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Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Forensic Science International: Genetics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fsig
Forensic Population Genetics – Letter to the Editor
UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16
system
Dear Editor,
In order to prepare our laboratory for the implementation of
STR data exchange with Europe [1,2], we have undertaken to
genotype DNA samples from three ethnic populations common in
the UK. Allele frequencies generated using the PowerPlex1 ESI 16
System (ESI 16) are presented, along with observations of
discordance with alternative multiplexes.
370 white Caucasian (EA1), 309 Afro-Caribbean (EA3) and 373
Indo-Pakistani (EA4) samples were collected in the UK from
consenting unrelated donors as buccal scrapes or liquid blood
samples.
All standard laboratory procedures were controlled by a quality
management system. All typing systems employed provided
concordant STR profiles for the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material 2391b,
genomic components 1–10 (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Each batch
of amplification reactions included a negative control to monitor
allelic drop in and a positive control (supplied by the manufactur-
er), which was used to monitor successful amplification and
concordance. Each electrophoresis run included a sample of allelic
ladder specific to the STR multiplex chemistry being processed,
which was used to inform allele designation at the analysis stage.
All profiles were tabulated in Microsoft1 Excel (Microsoft
Corporation, WA, USA) and filtered to highlight any duplicated
samples, which were removed prior to statistical analysis.
Samples were extracted using Qiagen chemistry, either the DNA
Investigator Kit for the BioRobot1 EZ11 Workstation, the QIAamp
96 DNA Swab BioRobot1 Kit for the BioRobot1 8000 Workstation, or
the manual QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Crawley, UK),
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA samples were
quantified with PicoGreen1 (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) as described
previously [3], or using the Quantifiler1 Duo DNA Quantification Kit
(Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK) as described previously [4].
Amplifications with ESI 16 and PowerPlex1 ESX 16 System (ESX
16) kits (Promega, Southampton, UK), AmpFlSTR1 NGMTM PCR
amplification kit (NGM) (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK) and
the Investigator ESSplex kit (ESS) (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) were
performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions [5–8].
Samples processed with AmpFlSTR1 SGM Plus1 (SGM+) (Applied
Biosystems, Warrington, UK) were carried out using 1.5 ng DNA
template measured by PicoGreen or 2 ng if measured by
Quantifiler Duo in a total reaction volume of 25 ml. Thermal
cycling was performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions [9] for 28 cycles, except the final hold was performed
at 4 8C. All amplifications were performed on a MJ Research Tetrad
thermocycler (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, UK).
1872-4973/$ – see front matter ß 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.005
Please cite this article in press as: V.C. Tucker, et al., UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16 system, Forensic Sci. Int.
Genet. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.005
ESI 16, ESX 16, NGM and ESS PCR products were processed and
separated according to the manufacturers’ instructions [5–8], apart
from injection parameters for ESI 16 and ESX 16, which were set at
3 kV 10 s. For SGM+, 1.5 ml of PCR product was combined with
13.5 ml Hi-DiTM Formamide (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK)
mixed in a 36:1 ratio with GeneScanTM HD400 ROXTM Size
Standard (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). Samples were
denatured using an MJ Research Tetrad thermocycler at 90 8C for
2 min prior to quick chilling on a crushed wet-ice bath for at least
3 min prior to injection with parameters of 1.5 kV for 10 s.
Separation and detection were performed using an ABI PRISM1
3130xl Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). A
detection threshold of 50 relative fluorescence units (rfu) was
imposed during analysis using the GeneMapper1 ID v3.2 software
(Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK).
Allele frequencies for EA1, EA3 and EA4 populations were
calculated separately using PowerStats version 12 [10], see Tables
1–3. Twelve samples among the 1052 profiled (1.1%) were found to
be discordant at a single locus between multiplexes, two of which
(0.2%) were owing to homozygosity observed in an ESI 16 profile at
D19S433, i.e., allele drop out was observed, see Table 4. Samples
exhibiting discordances were reprocessed for verification purposes
and all gave peak heights in excess 700 rfu. This exceeds the low
homozygote threshold that we have calculated for the ESI 16
system and as such, stochastic effects are not considered to be the
cause of the discordances. Three discordances were observed in a
total of 5008 and 3080 locus comparisons between ESI 16 and ESX
16, and ESI 16 and SGM+, respectively. Both ESX 16 and SGM+
exhibited homozygosity once where ESI 16 displayed heterozy-
gosity, resulting in concordance rates of 99.94% and 99.90%,
respectively between these systems. Eight discordances were
recorded in a total of 12,000 locus comparisons between ESI 16 and
NGM, where NGM exhibited homozygosity on six occasions
resulting in a 99.96% rate of concordance between these multi-
plexes. Five discordances were observed in a total of 8384 locus
comparisons between ESI 16 and ESS, where ESS exhibited
homozygosity on two occasions and incorrectly typed an allele
(two bases short) on one occasion, resulting in a 99.94%
concordance rate. The two base pair difference in the D21S11
locus visualised with ESS is likely owing to a deletion between the
primer binding site and the STR region owing to the increased
molecular weight of this locus in ESS.
The observed rate of concordance for ESI 16 concurs with
recently published data [4,11]. We observed an instance of X allele
drop out in the Amelogenin marker of one male Indo-Pakistani
sample amplified with the NGM primer set, an observation also
made by Albinsson et al. [12]. Although not ideal, if this tendency
were observed to occur with the Y allele, the consequences could
be far greater. A low level of discordance between multiplexes is an
expected consequence of employing different primer sets. Within
the five new European Standard Set loci, there appeared to be a
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e2 Letter to the Editor / Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx

