.057 mm 0.057 m 0.057 dm 0.057 km

2 52 g
Y E O A
0.52 kg 0.052 MT 52 cg 52,000 mg

3 325 mL
Y R N Z
3.25 L 325 L 0.325 L 32.5 L

4 37.2°C
G A C J
98.96°F 34.96°F 2.89°F 89.69°F

5 72 h
Y A M H
4,320 s 3 da 259,200 min 0.29 wk

6 36 m2
N B E S
3,600 dm2 3,600 hm2 3,600 cm2 3,600 mm2

40
 Item Measure I II III IV Letter

7 0.52 m
I L T Y
5.2 km 0.52 mm 52 hm 0.052 dam

8 620 mg
A Q I L
6.2 MT 0.62 kg 6.2 cg 62 g

9 0.25 L
K U E N
0.000 25 kL 250 mL 2.5 cL 25 hL

10 100°F
E A S T
148°C 37.78°C 73.33°C 212°C

11 1,000 s
Z A E S
0.28 h 16.68 h 0.69 h 41.68 h

12 36 m3
J U T A
3,600 mm3 0.36 m3 3.6 dam3 0.000 36 dm3

13 18 ft
I H N R
5.486 4 dam 216 yd 548.68 cm 21.6 dm

14 5 lb
I B Z E
4.536 kg 0.05 kg 2.268 kg 5,000 kg

15 10 gal
I N O P
37.853 L 12.80 fl.oz. 378.53 mL 128 pint

16 0.5 score
B A H U
0.1 century 10 millennium 1 year 1,000 mo

17 90 da
M I T A
2,160 min 1,296 s 2.47 yr 2.96 mo

18 36 in2
A R I E
3 ft2 232.26 cm2 432 yd2 232 mm2

The two African states are and .

41
Scientific Notation
What is precision? How is it related to significant figure? What does
it mean by significant figures?

Determining Significant Figures

The significant figures of a number are those digits that contribute to
their precision.
To ascertain the number of significant digits in a measurement, use
the following rules.
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two nonzero digits are significant. Embedded
zeroes are always significant.
3. Leading zeroes are not significant.
4. Trailing zeroes are significant only if the decimal point is indicated.

43
 When do I need to write a number in its scientific notation? What
is scientific notation?

Scientific Notation
The positive number N is in scientific notation, if N is
written as m ×10k , where 1 ≤ m < 10, and k is any integer.

How do I perform operations that involve numbers in scientific

notation?

Multiplication and Division with Scientific Notation

If N 1 and N 2 are real numbers in scientific notation,
and
N 1 = m1 ×10 j and N 2 = m2 ×10k
then
N 1N 2 = m1m2 ×10 j +k and
N 1 m1
= ×10 j −k
N 2 m2

Addition and Subtraction with Scientific Notation

If N1 and N2 are real numbers in scientific notation,
and
N 1 = p ×10k and N 2 = q ×10k
then N 1 + N 2 = ( p + q )×10k and
N 1 − N 2 = ( p − q )×10k

44
Scientific Notation
Activity
Sci-Tic-Tac-Not
Sci-Tic-Tac-Not is similar to tic-tac-toe. However, multiplication of
numbers in scientific notations is applied.

To play the game, you need: a set of Sci-Tic-Tac-Not Boards (Product

Board and the Factor Board), 2 sets of chips (50 pcs each; 1 set in red,
the other set in blue), and scientific calculator (optional).

Procedure:
A. This board game can be played by two players. The first to play is
determined by “jack-en-poy.”
B. The first player will begin by placing his chip on the Factor Board. He
has a privilege of placing his opponent’s chip in any of the cells on the
Factor Board. The chips can be placed on the same cell.
C. The scientific notations chosen on the cells will then be multiplied.
The first player will place his next chip in the resulting product on the
Product Board.
D. While the first player’s chip remains in place, the second player will
move his chip on any cell on the Factor Board. Then place his chip
on the resulting product in the Product Board. (The players must use
strategy to determine which combinations will make them win the
game and will block the opponent’s chips.)
E. The first to place four chips in the Product Board in a row (vertically,
horizontally, or diagonally) wins the game.
F. If a player gives an incorrect product or the product has already been
covered, the opponent will then have the opportunity to move both
chips as in the beginning of the game.

