Chapter 6

Multiplexing

Sandeep Kotte
Multiplexing
• It allows several transmission sources to share a
larger transmission capacity (single data link)

• Multiplexer (MUX): which combines them into a

single stream
• Demultiplexer (DEMUX) : which separates the
stream back into its component transmission (one to
many)
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Basics
• modulation is the process of varying one or
more properties of a high-frequency periodic
waveform, called the carrier signal
• Signal if it completes a pattern with in a
measurable time frame, called a period &
repeats that pattern over identical sub sequent
periods , called periodic

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Categories of multiplexing

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Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that
combines analog signals
• A number of signals can be carried simultaneously
• Signals generated by each sending device modulate
different carrier frequency
• Signals are then combined into a single composite
signal
• Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient
bandwidth and do not overlap
—e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even
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if no data
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FDM Diagram

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 FDM process
• Modulate different carrier frequencies (f1,f2, and f3)
• The resulting modulated signals are then combined into
a single composite signal

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 FDM demultiplexing example

• the individual signals are then passed to a demodulator

that separates them from their carriers and passes them
to the output lines

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 Example 1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4
KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show
the configuration using the frequency domain without the
use of guard bands.

Solution
Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth.

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 Example 1

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Example 2

Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution

For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.

This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
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 Example 2

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Example 3

Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps,

use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate
configuration using FDM
Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that
each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-
QAM modulation. Figure 6.8 shows one possible
configuration.
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 Figure 6.8 Example 3

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Analog Carrier Systems
• To maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure ,
telephone companies
• Analog Hierarchy
— 12 voice channels (group) (4kHz each) = 48kHz bandwidth
• Supergroup (5 groups can be multiplexed)
— 60 channel (4kHz each) = 240kHz
• Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups are multiplexed
— 600 voice channels =2.52MHz
• Jumbo group
—6 master groups can be combined
—3600 voice channels
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 Analog hierarchy

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Example 4
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two
bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for
sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3-
KHz voice is modulated using FM, creating 30 KHz of
modulated signal. How many people can use their
cellular phones simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz into 30 KHz,
we get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels.
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Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• It is designed to use the high data rate capability of
fiber optic cable
• Using a fiber optic cable for one single line wastes the
available bandwidth
• WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except
multiplexing and demultiplexing involve optical signals
transmitted through fiber optic channels
• Combined Multiple beams of light (different signals) at
different frequency
• Each colour of light (wavelength) carries separate data
channel

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 WDM multiplexing and demultiplexing

WDM is an analog multiplexing

technique to combine
optical signals.
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 Figure 6.10 WDM

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WDM Operation
• Very complex, idea is very simple
• Combine multiple light sources into one single light at
the MUX and reverse at the DEMUX
• Combining and splitting of light sources are handled by
a prism
• Prism bends a beam of light
• A new method, called dense DWDM
• Multiplex a very large number of channels by spacing
channels very close to one another
• It achieves even greater efficiency

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Time Division Multiplexing

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 Time Division Multiplexing
• It is a digital process that allows several connections to
share the high BW of the link
• Instead of sharing BW as in FDM, time is shared
• Each connection occupies a portion of time in the link
• Portions of signals occupy the link sequentially (1,2,3,4)
• Data in a message from source 1 always go to specific
destination like 1,2,3,4
• Digital data from different sources are combined into
one timeshared link
• It does not mean that the sources cannot produce
analog data, analog data can be sampled and changed
to digital data
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 Note:

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique

for combining several low rate
channels into high rate one
We can divide TDM into two different
schemes: Synchronous and statistical

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 Time slots & frames
• The data flow of each input connection is divided into
units, where each input occupies one input time slot
• A unit can be 1 bit, 1 character or 1 block of data
• If an input time slot is T s, each otputslot is T/n s,
where n is the number of connections
• A round of data units from each input connection is
collected into frame

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 Note:

In a Synchronous TDM, the data rate of

the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.

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Example 5

Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit

is 1 bit. Find (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing,
(2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a
time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame?

We can answer the questions as follows:

1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0.001 s (1 ms).

2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps.
3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 ms.
4. The duration of a frame 1 ms.
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Interleaving
• It can be visualized as two fast rotating switches
• The switches are synchronized and rotate at the
same speed, in opposite directions
• MUX side:
• Switches open in front of connection, that
connection has opportunity to send a unit onto the
path, is called interleaving
• DEMUX:
• Switches open in front of connection, that
connection has opportunity to receive a unit from
path
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 Interleaving

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Example 6

Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each

channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per
channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of
the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the
bit rate for the link.

The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6.15.

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Example 7

A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a

time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame
duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?
The link carries 50000 frames per sec

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Empty slots
Synchronous TDM is not efficient
If a source does not have data to send, the corresponding slot
in the output frame is empty

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Multilevel Multiplexing
• It is used when the data rate of an input line is a
multiple of others
• Two input lines can be multiplexed together to
provide a data rate equal
• A second level of multiplexing can create an output of
160 kbps

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Multiple-slot Multiplexing

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Pulse stuffing
• Sometimes the bit rates of sources are not
multiple integers of each other
• Add dummy bits to the input lines with lower
rates, is called pulse stuffing

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 Frame Synchronizing

If one or more synchronization bits are usually added to the

beginning of each frame . These bits, called framing bits
If the MUX & DEMUX are not synchronized, a bit belong to one
channel may be received by the wrong channel.

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Example 8

We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per

second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1
synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data
rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in
each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each
frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the
data rate of the link.

Solution

See next slide.

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Solution (continued)

We can answer the questions as follows:

1. The data rate of each source is 2000 bps = 2 Kbps.

2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second.
4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits.
6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33, or 8250 bps.

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Example 9
Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and
another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed.
How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What
is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link?
Solution
We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots
to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The
frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it
carries 1 bit from the first channel. The frame duration is
1/100,000 s, or 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x
3 bits/frame, or 300 Kbps.
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 Figure 6.18 DS hierarchy

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 Table 6.1 DS and T lines rates
Rate Voice
Service Line
(Mbps) Channels

DS-1 T-1 1.544 24

DS-2 T-2 6.312 96

DS-3 T-3 44.736 672

DS-4 T-4 274.176 4032

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 Table 6.2 E line rates
Rate Voice
E Line
(Mbps) Channels

E-1 2.048 30

E-2 8.448 120

E-3 34.368 480

E-4 139.264 1920

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 Figure 6.21 Multiplexing and inverse multiplexing

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Statistical TDM

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