Table 1
Allele frequencies calculated from 370 samples collected from white Caucasian donors in the UK. MP, matching probability; PD, power of discrimination; PE, power of
exclusion.

Allele D3S1358 vWA D16S539 D2S1338 D8S1179 D21S11 D18S51 D19S433 TH01 FGA D1S1656 D2S441 D10S1248 D12S391 D22S1045

5 0.0014
6 0.2122
7 0.1959
8 0.0149 0.0189 0.1054
8.3 0.0014
9 0.1243 0.0122 0.1297 0.0041
9.3 0.3459
10 0.0554 0.1054 0.0108 0.0081 0.1649
11 0.0014 0.3162 0.0959 0.0122 0.0027 0.0662 0.3662 0.0027 0.1473
11.1 0.0014
11.3 0.0473
12 0.0014 0.2811 0.1311 0.1473 0.0811 0.1419 0.0405 0.0338 0.0041
13 0.0054 0.1770 0.3230 0.1149 0.2257 0.0608 0.0243 0.3324 0.0081
13.2 0.0135
14 0.1541 0.1108 0.0284 0.1905 0.1757 0.3946 0.0676 0.3027 0.3108 0.0432
14.2 0.0014 0.0149
14.3 0.0041
15 0.2649 0.0878 0.0014 0.0878 0.1230 0.1730 0.1635 0.0473 0.1811 0.0243 0.3486
15.2 0.0338
15.3 0.0730
16 0.2243 0.2122 0.0311 0.0284 0.1432 0.0405 0.1216 0.0027 0.1054 0.0257 0.3568
16.2 0.0162
16.3 0.0568
17 0.1919 0.2865 0.2054 0.0068 0.1284 0.0041 0.0014 0.0473 0.0284 0.1216 0.0878
17.1 0.0014
17.3 0.1297 0.0230
18 0.1446 0.1892 0.0865 0.0716 0.0257 0.0054 0.0041 0.1689 0.0041
18.3 0.0541 0.0230
19 0.0095 0.0959 0.1081 0.0419 0.0635 0.0014 0.0851
19.3 0.0054 0.0095
20 0.0027 0.0135 0.1514 0.0216 0.1365 0.1243
20.3 0.0014
21 0.0041 0.0351 0.0054 0.1865 0.1216
22 0.0351 0.0014 0.2061 0.1068
22.2 0.0135
23 0.0986 0.0014 0.1330 0.1000
23.2 0.0041
24 0.1162 0.1330 0.0405
24.2 0.0014
25 0.1149 0.0560 0.0203
26 0.0162 0.0014 0.0338 0.0014
26.2 0.0014
27 0.0014 0.0338 0.0014 0.0041
28 0.1757 0.0014
29 0.1824
29.3 0.0027
30 0.2703
30.2 0.0270
31 0.0824
31.2 0.0030
32 0.0203
32.2 0.0865
33.1 0.0014
33.2 0.0270
34.2 0.0027

