IPA16-3-G
PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Fortieth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2016
VOLCANOSTRATIGRAPHY OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO KUMBANG FM. IN CAPAR
AREA, KUNINGAN: IMPLICATION TO POTENTIAL VOLCANO-CLASTIC PLAY IN
WEST JAVA BASIN
Zikri Ramadhan Sulistyo*
ABSTRACT
Generally speaking West Java intra-arc area is
considered unattractive for petroleum exploration,
in contrast the prospectivity is proven by numerous
oil and gas seeps and confirmed by (Armandita et
al., 2009) Maja-1 well as the first exploration oil
discovery well in Indonesia.
Volcanoclastic plays in West Java intra-arc area are
not fully understood. The author considers
constructing comprehensive volcano stratigraphic
framework may be a good approach to better
understand volcanogenic processes, stratigraphic
relationships with other formations and physical
properties with implications to migration pathways.
Submarine volcanic Kumbang Fm. within the study
area is predominantly marine pyroclastic flow
sequences (Martodjojo, 1989) comprised of various
distal volcanic deposits, tuffaceous sandstone to
silty, inter-layered with calcareous sandstone and
mediocre fall volcanic rocks. Paleocurrent analyses
show that submarine Kumbang Fm is pre-Late
Miocene back-arc with proto-Ciremai volcanism
sourcing (Mukti et al., 2008) and with interfingering
lateral stratigraphic contact with the prolific Halang
Fm.). The interfingering stratigraphic contact has
gained broad acceptance as lateral migration
pathway for hydrocarbon migration from Halang
Fm to Kumbang Fm, instead of definite
precondition.
The objectives of this study are to examine the
potential of Kumbang Fm. as volcanoclastic play in
West Java Basin and achieve better understanding
of conceptual geological framework as analogue to
subsurface geophysical data.
INTRODUCTION
Background
Exploration in intra-arc areas of Indonesia began in
the late 1800s with the drilling of Maja-1 oil
* University of Padjadjaran
discovery well in 1871. Since that time, failures in
seismic imaging due to physical ray path
characteristics of volcanic rocks caused this area to
be considered as unattractive for oil exploration.
On the other hand, the prospectivity of the area is
supported by numerous oil and gas seeps still active
today. Furthermore reservoir section and carrier
beds developed by volcaniclastic sediments
interfingering stratigrapic contact provide a
prospective lateral migration pathway for
hydrocarbon migration from Halang Fm to
Kumbang Fm., thus providing an intriguing
possibility that volcanoclastic plays may be viable
in the area.
Objectives
The objectives of this study are to present a more
comprehensive volcano stratigraphy model within
study area for use as analogue for subsurface
geophysical data. Secondly to stimulate discussions
on volcano stratigraphy as related to promising
opportunities for intra-arc area and petroleum
potential.
Regional Geology
The study area is situated within back-arc basin
particularly in Bogor trough zone (Figure 1). During
Oligo-Miocene, volcanic activities were intensive
with submarine volcanoes and contemporaneous
marine sedimentation (Van Bemmelen, 1949).
Submarine volcano deposits named Kumbang Fm.
comprise various distal volcanic deposits,
tuffaceous sandstone to silty, inter-layered with
calcareous sandstone and mediocre fall volcanic
rocks. Kumbang Fm. marine pyroclastic flow
sequences laterally interfinger with
contemporaneous Halang Fm.
Halang Fm. occurred in early rifting of Bogor zone
that created steep slope gradient from the neritic
shelf margin in North Java coast to upper bathyal
marine along the axis of Bogor Basin and face
submarine volcano deposits (Martodjojo, 1989), see
Figure 2.
Data analysis of volcanic samples, such as
paleocurrent analysis showed that submarine
volcano Kumbang Fm is pre-Late Miocene back-arc
proto-Ciremai with volcanic source (Mukti et al.,
2008).
METHODS
Field surveys included detailed geological mapping,
measuring of stratigraphic sections and rock
sampling for input to comprehensive
volcanostratigraphy model and basic concept of
petroleum geology within study area.
RESULTS
Submarine volcano Kumbang Fm. is present in
outcrop in southern part of study area broadly
trending west to east. However, the axis of volcanic
activity indications has progressively shifted to the
south. Based on traverse observations along
Cigalagah and Cijantel rivers (Figure 3), at least
three lithofacies are interpreted (Figure 4); one with
petroleum potential described in sections below.
LITHOFACIES
Lithofacies 1: Interbedded Tuffaceous Sandstone
Mainly tuffaceous sandstone to silty, inter-bedded
with calcareous sandstone (5-10m) thick, dark grey
to black, fine to medium grained, subangular to
subrounded, well sorted, good porosity, having
open grain packing, indistinctive sedimentary
structures parallel lamination, some parts exhibit
characteristic coral fragments (Figure 5). The inter-
bedded layers in aspects such as continuity,
thickness and texture can be observed consistently
in several areas with stratigrapic interfingering with
Halang Fm (Figure 6).
This facie has characteristics of surge pyroclastic
deposits with fluid transport in marine environment.
The tuffaceous sandstone facies is associated with
outermost distal facies away from source (Bogie &
Mackenzie, 1998). This lithofacies occurs in the
northern part of Study Area (Figure 7).
Lithofacies 2: Massive Tuffaceous Sandstone
This facies is characterized by massive coarse
tuffaceous sandstone, dark brown to black, over 5
meters thick, composed of coarse ash with variable
lithic and vitric content, commonly volcanic
breccias associated, some part observed andesitic
lahars with vesicles, frequently recognized
reworked materials, rarely showing indistinctive
inter-bedded layers (Figure 8).
The occurrences of those material compositions
