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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Guía de estudio 1
Un sistema es una parte del mundo real con límites físicos bien definidos.
Q2.4. Outline the systematic approach to model building discussed in this chapter.
What are the key steps and their characteristics? (Section 2.3)
Q2.6. In defining the modelling problem, what basic decisions need to be made
before any mathematical modelling starts? (Section 2.3)
Antes comenzar el modelo matemático se debe definir:
- Entradas y salidas
- El tipo de distribución espacial (concentrado o distribuidos)
- Exactitud y precisión del modelo
- Características del tiempo en el modelo ( dinámico o estático)
- Suposiciones
Q2.7. In developing the mathematical form of the model, what are the key
equation sub- classes to be considered? (Section 2.3)
Q2.8, List the five necessary ingredients that go to make up a full model of a
process system! (Section 2.4)
1- Suposiciones
- Caracteristicas espaciales
- Caracteristicas del tiempo
- Condiciones de flujo
- Mecanismos de control
- Temperatura
- Presion
- Balances de masas
- Balance de energía
- Balance de momento
- Ecuaciones constitutivas
- Relaciones de volumen o masas
3- Condiciones iniciales
4- Condiciones de borde
5- Parámetros
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Q3.1. Describe the difference between open, closed and isolated systems. What are
process engineering examples of these systems? (Section 3.1)
Sistema abierto: existe intercambio de masa y energia entre el sistema y el
ambiente
Q3.2. What are the fundamental differences between scalar and vector fields. List
examples of both types of fields? (Section 3.1)
Los campos escalares son una cantidad termodinamica que solo posee magnitud por lo
que un punto en el espacio solo posee un solo valor real (presion y temperatura,
volumen)
Mientras que los campos vectoriales poseen magnitud y dirección, asi un punto en el
espacio se puede definir con otro punto del espacio. (Se tiene gradientes de campos
escalares).
Q3.3. Describe the role of intensive and extensive variables within a process
system. What controls the independent specification of intensive variables for a
particular system? (Section 3.1)
ET=E1+E2
Las propiedades intensivas tienen como rol describir una región de interés sin
considerar el tamaño (caracteriza el sistema) o extensión de este. Considerando lo
anterior, las propiedades intensivas no son aditivas por esto es que las propiedades
intensivas son inherentes a cada sistema.
Las especificaciones de las variables intensivas son controladas por los grado de
Universidad de Concepción
Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Q3.4. What role do balance volumes play in process modelling? Discuss ways in
which they can be defined? (Section 3.3)
Q3.6. What are the principal terms that can appear within the conservation
balance equation? What form do these terms take and how are they related to
the physics and chemistry of the application? (Section 3.2)
- Termino de transporte , J ( flujos)
Q3.7. Describe the role which conservation balances play in the mathematical
modelling of process systems. (Section 3.3)
Define los límites de las variables extensivas, definen el conjunto máximo de balance de
energía y momentum dentro del volumen de control.
Q3.8. What are the key issues in deciding the location of balance volumes for a
modelling application? (Section 3.3)
Q3.9. Why is it that energy balance volumes are normally coincident with mass
balance volumes? Is there a natural hierarchy in defining balance volumes?
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
(Section 3.3)
Q3.10. What are the implications of defining energy balance volumes which
encompass several mass balance volumes? (Section 3.3)
También debe tenerse en cuenta que una vez definidos los volúmenes de
equilibrio para la conservación de masa, los volúmenes de balance energético
correspondientes coinciden normalmente con ellos.
es importante señalar que los volúmenes de balance energético pueden incluir varios
volúmenes de balance de masa total, pero ninguno de los volúmenes de balance de
masa contiene más de un volumen de balance energético correspondiente. Por lo tanto,
N <M indica que los volúmenes de balance de masa son volúmenes de balance
primarios. Puede haber, por supuesto, otros volúmenes de balance de energía
independientes definidos aparte de los asociados con retenciones masivas.
Q4.1. Describe the need for constitutive equations in process modelling. (Section 4.0)
Q4.2. How is the need for constitutive equations recognized at the early stages of
model development? (Section 4.0)
Q4.3. What are the principal classes of constitutive equations in the mathematical
modelling of process systems? (Section 4.0)
Q4.4. Describe the typical form of mass and heat transfer relations and identify
difficulties in applying them. (Section 4.1)
1. Transferencia de masa
(ley de fick)
Dificultad de aplicacion:
- la concentración en la interfase no puede ser medida
- el flujo debe estar en términos fácilmente medibles
2. Transferencia de calor
(ley de Fourier)
Q4.5. Give the typical form of a reaction rate expression describing the terms and
stating the common units of measurement used. (Section 4.2)
(Arrhenius)
rA tasa de reaccion especie A [mol/s]
:
Q4.7. Describe the elements in a standard control loop. What are the
characteristics of each? Which elements are dynamic or steady state relations?
(Section 4.5)
Los transmisores convierten la señal del SENSOR en una señal de control. Que
puede indicar, controlar o grabar.