MP 0.0780 0.0665 0.0879 0.0309 0.0625 0.0459 0.0319 0.0956 0.0918 0.0367 0.0220 0.1089 0.1129 0.0235 0.1351
PD 0.9220 0.9335 0.9121 0.9691 0.9375 0.9541 0.9681 0.9044 0.9082 0.9633 0.9780 0.8911 0.8871 0.9765 0.8649
PE 0.6710 0.6346 0.5121 0.8009 0.6922 0.6922 0.7515 0.4847 0.5940 0.6922 0.7624 0.4937 0.5644 0.8065 0.5355

tendency for D22S1045 to return a homozygous result with the
NGM primer set, particularly with samples from Afro-Caribbean
donors.
Analysis of pairwise Rst was performed for the three UK
populations presented here and for US populations of white
Caucasians and Blacks [11,13], CEPH populations of Europeans,
Central South Asians and Africans [14], and populations
representing Austria [15], Ghana [16], Spain [17], Basque [18],
Germany [19], Poland [20] and Sweden [12] using Arlequin v
3.1.5.2. [21]. The probability (P) values were estimated based
upon 10,000 permutations. As can be seen from Table 5, data
representing European populations showed no significant
difference, except for Basque data which were significantly
different from all populations other than those from Austria and
Spain. Data representing the Indian subcontinent was different
both between the two population sets tested, and between all
other populations. Data from populations of African descent
were similar within the population group but significantly
different from all other populations tested with the exception of
the US black population studied by Budowle et al. [13], which
was found to be not significantly different from the UK Indo-
Pakistani data set.

Please cite this article in press as: V.C. Tucker, et al., UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16 system, Forensic Sci. Int.
Genet. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.005
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Letter to the Editor / Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx e3

Table 2
Allele frequencies calculated from 309 samples collected from Afro-Caribbean donors in the UK. MP, matching probability; PD, power of discrimination; PE, power of
exclusion.