represent this Massive Tuffaceous Sandstone facies
associated with inner distal facies (Bogie &
Mackenzie, 1998) which is distributed dominantly
in the central part of study area (Figure 7).
Lithofacies 3: Lahars
Predominantly with short travel distance materials,
lahars are associated porphyritic lava flow with
vesicles and autobrecciated-lava flows, dark grey to
black with a fine-grained andesite based on the
observed mineral assemblages that occur as
reworked pyroclastics, epiclastic material and
slightly frequent slump blocks and bombs
dominated by boulder to cobble size can reach more
than 2 meters (Figure 9).
The presence of those materials and the coarsest of
pyroclastics indicate this facies is associated with
medial characteristics (Bogie & Mackenzie, 1998),
closer to the origin of the volcano. This lithofacies
occurs sporadically in the southern part of study
area (Figure 7).
VOLCANO STRATIGRAPHY ANALYSIS
Field surveys measured the stratigraphic sections of
N-SW and NW-SE through the study area. Based
on the evidence indicate that volcano stratigraphic
succession change along the N-S direction.
Data analyses suggest early volcanism originated in
the south dominated by medial volcano facies
association material such as lava flows, lahars,
worked pyroclastic slump, block & bombs are
exposed due to contrasting morphological relief,
going downward to inner volcano facies association
comprised of massive coarse tuffaceous volcanic
breccias associated, infrequent andesitic lahars,
continuing to the end of the volcanic deposition
source, i.e. outer distal volcano facies association
comprising tuffaceous sandstone grading to silty
sandstone, frequent distinctive characteristic
interbedded layers having interfingering
stratigraphic contact. However there are only two
volcano facies observed within study area which do
not cover entire volcanic facies from central to
distal.
Furthermore, characteristic interbedded layers and
interfingering in distal volcano facies exist because
active volcanism produced abundant material
delivered into long transportation in marine
environment. Transported volcanic facies material
interaction with fluid in subaqueous condition
occurred with syndepositional source on the same
spatial and temporal plane in late Miocene. The
lateral continuity, thickness and texture are obvious,
and can be observed consistent in several areas.
Lateral changes of several layers into single layers
may exist as result of flow transformations and
sedimentary-volcanic supply.
PETROLEUM IMPLICATIONS
Constructed volcano stratigraphic model in study
area can be implied to prospective volcanoclastic
plays in intra-arc areas since evidences of a
petroleum system have found.
By assessing each element of petroleum system in
the Study Area, we reveal the opportunities and
risks for petroleum exploration. Lithofacies 1 in
Study Area has the most potential to become good
carrier bed and reservoir, with excellent quality of
tuffaceous sandstone, well sorted, good porosity,
good permeability, good net to gross ratio,
widespread ranging geometry, the possibility for
this facies to become carrier bed is high, otherwise
Type 2 and Type 3 should be considered because
porosity defined by abundant vesicles exist in those
lithofacies as well. Neogene source rock Halang Fm
has generated hydrocarbon with numerous oil seeps
and expected lateral migration from Halang Fm to
Kumbang Fm. through interfingering stratigraphic
contact. Seals for hydrocarbon accumulations are
expected from nonporous igneous materials and
fine-grained volcano clastics such as tuff and ash.
Stratigraphic traps along migration pathway are
probable, though difficult to predict.
CONCLUSIONS
Kumbang Fm. outcrops at southern part of Study
Area, exposing widespread west to east trending
volcano-stratigraphic succession changing along the
N-S direction and at least three lithofacies are
recognized. Evidence indicates that a mature
petroleum system is in place. Thus this intra-arc
area is no longer in doubt for petroleum system
occurrences, and unconventional exploration targets
such as volcano clastics should provide interesting
opportunities and be worth consideration. Further
investigation in the geochemistry and migration
studies are required.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All the data for this paper were acquired during my
BSc degree, hence the author would like to
acknowledge Mr. George Pesik as a partner during
fieldwork, then many thanks to Miss. Emi Sukiyah
who supervised me during this research and my
seniors, counterpart in the Padjadjaran University
for greatly supporting me to complete this paper.
REFERENCES
Armandita, C, Mukti, M.M. and Satyana, A.H.,
2009, Intra-arc trans-tension duplex of Majalengka
to Bayumas area prolific petroleum seeps and
opportunities in west-cetral Java border:
Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association,
33rd annu. conv., Jakarta.
Bogie, I. dan Mackenzie, K.M., 1998. The
application of a volcanic facies models to an
andesitic stratovolcano hosted geothermal system at
Wayang Windu, Java, Indonesia. Proceedings of
20th NZ Geothermal Workshop.
Boggs Jr., Sam. 2006. Principles of Sedimentology
and Stratigraphy. 4th Editions. Prentice-Hall,
Inc.New Jersey.
Martodjodjo S. (1984) Evolusi Cekungan Bogor,
Doctoral Thesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung.Mukti,
M.M., Armandita, C., Maulin, H.B., and Ito, M.,
2008, Turbidites Depositional Systems of the lower
part of Halang Formation, stratal architecture of
slope to basin floor succession: Proceedings of the
37th Annual Meeting of the Indonesian Association
of Geologist, August 2008.
Van Bemmelen, R.W. 1949. The Geology of
Indonesia, vol IA. The Hague Martinus Nijhoff,
Netherland.
Figure 1 - Study Area (black box) is located in back-arc basin particularly in Bogor trough (Bemmelen,
1949).

