International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

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Investigations on micro-blast wave assisted metal foil forming

for biomedical applications
S.R. Nagaraja a,n, S.G. Rakesh a, J.K. Prasad b, P.K. Barhai b, G. Jagadeesh c
a
School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bangalore, India
b
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
c
Indian Institute of Science, Bagalore, India

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: The deformation dynamics of metal foils (o 0.25 mm thick) subjected to micro-blast wave are
Received 25 March 2011 presented in this paper. The energy of micro-blast wave emanating from the open end of a polymer
Received in revised form tube is used to deliver micro-particles for bio-medical applications. In these experiments metal foils are
8 December 2011
used to transfer the energy of the micro-blast wave to the micro-particles. Using cubic root scaling law
Accepted 17 April 2012
the over pressure of the blast wave at the open end of the polymer tube is estimated and using this peak
Available online 24 May 2012
plate over pressure is estimated. The finite element analysis is used to estimate the velocity profile of
Keywords: the deforming metal foils. The finite element analysis results are compared with experimental results
Metal forming for the maximum deformation and deformed shape. Based on the deformation velocity, metal foil to be
Micro-blast waves
used for experiments is selected. Among the materials investigated 0.1 mm thick brass foil has the
Explicit dynamic analysis
maximum velocity of 205 m/s and is used in the experiments. It is found from finite element analysis
FEM
Biomedical applications that the particles deposited within a radius of 0.5 mm will leave the foil with nearly equal velocity
(error o 5%). The spray cone angle which is the angle of deviation of the path of particles from the axis
of the polymer tube is also estimated and found to be less than 71 up to a radius of 0.75 mm. Illustrative
experiments are carried out to deliver micro particles (0.7 mm diameter tungsten) into plant tissues.
Particle penetration depth up to 460 mm was achieved in ground tissue of potato tuber.
& 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction waves is briefly reviewed here followed by the motivation and

The occurrence of shock waves is commonly associated with
supersonic flight and is an integral part of high-speed flow
analysis. Shock waves can also be used for innovative applications
in various fields such as medicine, biological sciences and indus-
try. Menezes et al. [1] have developed a device to deliver micro
particles using shock waves generated by laser ablation for bio
medical applications. Recently Jagadeesh [2,3] has used thin
metal foils (  100 mm) to transfer the momentum from shock
wave loading to carry out very interesting bio-medical applica-
tions including needleless drug delivery and DNA transfer in
biological targets. High strain rate forming of metal plates (few
mm thickness) using explosives has been studied by many
researchers, but on the other hand, not much data is available
on shock wave assisted metal forming of thin metal foils in the
open literature. Some of the important literature in the area of
high strain rate forming and biomedical applications of shock
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sr_nagaraja@blr.amrita.edu,
srnaga@yahoo.com (S.R. Nagaraja).
objectives of the present study.
High strain rate metal forming can be achieved using shock
waves generated either explosively or non explosively. Kosing
and Skews [4,5] have used liquid shock tube to generate shock
waves non explosively for metal forming applications. More
recently Stoffel et al. [6] and Stoffel [7] have used the conven-
tional shock tube to study the response of shock wave loaded
plates. Florence [8] conducted experiments on explosive forming
of circular aluminium and steel plates of thickness 6.25 mm using
sheet explosives. The central deflections were measured and
experimental results were compared with theoretical values
using bending theory assuming the material as rigid—plastic
material. The differences in experimental and theoretical results
were explained by an insufficient plate theory not taking mem-
brane forces into account. Wierzbicki and Florence [9] modified
the constituent model by using visco-plastic law for large dis-
placements. These studies showed that strain rate sensitivity and
membrane forces have equally important strengthening effect.
Johson et al. [10] have conducted experiments to plastically
deform clamped mild steel circular plates using underwater
explosive charge. They have investigated the effects of charge
shape, eccentricity of the charge from the axis of the die and,

