Topic 4

Linear Wire and Small Circular Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl
Electronics and Electrical Communications Department
Faculty of Engineering
Cairo University

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 1 / 35

 Linear Wire Antennas and Small Circular Loop Antenna

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 2 / 35

 Outline

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 3 / 35

 Innitesimal Dipole

l  λ (l ≤ λ /50)
End plates are to maintain
uniform current, however they
are very small to aect radiation!
Not very practical, however they
are considered as a basic building
blocks for complex structures.
Ie (z 0 ) = ^
az I0

ˆ
µ e −jkR 0 µI l
A (r , θ , φ ) = Ie az 0 e −jkr
dl = ^
4π C R 4πr

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 4 / 35

 Innitesimal Dipole

Transformation from rectangular spherical components,

sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ
    
Ar Ax
 Aθ  =  cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ   Ay 
Aφ − sin φ cos φ 0 Az

µI0 le −jkr µI0 le −jkr

Ar = cos θ , Aθ = − sin θ
4πr 4πr
Magnetic eld
1 1 kI0 le −jkr 1
   
∂ ∂ Ar
H= ∇×A =^
aφ (rAθ ) − =j sin θ 1 + ^
aφ
µ µr ∂ r ∂θ 4πr jkr

Electric eld
1
E= ∇×H
jωε

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 5 / 35

Innitesimal Dipole
1 1 1 1
     
kI0 l −jkr
E = jη e 2cos θ − ar + sin θ 1 +
^ − ^
aθ
4πr jkr k 2 r 2 jkr k 2 r 2
kI0 le −jkr 1
 
H=j sin θ 1 + ^
aφ
4πr jkr
Radiation Power Density,
1 1
W = (E × H∗ ) = ^ar Eθ Hφ∗ − ^
aθ Er Hφ∗


2 2
Radiated Power,
‹ ˆ 2π ˆ
k 2 I02 l 2
 π
Prad = ℜ W · ds = η dφ sin2 θ sin θ dθ
S 32π 2 0 0

l 2 cos3 θ π ηπ l 2
     
ηπ 
cos

= I0 − θ + = I0
4 λ 3 0 3  λ
Radiation Resistance
ηπ  l 2 1 2
   2
l
Prad = I = |I0 | Rr =⇒ Rr = 80π 2
3  0λ  2 λ
 Radiation Regions
Near eld region kr  1,
I0 l −jkr
E = −jη e [2cos θ ^ar + sin θ ^
aθ ]
4πkr 3
I le −jkr
H = 0 2 sin θ ^ aφ
4πr
Intermediate-eld (Fresnel) region kr > 1,
kI0 l −jkr 2
 
E = jη e cos θ ^
ar + sin θ ^
aθ
4πr jkr
kI0 le −jkr
H=j sin θ ^
aφ
4πr
Far-eld (Fraunhover) region kr  1,
kI0 l sin θ −jkr kI0 le −jkr
E = jη e ^
aθ , H=j sin θ ^
aφ
4πr 4πr
1
H= ^
ar × E
η
Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 7 / 35
 Directivity

|Eθ |2
Wrad =
2η
|Eθ |2 k 2I 2l 2 l 2 2
 
η
2
= η 0 2 sin2 θ =
2
sin θ

U = r Wrad = r I0
2η 32π 8  λ
 2
ηπ  l 
Prad = I
3  0λ 
4πU
D= = 1.5sin2 θ
Prad

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 8 / 35

 Outline

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 9 / 35

Small Dipole

  
az I0 1 − 2lz 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ l/2
0
^
Ie z 0


=  
az I0 1 + 2lz −l/2 ≤ z 0 ≤ 0
0
^

1 µI0 le −jkr
 
A =^
az
2 4πr
kI0 (l/2) e −kr
E = jη sin θ ^
aθ
4πr
kI0 (l/2) e −kr
H=j sin θ ^
aφ
4πr
l/2 2
 
Radiation resistance Rr = 80π 2
λ

Small dipole of length l is equivalent to innitesimal dipole of length l/2.