Figure 2 - Regional Stratigraphy of Study Area, shows Kumbang Fm. interfingered with Halang Fm.
(Martodjojo, 1989).

 
 Figure 3 - Traverse observations conducted along Cigalagah and Cijantel rivers.

Figure 4 - Volcano stratigraphy association model of study area (Modified from Bogie & Mackenzie, 1998).

 
Figure 5 - Outcrop of Lithofacies 1 in Cimara village: Interbedded Tuffaceous Sandstone, (A) interbedded
layers show continuity, thickness and texture observed to be consistent in several areas, (B) fine
to medium grained, subangular to subrounded, well sorted with good porosity, (C) observed
indistinctive parallel laminations as sedimentary structures.

 
Figure 6 - Interfingering stratigraphic contact between Kumbang Fm. and Halang Fm., (A) found in
Cigalagah observation traverse, (B) found in Cijantel observation traverse.

 
 Figure 7 - Map of study area distinguishing the distribution of each lithofacies.

Figure 8 - Outcrop of Lithofacies 2 in Pinus village: Massive Tuffaceous Sandstone, (A) massive with rare
indistinctive inter-bedded layers, (B) reworked materials and pyroclastic flow (C) coarse ash with
variable lithic and vitric content, volcanic breccias commonly associated.

 
Figure 9 - Outcrop of Lithofacies 2 in Cimanglid village: Lahars, (A) lahars associated porphyritic lava
flow, (B) auto brecciated-lava flows, (C) slump of blocks & bombs with boulder to cobble size
reaching more than 2 meters, (D) andesitic mineral assemblages and vitric glass, (E) laharic
breccias associated with volepiclastic material.