0020-7403/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2012.04.004
2 S.R Nagaraja et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7
Nomenclature
I0 Primary inertia
k Material constant
m Hardening coefficient
Nxx, Nyy, Nxy Forces per unit length
n Strain rate sensitivity coefficient
P Shock wave pressure
Pr Peak plate over pressure (reflected pressure)
Ps Peak over pressure of the blast wave
Po Atmospheric pressure
R Distance from the center of charge
uo Radial displacement of a point on the mid plane of
the plate
eccentricity of the charge and die assembly from the axis of the
water tank in which the experiments are performed. They con-
cluded that spherical charges produce larger midpoint deflections.
Symonds and Weirzbicki [11], Perrone and Bhadra [12] have
developed empirical/theoretical relations to predict the deflection
of plates subjected to impulsive loads. Most of these relations are
a function of the imparted impulse, the plate thickness and radius,
the density and the static yield stress of the material in combina-
tion with an empirical factor.
Jiang et al. [13] have developed a device to generate micro-
shock waves in ambient air by focusing the energy from a pulsed
laser beam into small spherical volumes. Once the deposited
energy of the focused laser beam exceeds the threshold value for
optical breakdown, ambient air breaks down with subsequent
formation of laser plasma. The energy deposition immediately
creates a primary spherical micro-shock wave travelling outwards
from the focal point. Jagadeesh and Takayama [14] have used
Nd:YAG glass laser beam to generate spherical shock waves with
typical radius of few millimetres both in ambient air as well as in
water and typically the energy expended in this process is  1.38 J,
which is equivalent to 0.3 mg of conventional TNT explosive.
Miller [15] has used shockwave technology for the destruction of
renal calculi through an endoscope. Shock waves are also used for
subcutaneous drug delivery into human skin. Possibility of
destruction of E-Coli bacteria subjecting them to shock waves
has been explored by Jagadeesh [16] and the preliminary results
have shown that there is a substantial reduction in the number of
E-Coli cells after subjecting them to repeated shock wave loading.
Klein et al. [17] have reported delivery of nucleic acids into plant
cells using high velocity micro projectiles. Small tungsten particles
of 4 mm diameter are coated with RNA or DNA and are accelerated
using the device, called ‘particle gun’, so that the particles (micro
projectiles) pierce cell walls and membranes and enter into plant
cells without killing them. This method is used to study the
transient expression of foreign genes in an intact tissue. Yoko
Yoshida et al. [18] have used Helios Gene Gun system to accelerate
DNA coated gold particles to deliver genes into cell. For introduc-
tion of genes into the liver of living rats, the best results were
obtained with this hand-held gene delivery system. The b-galac-
tosidase gene introduced into rat liver with gold particles by
helium at 17.5 bar was expressed in a limited area of the liver
surface (8  8 mm, depth 0.5 mm). Distribution and also the actual
amount DNA delivered into the cells have been examined in this
study. M.A.F. Kendall et al. [19] have used Dermal Powder Ject
device to deliver gold particles into excised human skin. Penetra-
tion depth of 75 mm has been achieved with gold particles of
2.24 mm diameter entering the skin with a velocity of 640 m/s.
vo Angular displacements of a point on the mid plane of
the plate
Vr Resultant velocity of the particle
Vx Velocity of particle parallel to the shock tube axis
Vz Velocity of particle perpendicular to the shock
tube axis
W TNT equivalent weight of explosive under
consideration
wo Transverse displacement of a point on the mid plane
of the plate
Z Scaled distance
| Rotation of transverse normal
E Strain
A Strain rate
d Angle of deviation (spray cone angle)
These results have indicated that the penetration depth of the gold
particles into the skin is a strong function of the particle density,
velocity and radius. Lee et al. [20] have used a shock tube for
transdermal delivery in fuzzy rats. Rhodamine-B dextran, 10 kDa
molecular weight, was used as the probe molecule. Shock waves
were generated by a two-stage shock tube. Matsumi Nakada et al.
[21] have used this device for invivo DNA transfer by delivering
plasmid DNA coated, 1-mm size gold particles into onion scale,
tobacco leaf and soybean seed cells.
From the above discussion, it is very clear that in recent time,
many innovative inter disciplinary applications of shock waves
have emerged. Shock wave assisted techniques are increasingly
being used for many industrial and biomedical applications. In
many of these devices metal foils (diaphragms) are used for
transferring the shock wave energy to the micro particles. The
deformation and velocity vector of the metal foil governs the
direction of motion of particles and energy they carry till they
reach the target. Therefore, understanding the deformation and
velocity distribution is important for efficient design and optimi-
sation of the diaphragm in terms of its diameter and thickness in
these systems. This has necessitated the study of behaviour of
thin metal foils when subjected to blast waves. Numerical solu-
tions using finite element method provide a cost effective and
reliable procedure to carry out parametric sensitivity study and
help in selection of appropriate diaphragm. In this paper the
method of generation of micro blast waves, finite element
modelling of the foils subjected to blast wave loading, analysis
of deformation velocities, particle spray cone angle and selection
of metal foil are explained.
2. Generation of micro blast waves
A polymer tube coated with explosives acts like a shock tube to
generate micro blast wave. Small amounts ( 18 mg/m length) of
micro explosive (High Melt Explosive (HMX) and traces of Alumi-
nium) is uniformly coated on the inner wall of this polymer tube
(1 mm inner diameter; wall thickness 1 mm). When the micro
explosive is electrically triggered from one end of the polymer
tube, a detonation wave is generated inside the tube. When this
detonation front is allowed to escape from the open end of the
polymer tube, a micro-blast wave is generated. The schematic
representation of formation of micro blast wave at the open end of
the polymer tube is shown in Fig. 1. Since the amount of energy
expended in the generation of the blast wave from the open end of
the polymer tube is very small ( 8.7 J; TNT equivalent  1.63 mg)
they are referred here as micro-blast waves. The ignition of the
 S.R Nagaraja et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7 3