- Controladores: PID
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
- Acondicionadores de señal:
- Elementos de control final: valvulas, motores.
Q4.8. Describe the dynamics of a sensor element. What are the important dynamic
features that require representation or measurement? (Section 4.5)
Q4.9. Outline the constitutive equations that describe the behaviour of the main
controllers designated P, PI and PID. (Section 4.5)
Q4.10. How would you represent the behaviour of a control valve in a control loop?
What about a static valve? (Section 4.5)
Q5.1. What are the general expressions for total mass and component mass
balances? Describe the significance of each term. (Section 5.3)
Q5.2. What is the general expression for the energy balance over a defined region?
Describe the various terms in the balance equation and the significance of each.
Universidad de Concepción
Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
(Section 5.4)
Balance de energia
W trabajo
V volumen
P densidad
Cp capacidad calorifica
F flujo másico o volumétrico
T temperatura
H Entalpia
r tasa de reacción
Q calor que se transfiere al sistema
Q5.4. Describe why conservation balances might need to be written using intensive
rather than extensive variables. (Section 5.7)
Esto, sin embargo, es un caso improbable y nos quedamos normalmente para hacer
frente a la más relación compleja. Podemos resolver estos problemas de varias
maneras:
Es lineal intensivas
Esto, sin embargo, es un caso improbable y nos quedamos normalmente para hacer
frente a la más relación compleja. Podemos resolver estos problemas de varias
maneras:
A2.1. Considere el siguiente problema del tanque donde el líquido es bombeado en un tanque abierto y luego
fluye por la gravedad. La situación se muestra en la figura 2.8.
Si se va a modelar esta situación para analizar las perturbaciones en la presión de flujo de entrada de la bomba,
desarrollar la especificación del problema considerando los ingredientes necesarios para el modelo.
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
A2.2. Consider now a similar situation to that described in application A2.1, where
now the tank is enclosed. This is shown in Fig. 2.9. Again develop a problem
specification outlining all the ingredients for the modelling.
A2.3. Consider a vessel (Figure 2.10), where a liquid feed is heated. Vapour and
liquid are withdrawn. It is intended that a model of this process should be developed
to investigate changes in the heat input Q from the steam coil as well as changes in
feed conditions of temperature and composition. Develop a problem description for
this situation discussing the necessary ingredients for the modelling.
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
A2.8. Heat transfer is a key unit operation in the process industries. Figure 2.15
shows a double-pipe heat exchanger for heat exchange between two liquid
streams. Consider the modelling of such a system for design and optimization
purposes. How would the model description change if stream temperatures
change? Develop the model description.
A3.1. For the case of the open tank given in Exercise A2.1 and illustrated in Fig. 2.8,
discuss and define the likely balance volumes that could be used for the modelling
problem. What are the principal characterizing variables given that we are interested
in modelling the liquid level dynamics?
A3.2. Consider the balance volume definitions for the case of the closed tank
problem dealt with in Exercise A2.2. How has this new process situation changed the
potential balance volume definitions and what if anything is the relationship between
balance volumes?
A3.3. In the case of the double-pipe heat exchanger discussed in Exercise A2.8,
define and discuss how you would develop the key balance volumes for this piece of
equipment. The equipment is shown in Fig. 2.15.
A4.1. Consider the dynamics of an enclosed tank which has a varying liquid level as
flow in and out change. Assume that the outlet pressure of the pump changes, thus
affecting the inlet flowrate to the tank. This is shown in Fig. 4.4.
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
(a) Develop a mathematical model of the system assuming that there are no
dynamics in the vapour phase.
(b) Consider how the model changes if it is assumed that temperature in the vapour
space is an important system variable.
(a) Given a fresh feed consisting of A and B, with inlet concentrations of CA0 CB0,
develop a mathematical model which describes the process dynamics assuming
that the reactor operates isothermally.
(c) Develop a further enhancement of the model where a cooling water coil of
surface area A is inserted into the reactor to control the reactor temperature to a
nominated setpoint.
A5.1. For the Exercise A2.1 in Chapter 2, develop the mass and energy balances
for the system after defining the balance volumes for mass and energy.
Universidad de Concepción
Facultad de Ingeniería
Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica
A5.5. Develop a mathematical model for the domestic water heater shown in Fig. 5.7.
Water flowrate is variable but the temperature e needs to be controlled to a
desired setpoint. To do this, an electric immersion heating coil is adjusted by a
temperature control loop. Develop the model in a structured way following the model
development framework:
A5.6. Consider the process of blending two streams of liquid in a tank where all
streams can vary in flowrate. The main stream (1) contains two components (A and
B) whilst the second stream (2) contains only component B. Both streams are at
different temperatures. The goal is to add stream 2 in order to maintain a fixed
concentration of B in the outlet from the blending tank. The outlet from the tank is
pumped under level control. Figure 5.8 shows the process. Develop the model in a
structured way following the model development framework and the key steps given
in Exercise A5.5