Allele D3S1358 vWA D16S539 D2S1338 D8S1179 D21S11 D18S51 D19S433 TH01 FGA D1S1656 D2S441 D10S1248 D12S391 D22S1045

5 0.0016
6 0.1489
7 0.0016 0.3883
8 0.0194 0.0032 0.2104 0.0032 0.0032
9 0.0016 0.2104 0.0113 0.0032 0.1489 0.0016 0.0016
9.3 0.0922
10 0.1165 0.0227 0.0032 0.0049 0.0097 0.0097 0.0696 0.0032 0.0340
10.2 0.0016 0.0016
11 0.0016 0.0049 0.2799 0.0307 0.0049 0.0647 0.0566 0.3673 0.0291 0.1408
11.2 0.0049
11.3 0.0599
12 0.0049 0.0032 0.2006 0.1505 0.0712 0.1165 0.0761 0.1392 0.1553 0.0680
12.2 0.0340
12.3 0.0065
13 0.0129 0.0097 0.1602 0.1634 0.0340 0.3091 0.1181 0.0647 0.2492 0.0032
13.2 0.0049 0.0388
13.3 0.0049
14 0.1068 0.0647 0.0113 0.3220 0.0663 0.2023 0.2605 0.2573 0.2621 0.0016 0.1181
14.2 0.0032 0.0340
14.3 0.0049
15 0.2977 0.2168 0.0016 0.0016 0.2249 0.1634 0.0761 0.1715 0.0259 0.1974 0.0858 0.2346
15.2 0.0016 0.0016 0.0437
15.3 0.0129
16 0.3123 0.2476 0.0550 0.0599 0.1699 0.0113 0.1036 0.0874 0.0777 0.1845
16.2 0.0502
16.3 0.0809
17 0.1942 0.2217 0.1084 0.0113 0.1602 0.0210 0.0113 0.1667 0.1877
17.2 0.0032 0.0016
17.3 0.0599 0.0032
18 0.0631 0.1262 0.0550 0.1149 0.0061 0.0016 0.0049 0.2314 0.0210
18.2 0.0097
18.3 0.0178
19 0.0032 0.0728 0.1683 0.1003 0.0647 0.1634 0.0032
19.1 0.0065
19.2 0.0016 0.0081
19.3 0.0032 0.0032
20 0.0243 0.0874 0.0566 0.0680 0.1100 0.0016
20.2 0.0016
21 0.0081 0.1424 0.0275 0.0939 0.0453
22 0.1311 0.0129 0.1926 0.0563
22.2 0.0032
23 0.0841 0.0016 0.1602 0.0372
23.2 0.0016
24 0.0825 0.0016 0.1731 0.0049
24.2 0.0016
25 0.0599 0.0874 0.0032
26 0.0194 0.0032 0.0728 0.0016
27 0.0049 0.0453 0.0178
28 0.2540 0.0146
29 0.2037 0.0129
29.2 0.0016
30 0.1861
30.2 0.0194 0.0016
31 0.0631
31.2 0.0437 0.0016
32 0.0129
32.2 0.0533
33 0.0113
33.2 0.0275
34 0.0032
34.1 0.0016
34.2 0.0049 0.0016
35 0.0437
36 0.0031
43.2 0.0016
45.2 0.0016

MP 0.1029 0.0593 0.0738 0.0250 0.0722 0.0442 0.0278 0.0464 0.0971 0.0289 0.0356 0.0907 0.0741 0.0341 0.0514
PD 0.8971 0.9407 0.9262 0.9750 0.9278 0.9558 0.9722 0.9536 0.9029 0.9711 0.9644 0.9093 0.9259 0.9659 0.9486
PE 0.5565 0.5919 0.6160 0.7948 0.5565 0.6592 0.7488 0.6099 0.4218 0.7357 0.7553 0.5167 0.6039 0.6282 0.6971

Please cite this article in press as: V.C. Tucker, et al., UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16 system, Forensic Sci. Int.
Genet. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.005
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e4 Letter to the Editor / Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx

Table 3
Allele frequencies calculated from 373 samples collected from Indo-Pakistani donors in the UK. MP, matching probability; PD, power of discrimination; PE, power of
exclusion.