Fig. 1. A pictorial representation of micro-blast wave emanating from the open

end of the polymer tube followed by combustion products.

reactive explosive compound (HMX) is done from one end of tube.

The reactive explosive compound when initiated propagates a low
energy signal along the length of the tubing with minimal
disturbance outside of the tube. The ignition of the reactive
material coated on the inner surface of the shock tube results in
the formation of a shock front. As a result of the shock front
streaming past the material on the tube walls, the reactive
Fig. 2. Extrapolated values of peak side-on overpressure using cubic root
material is assumed to undergo a turbulent dispersion towards
scaling law.
the centre of the tube. The shock front also heats up the gas in the
tube. The dispersed energetic material is heated and then combust
to release energy which supports the shock front at a typical rate
of 2000 m/sec. The combustion reaction thus would resemble that 200
of a dust explosion. The detonation is confined to the tube along
its length and the products of combustion escape from the open
end. The resultant output is characterised as a high pressure
150
impulse along with hot burning particles.
Pressure (bar)

Thin metal foils placed at the open end of this polymer tube
along with appropriate mechanical fixtures is used to transfer the
impulse-momentum generated by micro-blast wave to appropri- 100
ate medium.

50
3. Peak plate over pressure

The peak pressure at any distance for any size of any explosive
can be quite accurately estimated based upon scaling experiments 0
using TNT. It is customary to plot the blast property of interest 0 100 10 10-6 20 10-6 30 10-6 40 10-6
(in the present case overpressure) against the scaled distance Z. Time (s)
R
Z¼ ð1Þ Fig. 3. Pressure profile showing the plate peak over pressure.
W ð1=3Þ
where R is the distance from the centre of charge and W is the TNT
equivalent weight of the explosive under consideration. It is estimated by extrapolation from graph of peak over pressure
Experiments were conducted using polymer tubes to measure versus scaling distance for TNT blast as depicted in Fig. 2 and it is
the pressure behind the micro-blast wave in open domain. Side found to be  24 bar. The actual pressure (peak plate over
on overpressure behind the micro-blast wave is measured at pressure or reflected pressure) felt by the metal foil which is
different distances from the blast source by sensors placed side on placed normal to the polymer tube near the open end can be
to the flow. PCB Piezotronics pressure transducers are used for calculated using Rankine–Hugoniot relations as ([22])
measuring the overpressure levels in open domain. Assuming that
the micro-blast wave emanating from the open end of the ð7P0 þ 4P s Þ
Pr ¼ 2P s ð2Þ
polymer tube follows the cubic root scaling law, the scaled ð7P o þP s Þ
distance for an experimentally observed value of overpressure
was calculated from the scaling curve. From this scaled distance where
and actual distance the weight of explosive in TNT equivalent
weight was estimated to be 1.63 mg. Based on this energy level Pr-Peak plate over pressure (reflected pressure)
subsequent peak overpressures were estimated from the scaling Ps-Peak over pressure of the blast wave
law and was found to be matching very well with the experi- Po-Atmospheric pressure
mental values of overpressures obtained at different lengths from
the micro blast. Fig. 2 shows the plot of peak overpressure versus
scaling distance for TNT blasts along with the values obtained For peak over pressure of Ps ¼24 bar and Po ¼1 bar, the peak
from the micro blast studies (marked in black spots). The values plate over pressure Pr ffi 160 bar. After calculating the peak plate
used are average of 12 firings. over pressure, pressure profile with exponential decay as shown
The over pressure value near the open end of the blast tube in Fig. 3 is assumed. This pressure profile is used as an input to the
cannot be measured due to high temperature of the debris gas. finite element analysis.
4 S.R Nagaraja et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7