45
 The Boards:

The Factor Board

−2 −10
3 × 10 5 × 10
15
2 × 10

8 −4 17
4 × 10 8 × 10 3 × 10

−23 −11 5
2 × 10 8 × 10 3 × 10

The Product Board

13 −11 5 10 20
6 × 10 1.5× 10 3.2 × 10 9 × 10 6 × 10

−20 −14 −21 12 −12

3 × 10 4.8 × 10 1.2 × 10 1.6 × 10 1.8 × 10

26 −1
1.2 × 10 4 × 10
−46
1 × 10
6
2 × 10 1.5 × 10
−4

34 14 −15
9 × 10 1.2 × 10 −7
8 × 10
14
2.4 × 10 2.4 × 10
7 23
1.2 × 10 8 × 10 4 × 10
−13
1.8 × 10
7
6.4 × 10
−7

22 −8 −6 17 5
9 × 10 4 × 10 6 × 10 1.6 × 10 1.2 × 10

−33 −5 −19 22 −26

1.2 × 10 1.8 × 10 2.5 × 10 6 × 10 1.6 × 10

3 −4 −8 −3 2
9 × 10 9 × 10 6 × 10 2.4 × 10 2.4 × 10
30 22 8
4 × 10 4 × 10
−8
1 × 10
−32
9 × 10 1.5 × 10

46
Algebraic Expressio
ns
 Simplifying Numerical Expressions
Acitivity
Plato’s Motto
In 387 b.c., the great Greek philosopher Plato
founded his famous Academy in Athens for the
pursuit of philosophical and scientific inquiry.

In the Academy, Plato taught Geometry to the

scholars of Athens. He was also famous because
of his warning to students who ignore Geometry.
This warning was posted in his door. Plato

What was the motto written by Plato over its

Academy’s door?

A. To find the answer, simplify the following numerical expressions in

each box.

15 − 4 2 + 6 (3) − {3 +  4 − 2 (8) } 15 + 36 − 9 3 (15 − 7) ÷ 4

E T N I
1 1
2 (−4) + 5 (−3) − 4 (−7) 24 ÷ 23 + 3(2) − 1 72   + 42   3(−2 + 4) + 6 (5 − 4)
 8   7 
G O L R
 4  2
{5 − −5(8 − 9) + 2} 144 − 9 + 4 −5   + 3 
 5   3 
7 (−2)(−5) − 3(−4)(−5)
.
B A X M
 3 28  −7 (4) − 6 (5) −1
 ⋅  1 + 49 + 36 35 ÷ 32 − 32 ÷ 3
 7 3  −21 + 4

F C Y H

48
B. Write the letter corresponding to the given expression on top of the
correct answer in the decoder.

Decoder

15 17 9 18 8 8 18 17 6 5 18 8 12 11 18 9
.

8 4 5 17 8 10 17 9 12 24 17 18 9 17 12 4 17 12 17

49
 Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
Activity
The Algebra Cube
Algebra cubes are cubes whose sides contain algebraic expressions.
The cubes are rolled and the expressions on each cube are recorded and
solved. For this activity, we will be needing cube whose sides contain
algebraic expressions and another cube with sides containing values of
the variables.

To produce the cubes you need: scissors, paste or tape, 2 Algebra

Cubes template, and Answer Sheet.

Procedure:

1. Carefully cut the cubes on each template.

2. Fold and then tape on the edges.

3. Roll the cubes and then record the expressions on the answer sheet.

4. Evaluate the algebraic expressions.

ANSWER SHEET

Algebraic Values of the Answer

Expression Variables

50
 z=4

2x
+
y =− 2

y−
z
x=−1

x=5 − x 2
+
x( z
y =− 1 y+ y2 +
+
y x

x=2
y =−3
z=1
z)
z2

y =−2
z=0

z = −3
x = −1
x=1 2y
+
y=2 4x 3z
z=3
3(
x=4 x +
y =−5 y)
−
z=0 2z

51
 Verbal Phrases and Algebraic Expressions

Activity
Al-jabr
Algebra began in Egypt and Babylonia some 3,000 years ago. The
name algebra was derived from the Arabic word al-jabr. Discover the
meaning of al-jabr by translating each verbal phrase into algebraic
expression.

1. The sum of a number and nine

ANSWER BOX
2. Twice a number added to three
A 2 ( x + 5)
3. The sum of six and two-thirds of a B m−4
number E 2r + 3
4. Eight subtracted from thrice a F x
number I 2
n −n
5. The difference between a square of a 1
K x+
number and the number x
N 3 p− 8
6. Twice a number
O 2x
7. The difference between three times a 3x
number and eight P
5
8. Twice as your friend’s age R x +9
9. Square root of a number S x (4+ x )
m
10. A number minus four T
3+ m
11. A number added to nine 2x
U 6+
12. Two times the amount of money you 3
have
13. The sum of a number and its reciprocal
14. Three more than twice a number

15. Eight less than thrice a number

52
16. Three-fifths of a number

17. Twice the sum of a number and five

18. A number plus nine

19. A number divided by three more than the same number

20. A number multiplied to the sum of the same number and four

Al-jabr means the

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

53
 Activity

Cross-Al-Ex Puzzle

Complete the Cross-Al-Ex puzzle by translating each verbal phrase

to algebraic expression.

