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Solution:
𝛽 = 0.85 𝜌𝑏 = 0.028816
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖%
b. Maximum steel area
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.75 𝑥 0.028816)(300)(5)
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐
c. Nominal moment capacity
Using 6-25mm bars
𝑥
𝐴𝑠 = (25)2 𝑥 6 = 2.945 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜌𝑓𝑦 2,945
𝜌= 𝑏𝑑
𝜌=
300(500)
𝑅𝑛 = 6.7494𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑛 = 6.7494(300)(500)2
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
2. A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and an effective depth to tension
bars of 600 mm. Compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a depth of
60 mm below the top. If f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 414 MPa, determine the tension steel
area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
Solution:
Solve for ρmax and Mumax :
𝜌 0.85(30)(0.85)(600)
𝑏=
414(600+414)
𝜌𝑏=0.031
ρmax= 0.75 ρb
ρmax=0.75(0.031)
ρmax= 0.02323
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐
0.02323(414)
𝜔=
30
𝜔 = 0.3209
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2
650𝑥106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (300)(600)2
𝑅𝑛 = 6.687𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(30) 2(6.687)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.0191 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
414 0.85(30)
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00338
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0191(300)(600)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐
3. A propped cantilever beam shown in the figure is made of reinforced concrete
having a width of 290mm and overall depth of 490mm. The beam is loaded with
uniform dead load of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of
55 kN/m. Given: f’c = 24 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Concrete cover is 60 mm from the
centroid of the bars. Determine the required tension steel area for maximum
positive moment. Assume EI = constant.
290mm
490mm
A 6m B 2m C
Solution:
𝑑 = 490 − 60 = 430𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝑊𝐷 + 1.7𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(35) + 1.7(55)
𝑊𝑢 = 142.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Solve for moment reactions using the three-moment equation:
𝑀𝐵 = −142.5(2)(1) = −285𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝐴𝑜 𝑎̅𝑜 6𝐴1 𝑏̅𝑜
𝑀𝑜 𝐿𝑜 + 2𝑀𝐴 (𝐿𝑜 𝐿1) + 𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + + =0
𝐿𝑜 𝐿1
142.5(6)
0 + 2𝑀𝐴 (0 + 6) + (−285)(6) + 0 + =0
4
𝑀𝐴 = −498.75𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 −498.75 = 𝑅(6) − 142.5(8)(4)
𝑅 = 676.875𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑊𝑢 𝐿 − 𝑅 𝑅𝐴 = 142.5(8) − 676.875
𝑅𝐴 = 463.125𝑘𝑁
Maximum positive moment
𝑉𝐷 = 0
𝑊𝑢 (2 + 𝑥) − 𝑅 = 0 142.5(2 + 𝑥) − 676.875 = 0
𝑥 = 2.75𝑚
(𝑥+2)2 (2.75+2)2
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝑥 − 𝑊𝑢 𝑀𝐷 = 676.875(2.75) − 142.5
2 2
𝑀𝐷 = 253.828𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(24)(0.85)600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦) 415(600+415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0247
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0247)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01852
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 0.01852(415)
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓′𝑐 24
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3203
𝑅𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 415(0.3203)(1 − 0.59(0.3203))
𝑅𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.325𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.235(290)(430)2
𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 334.316𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(334.316)
∅𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300.884𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜌 = 0.01495
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01495(290)(430)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
4. A hallow beam is shown in the figure. Assume f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 345 MPa.
a.) Calculate the required steel area when Mu = 800 kN-m.
b.) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c.) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d.) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced
condition?
e.) Calculate the required tension steel area when Mu = 1200 kN-m.
500mm
150
800mm
500mm
150
75
Solution:
To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design moment when
a = 150 mm.
d = 800-75=725 mm
𝑎 150
𝛗 𝑀𝑛 = 𝛗 𝐶𝐶 (𝑑 − 2) 𝛗 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85 (28)(150)(500)(725 − )
2
𝛗 𝑀𝑛 = 1044.225 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
a. 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Since the required 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 1044.225 kN.m, a< 150 mm.
Assuming tension steel yields:
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝛗 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 𝛗 𝐶𝐶 (𝑑 − 2)
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = φ 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − 2)
800 𝑥 106 = 0.90 x 0.85 (28) a (500) (725-0.5a)
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎 < 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
T=C 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 (345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
b. Balanced condition ( See Figure 2.12 ):
600𝑑 600(725)
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 = = 460.32 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
375
450
3 - 22 mm
75
375
Solution:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (22)2 × 3 = 1140𝑚𝑚2
4
600𝑑 600(375)
𝑐𝑏 = = = 238𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 0.85(238) = 202.4𝑚𝑚
𝑥 375
=
𝑎 450
5
𝑥= 𝑎 = 168.7𝑚𝑚
6
1 5 5 2
𝐴𝑐 = (𝑥)(𝑎) = 1⁄2 × ( ) 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎 = 17066𝑚𝑚2
2 6 12
T=𝐶𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (345) = 0.85(21)(17066)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 883𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠
Since 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐴𝑠𝑏, tension steel does not yield (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 )
Solve for c:
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑑−𝑐 5 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 0.85(21) 𝑎2 = 1140𝑥600
𝑐 12 𝑐
2 375−𝑐
7.437(0.85) = 684000 𝑐
𝑐 = 250.92𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(250.92) = 213.3𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 × (𝑑 − 𝑎)
3
2 5 2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝐴𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎) = 0.85(21) (213.29)2 × (375 − (213.3))
3 12 3
= 78.77 𝐾𝑛 − 𝑚
60mm
350 mm
2 - 28 mm
600 mm
540 mm
4 - 36 mm
Solution:
β1 = 0.85
Solve for ∅Mn when a = t
∅Mfn = ∅0.85f ′ cbf t (d – t/2) = 543.375 kN-mm
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 = 600+ f = 278.11 mm
y
a = β1 𝐶𝑏 = 236.39 mm > t
z = a – t = 136.39 mm
A1 = bf t = 82,000 mm2
A2 = b𝑤 𝑧 = 34,098 mm2
Acb = A1 + A2 = 116,098 mm2
Maximum condition:
Mu = ∅Mfn + ∅Mn2 ,
A2 = bw 𝑧 = 3,946 mm2
T = C1 + C2 As fy = 0.85f ′ c (A1 + A2 )
𝐀 𝐬 = 3,653 𝐦𝐦𝟐