Allele D3S1358 vWA D16S539 D2S1338 D8S1179 D21S11 D18S51 D19S433 TH01 FGA D1S1656 D2S441 D10S1248 D12S391 D22S1045

6 0.2735
7 0.1756
8 0.0724 0.0080 0.1139 0.0295 0.0013
9 0.1381 0.0013 0.2735 0.0067 0.0013
9.1 0.0013
9.3 0.1568
10 0.1126 0.1702 0.0067 0.0067 0.0121 0.2909 0.0027
11 0.3110 0.0710 0.0214 0.1555 0.4075 0.0107 0.2654
11.2 0.0013
11.3 0.0496
12 0.2252 0.0965 0.0925 0.0670 0.0925 0.0643 0.0134 0.0027
12.2 0.0107
12.3 0.0040
13 0.0013 0.1233 0.1944 0.1233 0.2735 0.1099 0.0268 0.1649 0.0013
13.1 0.0013
13.2 0.0295
14 0.0442 0.1193 0.0174 0.2078 0.2252 0.2306 0.1180 0.1327 0.2668 0.0576
14.2 0.0710
15 0.2936 0.0871 0.0013 0.1662 0.1863 0.1327 0.1501 0.0161 0.2775 0.0067 0.4088
15.2 0.0764
15.3 0.0201
16 0.3257 0.2306 0.0121 0.0617 0.1340 0.0657 0.1434 0.0027 0.1917 0.0174 0.1796
16.2 0.0241
16.3 0.0335
17 0.2131 0.2440 0.0965 0.0201 0.0858 0.0121 0.0791 0.0013 0.0657 0.1327 0.0804
17.2 0.0013
17.3 0.0282 0.0134
18 0.1086 0.2172 0.1689 0.0027 0.0349 0.0027 0.0080 0.0067 0.0067 0.2292 0.0027
18.3 0.0094 0.0134
19 0.0107 0.0912 0.1662 0.0550 0.0670 0.0013 0.1635 0.0013
19.2 0.0054
19.3 0.0040 0.0027
20 0.0027 0.0094 0.1086 0.0188 0.1193 0.1260
21 0.0013 0.0402 0.0094 0.1361 0.0645
21.2 0.0067
22 0.0509 0.0013 0.1488 0.1072
22.2 0.0134
23 0.1689 0.0040 0.1756 0.0617
23.2 0.0027
24 0.0979 0.0013 0.1702 0.0282
24.2 0.0054
25 0.0670 0.0831 0.0040
25.2 0.0013
26 0.0188 0.0027 0.0469 0.0040
26.2 0.0013
26.3 0.0013
27 0.0013 0.0147 0.0094
28 0.0013 0.1649 0.0013
28.2 0.0027
29 0.2145
29.2 0.0027
29.3 0.0067
30 0.1555
30.2 0.0308
31 0.0362
31.2 0.1166
32 0.0080
32.2 0.1689
33 0.0013
33.2 0.0697
34.2 0.0040

MP 0.1046 0.0627 0.0667 0.0291 0.0474 0.0419 0.0350 0.0543 0.0863 0.0334 0.0245 0.1275 0.0883 0.0348 0.1233
PD 0.8954 0.9373 0.9333 0.9709 0.9526 0.9581 0.9650 0.9457 0.9137 0.9666 0.9753 0.8725 0.9117 0.9652 0.8767
PE 0.5155 0.5676 0.5579 0.6580 0.7265 0.7373 0.7105 0.7373 0.6171 0.7807 0.7427 0.5155 0.5872 0.6946 0.4532

Considering the UK data alone, the allele frequency data
illustrates subtle variation in the allele ranges between ethnic
populations of the UK. The SGM+ loci have been well characterised
for many different populations in the literature; as might be
expected the new European loci also demonstrate some variability
between ethnic groups, see Fig. 1. Allele frequency data from these
new loci could be used to augment existing autosomal ethnic
inference methods [22,23] to improve the power of such
probabilistic calculations. Data collected on the new European
loci also provides evidence for alleles beyond the currently
observed ranges quoted on the NIST STR base website [24].
D1S1656 allele 8, D2S441 allele 9.1, D12S391 alleles 14, 19.1, 19.2

Please cite this article in press as: V.C. Tucker, et al., UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16 system, Forensic Sci. Int.
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FSIGEN-787; No. of Pages 7

Letter to the Editor / Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx e5

Table 4
Observed discordances. Allele designations are presented for the 12 loci found to give discordant results between multiplexes. 1052 samples were processed with ESI 16, and
either SGM+ (308 samples) or NGM (750 samples), including six samples processed with both SGM+ and NGM for verification purposes. All samples amplified with SGM+
were also amplified with ESX 16 to verify the five new loci not present in SGM+ (313 samples in total). 524 samples were processed with ESS. EA1, white Caucasian; EA3, Afro-
Caribbean; EA4, Indo-Pakistani. ‘‘NP’’ denotes samples where no extract remained for processing with this multiplex. ‘‘LNP’’ denotes locus not present in this multiplex.
Samples exhibiting discordance were re-processed to verify the result.