1 2

3 4 5

7 8

9 10 11 12

13 14 15

16 17

18

19 20

21 22

23

24 25

Across

1. A number x increased by 4
3. Twice a number k decreased by 15
6. A number less than twice the square of the number
8. The sum of four times a number and 7
9. The difference between a and 3
11. The sum of three times the square of a number n and four times
that number
13. The quotient when 16 is divided by a number n
14. m added to its half
16. The product of a, b, and c

54
 18. Less than 6 times a number n
19. The product of 27 and x divided by 5
21. The difference between a number b and 10 subtracted from the
square of b
23. The sum of x, y, and z
24. A square of a number m decreased by 13
25. A number x added to 4 times that number

Down
2. The difference between 4 times the square of a number and
twice that number
3. Twice the cube of a number added to three times that number
4. The sum of 5 times a number n and the square of that number
5. 3 less than n
6. The sum of 2 and 4 times a number m
7. m decreased by 1
10. Twice a number added to 36
11. The sum of 3 and a number c
12. A number n added to 3 times that number
15. The sum of a number m and 25
17. Twice a number b subtracted from the square of that number
19. The sum of 2 and x
20. The sum of three consecutive integers if the first integer is b
22. The quotient of 10 and x

55
 The Laws of Exponents
Activity
Exponents Match-Ups!
If John Wallis (1616 – 1703) was the first to expose zero, negative, and
fractional exponents, a mathematician in the fourteenth century first used
positive integers to indicate powering. Using the rules found in Activity
39, simplify each expression in the box and write the letter corresponding
to it on the circle that contains the answer. These letters will reveal the
name of the 14th century mathematician.

x9 27 z 6 9
8xyz 81x 2 y 6 z 4 2 x3 y 3
64 y15 x12 y 3 yz 2

−1
6 x4 y5  x 2 y  −48 x3 y 5 z 8
(−3x 2 y 3 z 5 )
4

( x 2 y)(3x3 y 3 ) 3 xy 2

 z 4  (−9 xy 3 z 2 )
2

−6 x 2 y 4 z 7
M O R E I N
2 −4
 3 z 2 
3
72 x 2 y 4 z  3 x−2 y3   6 x−1 y−2 z 3 

(−2 xy ) (3xz 5 )  3xy 2 z−3 
−3
 ( 4 x −3 y 5 )
3
  2
 6 xy−4 z 2 
 x y  8x2 y5 z3
4

L C E S O E

z4 x8 y16 y14
108 x5 y 2 z15 81x8 y12 z 20 3x5 y 4
x2 y 16 z 36 4 x6 z 4

The first to use positive integers as exponents was

.

56
Multiplying a Sum and Difference of the Same Terms
Activity
Using Algebra Tiles in Multiplying Binomials
Algebraic tiles can be used to multiply binomials, but first, be
familiarized with the following tiles and the terms they represent.
= x = x Recall:
Recall:

+
TimesTimes +− −

= x2 = x2 + ++ +− −

− −− −+ +
=1 =1

The shaded counterpart of each of these figures represents the

respective negative expression.

To illustrate, the product of x + 2 and x − 2 is shown below.

x 1 1
Times

x x2 x x ( x + 2)( x − 2) = x 2 − 4

−1 −x −1 −1

−1 −x −1 −1

A. Complete each algebra tile multiplication.

57
 1. ( x − 3)( x + 3)
Times x −1 −1 −1

1
1
1

2. ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
Times x 1 1 1 1

−1
−1
−1
−1

3. ( x − 6 )( x + 6 )

58
 Times x −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1

1
1
1
1
1

B. Use algebra tiles in multiplying each pair of binomials.

1. ( x +1)( x −1)

2. ( x + 5)( x − 5)

59
 3. ( x − 7)( x + 7)

C. Observe the product when a sum and difference of two binomials

with the same terms are multiplied. Draw a conclusion.

Conclusion:

60
What concepts about laws of exponents should I keep in mind? What
tasks in the future will require the use of these laws?

Laws of Exponents
If x ≠ 0,

a. x m ⋅ x n = x m+n

(x m )
n
b. = x mn

m
c. ( xy ) = x m y m

xm
d. n
= x m−n if m > n
x

xm
e. n
= x 0 = 1 if m = n
x

xm 1
f. n
= n−m if m < n
x x

p
 xm  x mp
g.  n  = np , y ≠ 0
 y  y

61
 What concepts about special products should I keep in mind? What
tasks will require the use of all these?

Special Product Formulas

( x + b )( x + d ) = x 2 + (b + d ) x + bd
(ax + by )(cx + dy ) = acx 2 + (bc + ad ) xy + bdy 2
2
( x ± y ) = x 2 ± 2 xy + y 2
( x + y )( x − y ) = x 2 − y 2
3
( x ± y ) = x 3 ± 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 ± y 3
( x ± y )( x 2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x 3 ± y 3

62
 Linear Equations a
Inequalities in One nd
Variable
 Linear Equations in One Variable
Activity
Working Backward, A Chinese Style
Some simple linear equations in one variable may be solved using
the principle of working backward. For instance, to solve the equations
x + 7 = 10, follow these steps.
Step 1. Transform the equation in diagram form.
plus
A number x → 7 → results to 10

Step 2. Reverse the diagram. Note that in reversing the diagram,

all operations involved should likewise be reversed; that
is instead of “plus,” use “minus,” instead of “times,” use
“divided by.”
minus
A number 10 → 7 → results to the number x

Step 3. Analyze the “reversed diagram.” The number 10 minus 7 is

3. Hence, x = 3.

Here is another example. To solve 2 y − 5 = 17 :

Diagram:
times minus
The number y → 2 → 5 → results to 17

Reversed diagrams:
plus
The number 17 → 5 → results to 22
divided
The number 22 → 2 → results to 11

Thus, y =11.