 Outline

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 11 / 35

Finite Length Dipole

a I sin k 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ 2l
(
^ l
− z0 ,


Ie z = z 0 
0 2


az I0 sin k
^ l
+ z0 , − 2l ≤ z 0 ≤ 0


2
Finite Length Dipole

E w −jω Aθ ^
aθ + Aφ ^
aφ ,
 

ˆ
µ e −jkr
Ie r 0 , θ 0 , φ 0 e j k·r dl 0
0
A (r , θ , φ ) w


4π r C
−jkr ˆ l/2
µ e 0
A= Ie z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0^ az


4π r −l/2
ˆ l/2
ke −jkr
sin θ
0
E = jη Ie z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0^ aθ


4πr −l/2
 a I sin k 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ 2l
(
^ l
− z0 ,


Ie z = z 0 
0 2


az I0 sin k
^ l
+ z0 , − 2l ≤ z 0 ≤ 0


2

ˆ l/2
ke −jkr
sin θ
0
E = jη Ie z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0^
aθ


4πr −l/2
ˆ 0
kI0 e −jkr
  
l
sin θ sin k
0
E = jη +z 0
e jkz cos θ dz 0
4πr −l/2 2
ˆ l/2    )
l
sin k
0
+ − z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0 ^ aθ
0 2
The integrals can be evaluated using
ˆ
e αx
e αx sin (β x + γ) dx = [α sin (β x + γ) − β cos (β x + γ)]
α2 + β 2
   
kl kl

cos cos θ − cos
I0 e −jkr  2 2 
E = jη ^
 aθ
2πr sin θ


Radiation Intensity, and Radiation Resistance
    2
kl kl

2  cos cos θ − cos
r2 η |I0 |  2 2 
U= |Eθ |2 =
2η 8π 2  sin θ



     2
kl kl
ˆ ˆ ˆ cos cos θ − cos
2π π
η |I0 |2 π
2 2
Prad = U sin θ dθ dφ = dθ
0 0 4π 0 sin θ

1 2 1
Prad = |Iin | Rr = |I0 |2 sin2 (kl/2) Rr
2 2
    2
kl kl
ˆ cos cos θ − cos
1 η π
2 2
Rr = 2 dθ
sin (kl/2) 2π 0 sin θ
 Outline

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 16 / 35

Conductor Losses

Skin depth:

δs = 1/ πf µσ
p

Resistance of the segment with

dimensions (∆x , ∆y , δs ):
∆y
R=
σ δs ∆x
Current owing through length
∆x : ∆Is = |Js |∆x
Conductor Losses

∆y
R=
σ δs ∆x

Current owing through length

∆x : ∆Is = |Js |∆x

Power loss in the area ∆x∆y ,

1 1 1
∆Ploss = |∆Is |2 R = |Js |2 ∆x∆y
2 2 σ δs
Total Power loss in a conductor area S ,
ˆ
1 1
r
πf µ
Ploss = |Js | Rs ds,
2
where Rs = =
2 S σ δs σ
Conductor Losses

ˆ
1 1
r
πf µ
Ploss = |Js | Rs ds,
2
where Rs = =
2 S σ δs σ
Rs is called the surface resistance of the conductor.
The surface current can be obtained using the approximation of a
perfect conductor boundary conditions,
Js = n × H =⇒ |Js | = |H|

where n is the normal unit vector on the conductor.

Total Power loss in a conductor area S,
ˆ r
|H| Rs ds,
1 2 1 πf µ
Ploss = where Rs = =
2 S σ δs σ
 Loss resistance

ˆ
1
Ploss = |J | 2 R ds
2 S s s
ˆ
1 l/2 |Ie (z 0 )| 2
= R (2πb) dz 0
2 −l/2 (2πb)2 s
ˆ
1 |Ie (z 0 )|2
l/2
1
Ploss = Rs dz 0 = |Ie (0)|2 RL
2 −l/2 2 πb 2
ˆ
 Ie (z 0 ) 2 0
l/2
 
Rs
RL =  dz
2πb −l/2 Ie (0)

 