Locus Ethnic group ESI ESX NGM ESS SGM+

Amelogenin EA4 X, Y X, Y Y, Y X, Y X,Y

D2S441 EA4 9.1, 10 9.1, 10 10, 10 9.1, 10 LNP
D16S539 EA4 8, 13 8, 13 8, 13 13, 13 NP
D16S539 EA4 11, 12 12, 12 11, 12 11,12 11, 12
D19S433 EA1 13, 13 13, 15 13, 15 13, 15 13,15
D19S433 EA1 14, 14 14, 15 14, 15 14, 15 14, 15
D21S11 EA3 32, 35 NP 32, 35 31.2, 35 NP
D22S1045 EA3 15, 16 15, 16 16, 16 15, 16 LNP
D22S1045 EA3 15, 16 15, 16 16, 16 15, 16 LNP
D22S1045 EA3 12, 15 12, 15 12, 12 12, 15 LNP
FGA EA3 24, 26 24, 26 24, 24 24, 26 24, 24
vWA EA3 13, 15 13, 15 13, 15 15, 15 13, 15

0.3 0.45
D1S1656 0.4 D2S441
0.25
0.35

0.2 0.3
Frequency

Frequency 0.25
0.15
0.2

0.1 0.15

0.1
0.05
0.05

0 0
14.3

15.3

16.3

17.1
17.3

18.3

19.3
20.3
10
11
12
13
14

15

16

17

18

19
8
9

11.3

12.3

13.3
9.1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
8

Allele Allele
0.35 0.25
D10S1248 D12S391
0.3
0.2
0.25
Frequency

Frequency

0.2 0.15

0.15
0.1

0.1
0.05
0.05

0 0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 15 16 17 17.3 18 18.3 19 19.119.219.320 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Allele Allele
0.45
D22S1045
0.4

0.35

0.3
Frequency

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Allele

Fig. 1. Comparison of allele frequencies for the five new ENFSI loci calculated from 370 white Caucasian samples ( EA1), 309 Afro-Caribbean samples ( EA3) and 373 Indo-
Pakistani samples ( EA4).

Please cite this article in press as: V.C. Tucker, et al., UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16 system, Forensic Sci. Int.
Genet. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.005
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Genet. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.005
Please cite this article in press as: V.C. Tucker, et al., UK population data generated with the PowerPlex1 ESI 16 system, Forensic Sci. Int.

Table 5
Pairwise comparison of 18 populations. Pairwise Rst values (below diagonal) and their associated P values (above diagonal). Significant P and Rst values are emboldened and data pertinent to the UK populations are underlined.
Negative estimates of Rst have been replaced by zero. Populations of European descent are highlighted in blue, Asian in green and African in yellow. UKC, UKI and UKA population data are from the present study, references for the

Letter to the Editor / Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
other populations are as follows: CEPH European (E), Central South Asian (CSA), and African (A) [14], US Caucasian (USCb) and US African (USAb) [13], US Caucasian (USCh) and US African (USAh) [11], Swedish (Sw) [12], Polish (Po)
[20], German (SH and NW) [19], Austrian (Au) [15], Basque (Ba) [18], Spanish (Es) [17], Ghana (Gh) [16].