64
Now, try these!

Solve each equation. Use extra sheet for your solutions. After solving
all 30 equations, arrange the letters according to its values in ascending
order. It will give you a message.

1. B + 2 = 10 B=

2. D − 22 = 8 D=
3. O − 3 = 15 O=

4. E + 12 = 15 E=
5. W + 2 = 19 W=

6. S −17 = 6 S=

7. 9 − P = 2 P=

8. 8 − D = −7 D=

9. 26 − O = 1 O=

10. 19 − S = 0 S=

11. −2 + K = 9 K=

12. −7 − N = −9 N=

13. 35 − A = 7 A=

14. 42 − F = 18 F=

15. 2O −1 = 1 O=

16. 2 A −17 = 1 A=

17. 3W + 2 = 38 W=

18. 3C −10 = 20 C=

19. 4 E −13 = 11 E=

20. −2S + 9 = 1 S=

65
 21. 15 − 2T = 5 T=

22. 32 − 2T = −8 T=

23. −41 + 2 R = 17 R=

24. −44 + 3W = 37 W=

25. 2 ( A + 6) = 38 A=

26. 3( E −15) = 18 E=
R
27. + 3 = 16 R=
2
T
28. −4 = 0 T=
4
R
29. 6 − = 4 R=
7
P
30. 9 − =8 P=
22

Arrange these letters according to its values in ascending order.

What is the message?

This is a Chinese maxim. Can you explain this?

66
Solving Linear Inequalities
Activity
MISTeRYOSONG LeTRA
Our mystery letter is actually a real number. The symbol was a
suggestion of 17th century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. Its
value is greater than another irrational number 2, but less than still
another irrational number π.

To give you an idea of the mystery letter, solve each linear inequality
and draw its graph. The image of the letter will be visible after all the
inequalities are graphed. Use a thick marker to see the image. Write your
answer in the space provided in interval form.

No. Inequalities Solution in Interval Form

1 −10 < x + 1 < 14

2 −17 < 2 x + 6 < 0

3 −6 < 2 + x < 13

4 −5 < x + 7 < 20

5 −7 < 4 + x < 1
15 x
6 −12 < x − 3 < −2 and < <6
4 2

67
 No. Inequalities Solution in Interval Form
7 −13 < x − 3 < −4 and −10 < 2 −x < −7
x −3 5
8 −7 < < − and − 25 < −2 x + 1 < −17
2 2
x
9 −1 < 2 + < 1
4
2− x 5
10 −1 < <
3 3

11 −53 < 8 x − 5 < 59

7 x 9
12 −20 < 3 x + 7 < 1 and < −1 <
2 2 2

13 −9 < 2 x + 1 < 27

x
14 0 < +1 < 3
3

15 −19 < 3 x + 2 < 32

16 −24 < 2 ( x − 6) < 0

17 −63 < 5 x − 3 < −18

59
18 4 < −5 − 3 x <
2
13 7
19 − < x + 4 < and 13 < 2 x − 5 < 20
2 2
51
20 −19 < 2 x < 0 and < 3 x < 36
2
25
21 1 < 2 − x < 11 and 8 < x + 1 <
2
3 x+9
22 − < < 11
2 2
x + 10 8 3 x+7
23 0< < and < <2
5 5 2 2
50 x 
24 − < 2  − 7 < −5
3  3 

68
 No. Inequalities Solution in Interval Form
x 15
25 2 < 4 + < and − 20 < 2 (20 − 3 x) < −2
2 4
3( x − 2)
26 −15 < <9
2
3 x  39
27 < 3 + 3 <
2 
2  2
2 x+2
28 − < <3
3 3
1
29 −4 < x − 3 < −1
2
1 x
30 < +1 < 3
2 2

30
14
28
13
16
15
3
21
6
20
7
19
8
1 x
22 -13 -12 -11-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
4
17
9
2
18
5
23
12
25
26
11
27
24
10
29

69
 What properties of equality should I understand? What tasks in the
future will require my knowledge on properties of equality?