4. Finite element analysis

Thin metallic plates/foils are used to transfer impulse momen-

tum of the micro blast wave to the micro particles to be delivered
into soft targets. These micro particles (0.7 mm diameter tungsten)
are deposited on the posterior side of these metal foils. The velocity
of these particles depends on the velocity of metal plate/foil which
depends on the type of material, thickness and amount of deflec-
tion. A number of empirical relations are available in open
literature to predict midpoint deflection of plates subjected to
impulse loading. A review of these relations is done by Nurick and
Martin [23]. Most of these relations are based on experimental
investigations on thick plates (thickness in excess of 2 mm)
subjected to shock wave loading generated using explosives and Fig. 4. Computational domain used in the finite element analysis.
cannot be used in the present study on thin plates. Moreover these
empirical relations are functions of exponentially decaying
impulse, yield stress, radius and thickness of the specimen. In case
of thin plates/foils considerable plastic deformation takes place and
strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity of the material play an
important role. Also these relations do not provide any information
on the dynamics of deformation. Hence finite element method is
used to determine dynamic deformation of a these foils.
The dynamic deformation equations of a circular plate/foil
subjected to axisymmetric time varying pressure load P based on
the Mindlin plate theory and using principle of virtual displace-
ments is [24]
 
@N xx @N xy @2 u0
 þ þ I0 2 ¼ 0
@x @y @t
 
@N xy @N yy @ 2 v0
 þ þI0 2 ¼ 0
@x @y @t
    
@ @w0 @w0 @ @w0 @w0
 Nxx þ Nxy þ N xy þ Nyy
@x @x @y @y @x @y
)
@|x @|y @2 w0
þ þ þ I0 ¼P ð3Þ
@x @y @t 2

After expressing the above Eq. (3) in the weak form and using an
interpolation function they can be expressed in the matrix form as
½Mü þ½Cu_ þ ½Ku ¼ ½F
where [M], [C] and [K] are mass, damping and stiffness matrices, {u}
displacement vector and [F] externally applied force vector. Eq. (4)
can be solved using finite element analysis solvers, which incorpo-
rate both geometric non-linearities and material non-linearities. The
explicit dynamic analysis is carried out using ANSYS with LS-DYNA
solver. The boundary condition used is—all degrees of freedom are
fixed at the outer periphery of the plate (fixed plate). It is assumed
to have biaxial stress system, which is valid since thickness of the
plate is very small. Hence the SHELL 163 element with five
integration points is used. It is a 4 node element with both bending
and membrane capabilities. Both in-plane and normal loads are
permitted. The element has 12 degrees of freedom at each node, i.e.,
translations, accelerations and velocities in the nodal x, y, and z
directions and rotations about the nodal x, y, and z axes. Fully-
integrated Belytschko-Tsay shell element formulation (KEYOPT
(1)¼12) which is generally used for metal forming applications
has been used (ANSYS reference manual). It uses a 2  2 quadrature
in the shell plane. Non linear strain rate dependent plasticity
material model generally used in metal forming applications is
selected. This material model follows constitutive relationship of the
form
s ¼ kA m A_ n
where e is the strain, A
_ is the strain rate, k is the material constant,
m is the hardening coefficient, and n is the strain rate sensitivity
coefficient.
ð4Þ
Fig. 5. A photograph of the device used micro particle delivery into soft targets.
The computational domain used in the finite element analysis
is shown in Fig. 4. The shock wave is treated as a slug force acting
instantaneously on the thin metallic plate constrained at the
outer periphery. In order to validate the finite element model
developed, experiments were carried out using a specially
designed holder shown in Fig. 5. The maximum (midpoint)
deflection of the plate/foil obtained from the experiments is
compared with those values from the finite element simulations.
The results are tabulated as shown in Table 1. The table also lists
the velocity values for aluminium, brass and copper foils of
0.1 mm, 0.15 mm and 0.18 mm thickness obtained using finite
element analysis. It can be observed that the experimental values
for the midpoint deflection closely agree with simulated values.
Fig. 6 shows the variation of velocity and midpoint deflection
of 0.1 mm brass foil. It is observed that peak velocity is reached
before the maximum deflection is reached and hence the particles
would have been ejected from the free surface of the foil before
the completion of the deformation process. Fig. 7 shows the
variation of pressure and velocity with time for 0.1 mm thick
ð5Þ
brass foil. It is observed that the velocity vector lags behind
the rate of application of pressure. The deformation of the foil
and velocity are very slow compared to the rate of applied
pressure.
 S.R Nagaraja et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7 5