UKC E USCb USCh Sw Po SH NW Au Ba Es UKI CSA UKA A USAb USAh Gh

UKC 0 0.23711 0.71943 0.26403 0.07178 0.85328 0.22097 0.64706 0.06722 0.01406 0.08227 0 0 0.00010 0 0 0 0
E 0.00083 0 0.27809 0.75418 0.78517 0.18909 0.53727 0.16454 0.61410 0.01940 0.21562 0.01416 0.04307 0.01020 0.00158 0.00228 0.00158 0.00089
USCb 0 0.00063 0 0.14880 0.21582 0.40699 0.59539 0.20057 0.08237 0.00525 0.01683 0 0.00030 0.00129 0.00030 0.00020 0 0.00020
USCh 0.00035 0 0.00084 0 0.53836 0.48055 0.15038 0.44877 0.15414 0.00297 0.09415 0 0.00030 0 0 0 0 0
Sw 0.00145 0 0.00055 0 0 0.12246 0.53232 0.08643 0.29908 0.00257 0.03109 0.00050 0.00218 0.00059 0 0.00010 0.0001 0.00020
Po 0 0.00168 0 0 0.00175 0 0.10306 0.91526 0.05128 0.01921 0.11870 0 0.00020 0.0001 0 0 0 0
SH 0.00066 0 0 0.00092 0 0.00223 0 0.09672 0.65073 0.02396 0.12177 0.00317 0.00020 0.01841 0.00139 0.00396 0.00218 0.00149
NW 0 0.00133 0.00071 0 0.00138 0 0.00149 0 0.09039 0.03168 0.23958 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Au 0.00218 0 0.00200 0.00109 0.00036 0.00379 0 0.00193 0 0.14870 0.63053 0.01208 0.00030 0.00307 0.00040 0.00079 0.00020 0.00030
Ba 0.00628 0.00794 0.00848 0.00823 0.00986 0.00793 0.00577 0.00506 0.00246 0 0.49985 0.00010 0 0.00010 0 0 0 0
Es 0.00185 0.00117 0.00347 0.00165 0.00283 0.00227 0.00155 0.00067 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
UKI 0.01455 0.00531 0.01092 0.01112 0.00659 0.01936 0.00544 0.01601 0.00453 0.01755 0.01171 0 0.00079 0.02455 0.02792 0.06089 0.02138 0.00881
CSA 0.01205 0.00444 0.00926 0.00881 0.00660 0.01418 0.00915 0.01550 0.01186 0.03222 0.01876 0.00925 0 0.00307 0.00465 0.00040 0.00158 0.00861
UKA 0.00981 0.00610 0.00559 0.01057 0.00604 0.01449 0.00343 0.01361 0.00658 0.01927 0.01356 0.00299 0.00708 0 0.30819 0.61509 0.86981 0.62588
A 0.02027 0.01491 0.01484 0.02209 0.01627 0.02807 0.01157 0.02655 0.01495 0.02894 0.02410 0.00572 0.01209 0.00048 0 0.15197 0.20028 0.45807
USAb 0.01346 0.00838 0.00837 0.01287 0.00726 0.01828 0.00497 0.01624 0.00774 0.02160 0.01572 0.00192 0.00993 0 0.00215 0 0.91486 0.39442
USAh 0.01258 0.00774 0.00763 0.01231 0.00698 0.01726 0.00496 0.01598 0.00824 0.02308 0.01625 0.00272 0.00754 0 0.00145 0 0 0.67023
Gh 0.01620 0.01132 0.01054 0.01656 0.01077 0.02174 0.00854 0.02109 0.01318 0.03004 0.02233 0.00524 0.00695 0 0 0 0 0
G Model
FSIGEN-787; No. of Pages 7
Letter to the Editor / Forensic Science International: Genetics xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
and 27 were all observed during the concordance and allele
frequency studies reported here, but remain to be sequenced for
confirmation of their repeat structure.
This paper follows the guidelines for publication of population
data requested by the journal [25,26].
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Jon Wetton for advice on
population genetics, and Kate Lomas, Marcus Adams, Emily
Rowlands, Deborah Day and Dr. Eileen Grimes, for technical
assistance with this work.
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Valerie C. Tucker*
Coralie Baumgartner
Gareth R. Stead
Andrew J. Hopwood
Research & Development, The Forensic Science Service,
2960 Trident Court, Birmingham Business Park, Solihull Parkway,
Birmingham B37 7YN, UK
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 0121 329 5440;
fax: +44 0121 666 6125
E-mail address: Valerie.Tucker@fss.pnn.police.uk (V.C. Tucker).
9 March 2011