Properties of Equality
For any real numbers a, b, and c:
Reflexive: a = a
Symmetric: if a = b, then b = a.
Transitive: if a = b and b = c , then a = c .
Addition: if a = b, then a + c = b + c
Multiplication: if a = b, then ac = bc
a b
and = , c ≠ 0.
c c

70
What really is proportion?

Fundamental Law of Proportion

a c
If = , then ad = bc.
b d

So, aside from properties of equality, what else do I need to keep in

mind?

Properties of Inequalities
For any real numbers a, b, and c,
Addition: if a > b, then a + c > b + c and a − c > b − c .
Multiplication: if a > b and c > 0, then
a b
ac > bc and > ;
c c
if a > b and c < 0, then
a b
ac < bc and < .
c c

71
Basic Concepts in G
eometry
Postulates and Theorems... what are they?

What postulates/theorems should I understand?

Postulate 1 Line Postulate

Two points determine exactly one line.

Theorem 1
Two distinct lines intersect at one point.

Postulate 2
Three collinear points are contained in at least one plane
and three noncollinear points are contained in exactly one
plane.

Postulate 3
If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is
a line.

Postulate 4
If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line is in
the plane.

73
 Theorem 2
If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane,
then the intersection contains only one point.

Theorem 3
Exactly one plane contains a given line and a point not
on the line.

Theorem 4
Exactly one plane contains two intersecting lines.

Postulate 5 The Ruler Postulate

There is one-to-one correspondence between the points of
a line and the set of real numbers such that the distance
between any two points of the line is the absolute value of
the difference between the corresponding numbers.

Postulate 6
Given two points P and S on a line, a coordinate system
can be chosen in such a way that the coordinate of P is 0 and
the coordinate of S is greater than 0.

74
 Theorem 5

On ray AB , there is exactly one point P that lies at a
distance x from A.

Theorem 6
Every segment has exactly one midpoint.

Postulate 7 Angle Measurement Postulate

To every angle there corresponds a unique real number
r where 0 < r < 180.

Postulate 6. TheThe
Postulate 8 Angle Construction
Angle ConstructionPostulate
Postulate

InIn half-plane
half-plane H H1,, through
through the
the endpoint
endpoint of
of ray
BC BC lying
lying in
in the edge of the half-plane there is exactly one otherray 
1
the edge of the half-plane there is exactly one other ray BA,
BA, with
with A in AHin H1 , such
, such that angle
that ∠ABC ABCby
formed formed
the twoby rays
the two
has
rays has a 1
given measure between
a given measure between 0 and 180. 0 and 180.

H1

B C

75
 Postulate 7. Angle Addition Postulate
Postulate 9 Angle Addition Postulate
If IfDDis is
in in
thethe interior
interior
1 of of ∠ABC,
∠ABC then
, then
m∠ABC = m∠
m∠ABC =ABD + m∠
m∠ABD +CBD . .
m∠CBD
A

C
B

Theorem 7
If two angles are complements of congruent angles, then
the two angles are congruent.

Corollary 7.1
If two angles are complements of the same angle, then
they are congruent.

Theorem 8 The Supplement Theorem

If two angles are supplements of congruent angles, then
the two angles are congruent.

76
Theorem 9
If two angles are both congruent and supplementary,
then each is a right angle.

Corollary 8.1
If two angles are supplementary to the same angle, then
the two angles are congruent.

Postulate 10. Linear Pair Postulate

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are
supplementary.

Theorem 10 The Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

Theorem 10
Any two right angles are congruent.

77
 Postulate 11 Parallel Postulate
Through a point outside a line, there is one and only
one line parallel to the given line.

Postulate 12 Parallel-Alternate Interior Angle Postulate

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then any
pair of alternate interior angles are congruent.

Theorem 12 Parallel-Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then any
pair of alternate exterior angles are congruent.

Theorem 13 Parallel-Corresponding Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the
corresponding angles are congruent.

Theorem 14 Parallel-Interior Angles-Same Side Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the interior angles on the same side of a transversal are
supplementary.

78
Theorem 15 Parallel-Exterior Angles-Same Side Theorem
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the
exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are
supplementary.

Theorem 16 Perpendicular Parallel Lines Theorem

In a plane, a line perpendicular to one of the two
parallel lines is perpendicular to the other.

79
 Enrichment: Mathematical Symbols
Word Problem Puzzler 2

Who were the first people to use or publish the mathematical symbols
we are using nowadays? To find out the first people to use the symbols
below, solve each problem, and then draw a line to match the problem
to its answer.

∠ The base angle of an isosceles triangle CHRISTIAN

is 12° more than the vertex angle. Find 129° KRAMP
ANGLE the vertex angle.

∞ Triangle ABC is isosceles with base AC

WILLIAN
if AB = ( x + 13) cm, AC = (2 x + 3) cm, 25°
INFINITY OUGHTRED
and BC = (3 x − 7) cm .

≅ The exterior angles adjacent to the

vertex angle of an isosceles triangle PIERRE
measures 124°. Find the measure of 52° HERIGONE
CONGRUENT each base angle.