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 20 / 35

Half-wavelength (λ /2) dipole

π  2
cos cos θ

2 2
U=
r
|Eθ |2 =
η |I0 |  2
2η 8π 2 sin θ


ˆ ˆ ˆ
π 
2π 2 cos2 cos θ
2
π π
η |I0 |
Prad = U sin θ dθ dφ = dθ
0 0 4π 0 sin θ
1
Prad = |I0 |2 Rr
2
ˆ π cos2
π 
cos θ
Rr =
η 2 dθ = 73 Ω
2π 0 sin θ
π  2 π  2
cos cos θ cos cos θ
 
4πU η  2  = 1.64  2
D= =
sin θ sin θ

Prad πRr
 Outline

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 22 / 35

Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor
Image Theory

jηkI0 le −jkr 2 1
  
E = cos θ − ^
ar
4πr jkr k 2 r 2
1 1
  
+ sin θ 1 + − 2 2 ^ aθ
jkr k r

kI0 le −jkr 1
 
H=j sin θ 1 + ^
aφ
4πr jkr
Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor
Image Theory
Vertical Innitesimal Dipole Above Ground Plane
ˆ
µ e −jkr
Ie e j k·r dl 0
0
A (r , θ , φ ) w
4π r C

^
ar × E
Hw E w −jω Aθ ^
aθ + Aφ ^
aφ
 
,
η
jη kI04leπr sin θ [2cos (kh cos θ )] ^ z ≥0
−kr
(
aθ
E=
0 z <0
  
 η  I0 l 2 2
  sin θ cos2 (kh cos θ ) 0 < θ ≤ π/2
U= 2 λ
0 π/2 < θ ≤ π
ˆ  2 ˆ π/2
 I0 l 
Prad = UdΩ = πη   sin3 θ cos2 (kh cos θ ) dθ
λ 0
 2 ˆ 1
 I0 l 
1 − x 2 cos2 (khx) dx


= πη  
λ 0
 Vertical Innitesimal Dipole Above Ground Plane

 I0 l  1 cos (2kh) sin (2kh)

 2 " #
Prad = πη   − +
λ 3 (2kh)2 (2kh)3

η  I0 l 2 4πUmax 2
 
Umax =   =⇒ D0 = =h
2 λ
i
Prad 1 cos(2kh) sin(2kh)
3
− 2 + 3
(2kh) (2kh)

1 cos (2kh) sin (2kh)

 2 " #
l
Rr = 2πη − +
λ 3 (2kh)2 (2kh)3

kh → ∞, Rr = 80π 2 (l/λ )2 , Rr is identical to isolated Innitesimal

dipole.
kh → 0, D0 = 3, Rr = 160π 2 (l/λ )2 , D0 and Rr are twice the isolated
Innitesimal dipole.

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 26 / 35

λ /4 Monopole on Innite Electric Conductor

The radiation elds are identical in the upper half plane (z > 0). However
the total radiated for the monopole is half its value for the dipole.
1
Prad (m) = Prad (d)
2
1
Dm = 2Dd , Rr (m) = Rr (d)
2
 Outline

1 Innitesimal Dipole

2 Small Dipole

3 Finite Length Dipole

4 Conductor Losses and Loss Resistance

5 Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor

6 Loop Antennas

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 28 / 35

 Angle Between Two Directions in Space

The unit vector describing the the direction (θ , φ ),

ar = sin θ cos φ ^
^ ax + sin θ sin φ ^
ay + cos θ ^
az

The unit vector describing the the direction (θ 0 , φ 0 ),

ar 0 = sin θ 0 cos φ 0^
^ ax + sin θ 0 sin φ 0^
ay + cos θ 0^
az

The angle ψ between the two directions,

cos ψ = ^
ar · ^
ar 0

cos ψ = sin θ sin θ 0 cos φ − φ 0 + cos θ cos θ 0

Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 29 / 35

Small Circular Loop

λ
Circumference C <
10
ˆ
µ e −jkR
A (r , θ , φ ) = Ie dl 0
4π C R

The source current is along âφ 0 : Ie = I0^

aφ 0 . Transforming to Cartesian
coordinates,
Ix = −I0 sin φ 0 ,
Iy = I0 cos φ 0
Transforming to the spherical coordinates at the observation point,
Ir = Ix cos φ sin θ + Iy sin φ sin θ
Iθ = Ix cos φ cos θ + Iy sin φ cos θ
Iφ = −Ix sin φ + Iy cos φ
Small Circular Loop