Table 1
Values of midpoint deflection and midpoint velocity for various foils obtained
from finite element analysis and midpoint deflection from experiments.

Material Thickness Midpoint Midpoint deflection Midpoint

of the foil (mm) deflection (mm) (Experimental) velocity
(mm) (m/s)

Brass 0.1 2.88 3.1 204.80

Brass 0.15 1.99 2.5 142
Brass 0.18 1.64 2.34 119.8
Copper 0.1 2.23 2.56 186
Copper 0.15 1.64 1.74 133.72
Copper 0.18 1.41 1.52 112.61
Aluminium 0.1 4.40 Fail (100% failure rate) 486.62
Aluminium 0.15 2.68 Fail (75% failure rate) 310.01
Aluminium 0.18 2.19 2.68 (17% failure rate) 252.91 Fig. 8. A schematic sketch showing velocity components at a point on the
diaphragm. Vz is parallel to the shock tube (polymer tube) axis.

Midpoint Deflection (mm) 2.5 microsecs

5 250 7.5 microsecs
140
Velocity (m/s) 12.5 microsecs
4 200 120 Max velocity at 18 microsecs
Midpoint deflection (mm)

Velocity (m/s) 100

Velocity (m/s)
3 150
80

2 100 60

40
1 50
20

0 0
0
0 100 10 10-6 20 10-6 30 10-6 40 10-6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s) Radius of foil (mm)

Fig. 6. Variation of midpoint deflection and velocity with time for a 0.1 mm brass Fig. 9. Variation of the resultant velocity along the radius of the foil at different
foil loaded with the blast wave. time intervals for brass foil of thickness 0.18 mm.

Pressure (bar) (boundary conditions) are also axisymmetric, all the variables
250 250
(deformation, velocity, stress, strain) are functions of radius and
Velocity (m/s)
time only. The deformation velocity vector determines the angle
200 200 of spray (d) i.e., angle of deviation from axis of the shock tube
(polymer tube). Larger the value of d, greater is the distance a
Pressure (bar)

particle deposited on the metal foil has to travel before it reaches

Velocity (m/s)

150 150 the target and smaller is the velocity at target surface. This
smaller velocity of the particle results in smaller depth of
penetration in the target material. Assuming the velocity of
100 100
particles leaving the metal foil surface to be same as that of the
foil (Menezes et al.[1]), the magnitude and angle of deviation of
50 50 the particles can be calculated.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V r ¼ V 2x þ V 2z ð6Þ
0 0
0 100 10 10-6 20 10-6 30 10-6 40 10-6 Vx
Time (s) d ¼ tan1 ð7Þ
Vz
Fig. 7. Variation of plate peak over pressure and velocity with time for a 0.1 mm where Vr Resultant velocity of the particle
thick brass foil loaded with the blast wave.
Vz Velocity of particle parallel to the shock tube axis.
5. Spray cone angle Vx Velocity of particle perpendicular to the shock tube axis.
d Angle of deviation (spray).
Fig. 8 shows the components of deformation velocity vector at
any point on the deforming metal foil. Vz is velocity component Fig. 9 shows the resultant velocity of various points along the
parallel to axis of the shock tube (polymer tube) and d the spray radius of the foil at different time intervals. It is observed that all
cone angle or angle of deviation. As the applied pressure load is the points along the radius initially have almost same velocity.
rotationally symmetric (or axisymmetric) and edge conditions The central portion accelerates and rapidly reaches the peak
6 S.R Nagaraja et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7