The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle

n!
measures 78°. Find the measure of the ROBERT
larger angle formed by the bisectors of 51.7° RECORDE
FACTORIAL the base angles of the isosceles triangle.

><
The ratio of the angles of an isosceles
JOHN
GREATER triangle is 5:5:8. Find the measure of 83 cm
WALLIS
THAN, LESS the largest angle.
THAN

× The base angle of an isosceles triangle

is 65°. Find the measure of the acute JOHANNES
50° WIDMAN
angles formed by the altitude to the
TIMES vertex of the given isosceles triangle.

80
 Find the measure of the vertex
⊥ angle of an isosceles triangle if THOMAS
each base angle measures 80° HARRIOT
PERPENDICULAR
(2 x − 3) ° and ( x +15) °.

= The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle

is 25° more than the base angle. Find GOTTFRIED
EQUALS 62° WILHELM LEIBNIZ
the measure of each base angle.

+ The exterior angle adjacent to the base

WILLIAM
angle of an isosceles triangle is 115°. 86° OUGHTRED
PLUS Find the measure of the vertex angle.

π The larger angle formed by the bisec-

tors of the base angles of an isosceles PIERRE
114° HERIGONE
triangle is 133°. Find the measure of the
PI vertex angle.

81
Some Plane Figures
How will I find out the number of diagonals given the type of
polygon?

Number of Diagonals in Polygons

No. of sides No. of diagonals s

Polygon s−3 2
s n(d)
3
Triangle 3 0 0 2

Quadrilateral 4 2 1 2
5
Pentagon 5 5 2 2

Hexagon 6 9 3 3
.. .. .. .. ..
. . . . .
s
n-gon s n(d) = ? s−3
2

83
 Number of Diagonals in a Polygon
The number of diagonals n (d ) that can be drawn in a
polygon of s sides is given by the formula:
s ( s − 3)
n (d ) =
2

How do I find out the sum of the interior angles of a given convex
polygon?

Sum of Interior Angles of Convex Polygon

No. of sides No. of triangles Sum of
Polygon s−2 interior
s formed angles
Triangle 3 1 1 180

Quadrilateral 4 2 2 360

Pentagon 5 3 3 540
..
Hexagon 6 4 4 .
.. .. .. .. ..
. . . . .

n-gon s s−2 s−2 (s − 2)180

This discovery can be summarized in the following statement.

Theorem 24
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
convex polygon Si with sides s is
Si = ( s − 2)180.

84
Introduction to Stati
stics
 In what situation should I use a particular measure of central
tendency? What measures of central tendency can I use?

Characteristics of Measures of Central Tendency

The three measures of central tendency are compared and contrasted
here on different aspects.

Point of
Mean Median Mode
Comparison
A. Nature of Calculated Rank or Inspectional
Computation average positional average
average
B. Sensitivity Easily affected May or may not May or may not
to Other by an increase be affected by be affected by an
Data or decrease in extreme values introduction of
the number of other data
data
C. Usability Most widely Less widely Rarely used;
used average used than the cannot be
and subject mean but can mathematically
to further be subjected manipulated
mathematical to a few
computation mathematical
computation
D. Nature of Appropriate Appropriate for Appropriate for
Data for interval or ordinal scales nominal scales
ratio scales like such as test like number of
scores, grades, scores, salary certain brands
temperature, of commodities
population

The Mean

Mean of Ungrouped Data

The mean of ungrouped data x1 , x 2 , x3 …, xn is
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + … + xn
x= .
n

86
 The Median
The median is the middle value in a set of quantities. The symbol x
will be used to denote the median.
To find the median of an ungrouped data, follow these steps:
1. Arrange the quantities either in ascending or descending order.
2. Number the quantities consecutively from 1 to n.
th
 n + 1
3. If n is odd, the median is the  quantity.
 2 
th th
 n   n 
If n is even, the median is the mean of  + 1 and  
 2   2 
quantities.

The Mode
The mode is the quantity with the most number of frequency.
A set of data is a unimodal distribution if it contains only one mode.
A set is a bimodal distribution if it contains two modes.

What statistical measures do I also have to understand?

Measures of Variation

The Range
Range is simply the difference of the highest (H ) and lowest (L)
scores in a set of data under consideration.

Formula for the Range

r = H −L
where : r = range
H = highest score
L = lowest score

87
 Formula for the Average Deviation of Ungrouped Data

AD =
∑ x−x
n
where: AD = average deviation
x = individual item
x = mean
n = number of items under observation

Formula for the Average Deviation of Grouped Data

AD =
∑( f x − x )
∑f
where: AD = average deviation
f = frequency
x = individual item
x = mean
∑f = number of items under observation

Formula for the Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data

∑(x − x )
2

SD =
n
where: SD = standard deviation
x = individual score
x = mean
n = number of scorees

88
Formula for the Standard Deviation of Grouped Data

(∑ f ) ∑ ( fx ) − ∑ ( fx )