Ix = −I0 sin φ 0 ,
Iy = I0 cos φ 0

Transforming to the spherical coordinates at the observation point,

Ir = Ix cos φ sin θ + Iy sin φ sin θ
Iθ = Ix cos φ cos θ + Iy sin φ cos θ
Iφ = −Ix sin φ + Iy cos φ

= I0 sin θ sin φ − φ 0


Ir
= I0 cos θ sin φ − φ 0


Iθ
Iφ = I0 cos φ − φ 0

ar I0 sin θ sin φ − φ 0 + ^
Ie = ^ aθ I0 cos θ sin φ − φ 0 + ^
aφ I0 cos φ − φ 0




Small Circular Loop

r 2 + a2 − 2ar cos ψ, cos ψ = sin θ cos φ − φ 0

p

R=
ˆ 2π √
−jk r 2 +a2 −2ar sin θ cos(φ −φ 0 )
µI0 a e
sin θ sin φ − φ 0 p 2 2 dφ 0 = 0


Ar =
4π 0 r + a − 2 ar sin θ cos (φ − φ 0 )
ˆ 2π √
−jk r 2 +a2 −2ar sin θ cos(φ −φ 0 )
µI0 a e
cos θ sin φ − φ 0 p 2 2 dφ 0 = 0


Aθ =
4π 0 r + a − 2ar sin θ cos (φ − φ ) 0
ˆ 2π √
µI0 a
e −jk r 2 +a2 −2ar sin θ cos(φ −φ 0 )
Aφ = cos φ − φ p 2 2
0
dφ 0
4π 0
Small Circular Loop
ˆ √2 2 0
2π
µI0 a e −jk r +a −2ar sin θ cos(φ −φ )
A = Aφ ^
aφ , cos φ − φ 0
dφ 0


Aφ =
4π r 2 + a2 − 2ar sin θ cos (φ − φ 0 )
p
0

√2 2 0
e −jk r +a −2ar sin θ cos(φ −φ )
f =p
r 2 + a2 − 2ar sin θ cos (φ − φ 0 )
f (a) w f (0) + f 0 (0) a
e −jkr e −jkr
f (0) = f 0 (0) = 2 (jkr + 1) sin θ cos φ − φ 0


,
r r
−jkr 1
   
e
1 + a + jk sin θ cos φ − φ 0


f =
r r
ˆ 2π
−jkr 1
   
µI0 a e
cos φ − φ 1 + a + jk sin θ cos φ − φ dφ 0
0 0



Aφ =
4π r 0 r
a2 jk µI0 e −jkr 1
 
Aφ = + 1 sin θ
4 r jkr
 Small Circular Loop

A = Aφ ^
aφ ,
a2 jk µI0 e −jkr 1
 
Aφ = + 1 sin θ
4 r jkr
1
H= ∇ × A,
µ
1 η
E= ∇×H = ∇×H
jωε jk

2 2 1 1
" ! #
(ka)2 I0 e −jkr

H=− − cos θ ^
ar + − + + 1 sin θ ^
aθ
4r jkr (kr )2 (kr )2 jkr

(ka)2 I0 e −jkr 1
 
E=η + 1 sin θ ^
aφ
4r jkr
Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 34 / 35
Small Circular Loop
Far Fields,
(ka)2 I0 e −jkr (ka)2 I0 e −jkr
H=− sin θ ^
aθ , E=η sin θ ^
aφ
4r 4r
Radiated Power and Radiation Resistance
ˆ
(ka)4 |I0 |2 π (ka)4 |I0 |2
U =η sin θ ,
2
Prad = UdΩ = η
32 12
π 
Rr = η (ka)4
6
For N-turns loop, π 
Rr = Rr = η (ka)4 N 2
6
Loss resistance RL ,
a
RL = N Rs ,
b
where b is the wire radius, and Rs is the conductor surface impedance.
Increasing the number of turns, increases the antenna radiation eciency.