Research

Methodology
Design and Process
http://www.slideshare.net/shayaa

By
SHAYA’A OTHMAN MBA [Distinction]
Academic Fellow & Executive Director of
Global Center of Excellence
sottoman@gmail.com

Centre for Graduate Studies

INSANIAH University College, Kedah Malaysia
Tel +604 732 0163 Fax +604 732 0164
www.insaniah.edu.my
 Types of Research
2.1 Pure and Applied Research
2.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
2.3 Research Process
2.3 Research Proposal
2.6 Ethics in Research
OVERVIEW OF DISCUSSION : RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

üResearch Process – Formulating of Research Question [s]

üResearch Process – Research Proposal
üResearch Process – RESEARCH DESIGN
üResearch Design – Design Strategy
üResearch Design - Qualitative & Quantitative Research
üResearch Design - Data Collection Design
üResearch Design – Sampling Design
üResearch Design – Pilot Testing
üResearch - Research Hypotheses
üResearch - Characteristics of Sound Research

APPLIED
RESEARCH
Study & research that
seeks to solve practical
problems. Applied
research is used to find
solutions to everyday
problems, cure illness,
and develop innovative
technologies.
Appl
PURE
RESEARCH
Study and research on
pure science that is
meant to increase our
scientific knowledge
base. This type of
research is often
purely theoretical with
the intent of
increasing our

e ur
ie understanding of

PRO
d
ESS

P
certain phenomena or
behavior but does not
DEFIN seek to solve or treat

C
these problems.
ATION ETHICAL
RESEARCH ISSUES
1. Participants
Truthful
ETHI
•

PE • Right to Privacy

TY CS •

•
Right to be informed
Protection
ti t a t iv e + S Quant 2. Researcher
Quan tive Qualitativ ve
it a t i
Purpose of Research is
ta
Quali
•

Research
Mix
e
Qualitat Quantit • Objectivity
Quantitative & ive ative • Misrepresentation of
Research
Qualitative
Research Researc Researc • Confidentiality
Dissemination of Faulty
h
•

h Conclusion
1. PROCESS OF FOURMULATING
RESEARCH QUESTION [S]
[Proses Menggubal Soalan
Penyelidikan]
2. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PROCESS
Process Cadangan Penyelidikan
 3. RESEARCH DESIGN
[Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan ]
 Design Strategy
[ Type, Purpose, Time - Dimension, Scope,
1. Types of Research Environment ]

2. Purpose of Study
[a] Descriptive Studies : Research is concerned
with finding out who, what, where, when, or how
many.
[b] Causal Studies: Research is concerned with
learning why –that is, how one variable produces
changes in another – it causal.. Explaining
relationships among variables
3 Time Dimension ;
[a] Cross-sectional Studies : Study carried out once and represent snap-shot of one
point at a time.
[b] Longitudinal Studies: Study repeated over an extended period

4. Scope :
[a] Statistical Studies: Designed for breath rather than depth. Hypotheses tested
quantitatively. Inferences and Generalization of population. From samples.
[b] Case Studies : Hypotheses tested qualitatively. May provide major challenges to theory
& for new hypothesis
5. Research Environment ; Field Conditions or laboratory conditions or simulation
Qualitativ
e
Research
 COMPARING QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative RESEARCH Quantitative

Research ASPECT Research
Discover Ideas, with Test Hypotheses or
General Research COMMON Specific Research
Objects PURPOSE Questions
Observe and Measure and Test
Interpret APPROACH
Unstructured. Free DATA Structured Response
Form COLLECTION Categories Provided
APPROACH

Research is RESEARCHER Researcher

intimately involved. INDEPENDENCE uninvolved
Results are Observer. Results
subjective are Objective
Large samples to
Data Collection Design
[Reka Bentuk
Pengumpulan Data ]
 Sampling Design
Quantitative Research
[Reka Bentuk Sampel – Penyelidikan Kuantitatif ]
 COMPARISION OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
SAMPLING DESIGN
DESCRIPTIONADVANTAGES DISADVANTA
DESIGN GES
Simple Random Each population Easy to implement with Requires a listing of
element has equal automatic dialing population elements.
chance of being [random digit dialing] More time to implement.
selected into the and with computer voiceUse larger sample sizes.
sample. Sample drawn response system. Produces larger errors.
using random number Expansive
table/generator

Systematic Selects an element of

the population at a
Simple to design. Easier Periodicity within the
to use than Simple population may skew
beginning with a Random. the sample and result.
random start and Easy to determine If the population list has
following the sample sampling distribution of a monotonic trend, a
fraction selects every mean or proportion. biased estimate will
kth items Less expansive than result based on the start
simple random point.