2 2

SD =
∑ f (∑ f −1)
where: SD = standard deviation
f = frequency
x = class mark

89
 absolute value (54) The distance of a number from zero on the
number line
algebraic expression (230) A variable, a number, or a collection of
variables and numbers related by at least
a fundamental operation
acute angle (450) An acute angle is an angle with a measure
greater than 0 but less than 90
acute triangle (475) An acute triangle is a triangle in which all
angles are acute
adjacent angles (406) Two angles, which have a common vertex
and a common side but have no interior
points in common
adjacent interior angle (479) An angle which forms a linear pair with the
given exterior angle
altitude of a triangle (474) A segment that is perpendicular from
a vertex of the triangle to the line
containing the opposite side

angle bisector (399) ET is the bisector of ∠BEH if and only
if T is in the interior of ∠BEH and
∠BET ≅ ∠HET .
angle bisector of A segment contained in the ray which
a triangle (473) bisects the angle of the triangle and
whose end points are the vertex of this
angle and a point on the opposite side
angle (395) The union of two noncollinear rays with a
common endpoint
apothem (469) The distance from the center of a regular
polygon to a side
area (165) A unique positive number that corresponds
to a region bounded by a polygon
Associative property (39) For any real numbers a, b, and c,
(a + b ) + c = a + (b + c ) and
(ab ) c = a (bc ).
average deviation (564) The mean of the deviations from the mean of
90 a set of scores
base (247) In an expression of the form xn, the base is x
bar graph (532) A graph that shows how specific quantities
compare to one another
between (384) Point P is said to be between A and B if and
only if A, P, and B are distinct points of
the same line and AP + PB = AB
binomial (258) A polynomial with exactly two terms

cardinal number of a set (3) A real counting number corresponding to

the numbers of elements of a set
circle (171) A set of all points in a plane with a given
distance from a given point in the plane.
The given point is called the center
circle graph (537) A graph that shows how parts are related to
the whole
circumference (171) The distance around the circle
Closure property (37) For any real number a and b, a + b ∈ real
numbers and ab ∈ real numbers
Commutative property (38) For any real number a and b,
a + b = b + a and ab = ba.

collinear points (388) Points on the same line

complement of a set (15) A set whose elements are elements of the
universal set that do not belong to the set
complementary angles (406) Two angles are complementary if the sum
of their measures is 90
cone (178) A space figure with one circular base and a
vertex
congruent angles (399) Two angles with the same measure
congruent segments (386) Two segments with the same length
constant term (231) A monomial that does not contain variable
convex polygon (466) A polygon is convex if and only if the lines
containing the sides of the polygon do
not contain points in its interior

91
 corresponding angles (441) Two nonadjacent angles, one interior and
one exterior on the same side of the
transversal
cylinder (177) A space figure with two circular bases that
are congruent and parallel

data (519) Any quantitative or qualitative information

degree (257) The degree of a term is the sum of the
exponents of its variables
The degree of a nonzero, constant is zero
while 0 has no degree
The degree of a polynomial is the greatest of
the degrees of its terms
diameter (171, 501) A chord that contains the center of the
circle
difference of sets (13) A set whose elements belong to the first set
but are not elements of the second set
disjoint sets (8) Sets with no element in common
dispersion (555) The variation of values in a set of data
dissimilar fractions (87) Fractions with different denominators

element (2) A member of a set

empty set (4) A set without an element
equal sets (4) Two sets A and B are equal (A = B) iff
A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C
equation (304) A statement of equality between two
expressions
equiangular triangle (475) A triangle in which all angles are congruent
exponent (231, 247) A number used to tell how many times
a number is used as a factor; in the
expression , the exponent is n

92
factor (47) When two or more numbers or expressions
are multiplied, each of the numbers is a
factor of the product
finite set (3) A set whose elements can be counted
a
fraction (84) A rational number of the form , where
b
b≠0
frequency distribution (548) A tabulated data showing the frequency of
each score

histogram (551) A bar graph-like representation of a

frequency distribution

improper fraction A fraction whose numerator is greater than

the denominator
Identity property (40, 41) For every real number a,
a +0 = 0+a = a
a ⋅1 = 1 ⋅ a = a
inequality (360)
Any sentence containing
<, >, ≠, ≤, or ≥

infinite set (3) A set whose elements cannot be counted

integer (27) Any natural number, the additive inverse
of a natural number, or zero
interpolation (537) The process of approximating values
that are between the given consecutive
coordinates in a line graph
intersection of sets (11) A set whose elements are common to the
sets under consideration
isosceles triangle (479) A triangle with at least two congruent sides

least common denominator (88) The least common multiple of the

denominators of the fractions involved
line graph (535) A graph that shows the relationship between
two or more sets of continuous data