20
Spray Cone Angle (degrees)

16

12

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Radius (mm)
Fig.12. A photograph showing penetrated tungsten micro particles in ground
Fig. 10. Variation of the spray cone angle d along the radius of the foil for brass foil tissue of potato tuber.
of thickness 0.1 mm.

But many (17%) of the aluminium foils of 0.18 mm failed when

Copper 0.1 mm thick
subjected to blast wave loading. Fig. 11 shows velocity of foils
Aluminium 0.22 mm thick which did not fail (0.1 mm brass, 0.1 mm copper and 0.22 mm
250
Brass 0.1 mm thick aluminium). Among the foils which did not fail 0.1 mm brass foils
have the maximum velocity of deformation (  205 m/s) and
200 hence they are selected to conduct particle penetration experi-
Velocity of foil (m/s)

ments into soft targets.

150
100
50
0 between the micro blast wave and micro particles. Using finite
0 100 5 10-6 10 10-6 15 10-6
Time (s)
Fig. 11. Variation of velocity for aluminium, brass and copper foils of different
thickness loaded with the blast wave.
velocity. In this case the maximum difference in the magnitude of
velocity between the central point and a point at a distance of
0.5 mm along the radius is o5%. Therefore, if the particles are
deposited over an area of radius 0.5 mm then all of them will have
same velocity when they leave the metal foil. Fig. 10 shows the
variation of the spray cone angle (angle of deviation-d) along the
radius of the metal foil. The values plotted are over a radius of
1.5 mm and at the time corresponding to maximum midpoint
velocity. It is observed that spray cone angle increases with
radius. The particles deposited nearer to centre of the metal foil
deviate less from the axis of the shock tube (polymer tube) than
those deposited far away from the centre. The spray cone angle in
this case is about 71 at a radius of 0.75 mm.
6. Selection of metal foil
The thickness and material of the metal foil selected is based
on the maximum velocity to be imparted to the particles. The
velocity of the particles is assumed to be equal to the velocity
of the foil. It was observed that for a given thickness aluminium
foil has the maximum velocity compared to brass and copper.
7. Bio-medical applications
Illustrative experiments were carried out to demonstrate the use
of metal foil deformation (by blast wave loading) for bio-medical
applications. For this a device has been built to deliver micro
particles in to soft targets using the energy of the micro blast wave.
This device uses the metal foils as energy transferring mechanism
20 10-6 25 10-6 element analysis, it was concluded that brass foils of 0.1 mm thick
are best suited to conduct these experiments. Fig. 6 shows a
photograph of the device used to deliver micro-particles. Experi-
ments were carried out to deliver micro particles into the plant
tissue. Fig. 12 shows penetration of micro particle in the ground
tissue of potato tuber. The depth of penetration up to 460 mm is
achieved. In these experiments the micro particle (0.7 mm diameter
tungsten) are deposited on the posterior side of the brass foil.
8. Concluding remarks
 The maximum midpoint deflection and the deformation velo-
cities obtained from finite element analysis closely agree with
the measured values (error o13%).
 Among the materials investigated (brass, aluminium, copper)
for a particular thickness aluminium foils have maximum
deformation velocity.
 Brass foil of thickness 0.1 mm has maximum deformation
velocity (204 m/s) among those foils which did not fail.
 The angle of deviation from axis of penetration varies from
zero at the midpoint to about 71 at a radius of 0.75 mm for
brass foil of 0.1 mm thickness.
 The particles deposited over a radius of 0.5 mm will leave the
metal foil with same velocity (maximum difference is o5%).
 Tungsten particles of 0.7 mm diameter were successfully delivered
in to plant tissue (potato tuber) with a depth of penetration
up to 460 mm.
 S.R Nagaraja et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 61 (2012) 1–7
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