Stratified Divides population into

sub-populations or
Researcher controls
sample size in strata.
Increased error will
result if subgroups are
strata and uses simple Increased statistical selected at different
random on each strata. efficiency. rates.
Results may be Provides data to Expansive.
weighted and combined represent and analyze Especially expansive if
subgroups. strata on the population
Enables use of different has to be created.
Continued next page
 COMPARISION OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN
[Continuation from previous page]
SAMPLING DESCRIPTIO ADVANTAGES DISADVANTA
DESIGN N GES
Custer Population is divided Provides an unbiased Often lower statistical
into internally estimate of efficiency [more
heterogeneous sub- population parameter errors due to sub
groups. Some are if properly done. group being
randomly selected Economically more homogenous rather
for further study efficient than simple than heterogeneous.
random.
Lowest cost per
sample, especially
with geographic
clusters.
Easy to do without
population lists

Double Process includes May reduce costs if Increased costs if

collecting data from first stage results in indiscriminately used.
[ Sequential or a sample using a enough data to
Multiphase] previously defined stratify or cluster the
technique; based on population
the information
found, selecting for
sub samples for
further study.
 PILOT TESTING

PILOT TESTING

1. It is meant to detect weakness

in design and instrumentation.
2. If the survey is big than a
complete pilot testing may be
carried out to detect weakness
at all levels – design &
instrumentation, suitability of
sampling design, and also the
adequacy of data for statistical
analysis.
3. A pilot testing may be carried
out restricted to data collection
HYPOTHESES TESTING
Formulate
Preliminary
Hypotheses
Preliminary
Analysis
Planning

Refine Hypotheses

Data Visualization

Hypotheses
Testing
Characteristics of Sound
Research
[Ciri-ciri Penyelidikan Yang Baik ]
 HIS Best Selling Books:

SHAYA’A OTHMAN [2010]. MAPPiCXS: Berfikir Secara Genius .

Alor Setar, Malaysia. Published by INSANIAH University College.

SHAYA’A OTHMAN [2009]. In Search of Excellence in Life . Shah

Alam, Malaysia. Published by International Islamic University College
Selangor & Majlis Agama Islam Selangor .

SHAYA’A OTHMAN, MBA [Distinction] from University of Keele, Staffordshire, England UK.
Also graduated from University of Westminster London, UK with professional Qualification of
Associate Institute of Statisticians UK. He is also a Council Member of Malaysian Institute of
Statistics.

Currently he is an academician, working as Academic Fellow [Islamic Management] at INSANIAH

University College, Kedah, Malaysia; and Executive Director of INSANIAH Global Center of
Excellence; Lecturer [part-time] at Center of Graduate Studies, [Selangor International Islamic
University College, Malaysia), in Organizational Business Management; and Adjunct Professor
[Management] at Europe International Islamic University [Turkish Branch]. He is also a Group CEO
of INSANIAH Holdings.

Past working experiences, in private and public sectors, both at national and international levels:
CEO – INTERGEO Asia Pacific a Member Company of INTERGEO Environmental Technology Ltd
Austria [2002-2005]; CEO-Asia Pacific Region of Jetpa Group of Turkey [2004- 1995]; Sr. General
Manager [Project & Strategic Planning Division], Hong Leong Group, Malaysia [1994-1997]; Deputy
Director General of Fisheries Development Authority Malaysia [1992-1994]; and Chairman of
Technical Advisory Council of INFOFISH – Regional Intergovernmental Agency of United Nation,
[1988-1989] .