93
 linear pair (421) A pair of adjacent angles whose uncommon
sides are opposite rays

mean (555) The sum of the quantities, divided

by the number of quantities under
consideration
median of a triangle (474) A segment from the vertex of the trianlge
to the midpoint of the opposite side
median (558) The value that separates an ordered set of
data in two equal parts
metrication (124) A movement aimed at reform from the
use of customary or local measurement
systems and practice to the modern
metric system
midpoint (356) The point that is equidistant from the
endpoints of a segment
mode (559) The quantity with the most number of
frequency
monomial (258) A polynomial with one term.
multinomial (258, 283) An algebraic expression that is a sum of 2
or more terms

nonconvex polygon (466) A polygon is nonconvex if and only if at

least one of its sides is contained in a line,
which contains points in the interior of
the polygon
numerical coefficient (230) The numerical factor of a term

obtuse angle (135, 404) An angle with a measure greater than 90

but less than 180
ogive (552) A line graph where the cumulative
frequency of each class is plotted against
the corresponding class boundary

94
parallel lines (440) Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not
intersect
parallelogram (492) A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel
sides
perimeter (163) The perimeter of a polygon is the distance
around it
perpendicular bisector (434) A line, ray, segment, or plane that is
perpendicular to the segment at its
midpoint
perpendicular lines (432) Two lines are perpendicular if and only if
they intersect to form right angles
pictograph (540) A picture graph that shows numerical data
through symbols
polygon (464) A union of three or more coplanar segments
which intersect only at endpoints,
with each endpoint shared by only two
noncollinear segments
polynomial (257) An algebraic expression containing specific
number of terms each of which is of the
form axn or bxmyn where a and b are real
numbers and m and n are whole numbers
postulate (380) A statement which is accepted as true
without proof
proper subset (5) A set A is a proper subset of B if
A ⊂ B and A ≠ B
proper fraction A fraction whose numerator is less than the
denominator
a c
proportion (335) An equation of the form = which
b d
states that the two ratios are equal
protractor (397) A device used to measure angle

radical sign (103) The symbol

radicand (103) The expression under the radical sign
range (564) The difference of the highest and lowest
scores in a set of data under consideration

95
 rate (154) The ratio that compares two measurements
with different units of measure
radius (171) A segment whose two endpoints are the
center of the circle and a point on the
circle
ratio (153) A comparison of two numbers by division.
Given two numbers a and b, b ≠ 0, a
ratio is the quotient a divided by b.
rational numbers (28) Numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of
two integers
ray (389) Ray PQ is the union of and all points R
such that Q is between P and R
real numbers (26) The set of all rational and irrational
numbers
rectangle (492) A parallelogram with four right angles
rectangular prism (175) A polyhedron with two rectangular bases
that are congruent and parallel
regular polygon (468) A polygon that is both equilateral and
equiangular
remote interior angle (479) Angles which are not adjacent to the given
exterior angle of the triangle
replacement set (305) The set of numbers that a variable may
represent
rhombus (492) A parallelogram with four congruent sides
right angle (400) An angle with a measure of 90
right triangle (475) A triangle in which one of the angles is a
right angle
rounding numbers (158) Process of expressing a number to a certain
approximation

scalene triangle (476) A triangle with no congruent sides

secant line (501) A line that intersects the circle in two points
segment (384) Segment AB, denoted by AB or BA is the
union of points A, B, and all the points
between them

96
set (2) Any well-defined collection or group of
objects
scientific notation (208) A number expressed in the form m ×10n ,
where 1 ≤ m < 10, and k is any integer
significand (209) In a scientific notation m ×10k , and k
is any integer, m is the significand or
coefficient
The significand is equal to or greater than 1
but not less than (1 ≤ m < 10) .
significant figures (202) Those digits that contribute to the precision
of number
similar fractions (87) Fractions with the same denominators
square (492) A rectangle with four congruent sides
square root (103) A number S is a square root of n if S2 = n
standard deviation (568) The square root of the variance of a set of
data
subset (4) If all the elements of a set A are also elements
of another set B, then A is a subset of B
supplementary angles (414) Two angles are supplementary if the sum
of their measures is 180

tangent line (501) A line that intersects a circle in only one line
tessellation (462) The process of creating a plane figure for
the purpose of using it repetitively to
cover an area completely
term (230) In an algebraic expression, the terms are
separated by plus (+) or (−) signs
theorem (380) A statement that needs to be proven before
being accepted
transversal (441) A line that intersects two or more coplanar
lines at two or more distinct points
trapezoid (492) A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
parallel sides
triangle (472) A geometric figure formed by three segments
joining three noncollinear points
triangular prism (179) A polyhedron with two triangular bases
that are congruent and parallel
trinomial (258) A polynomial with exactly three terms
97
 undefined terms (378) These terms are point, line, and plane
union of sets (9) A set whose elements are those which
belong to the sets under consideration
universal set (8) A set consists of all the sets under
consideration

variable (231) A symbol used to represent an unspecified

number
Venn diagram (8) A graphic way of illustrating set relations
vertical angles (427) Two nonadjacent angles formed by two
intersecting lines

98