Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE)
HEAD PROTECTION
 Shell
Anti Concussion
tapes

Sweat band
Suspension Lug
Head band
Brim
Rain Trough

Nape Strap Attachment Suspension

(adjustable) slots lug

Chin Strap
Adjustable

Construction of a Safety Helmet

 Head protection
 To protect from injuries caused by
 falling or flying objects,
 impact,
 electrical shock,
 by bumping the head against a fixed object.
 To be worn
 by all persons at all times. Only exception shall be
inside the project & site offices.
 Operators required to wear Hemet, except in
enclosed cabin.
 Head protection - Requirements

 Shall be certified to IS 2925 - 1984 or DGMS or

CE, UL Mark.
 The shell of the helmet shall be of non-metallic
materials.
 Mass not to exceed 400 g.
 Compatible with ancillary equipment viz
earmuffs, welder's shields, face shield, Miners
Cap Lamp etc.
 Helmet Inspection
 Inspect the shell for
 breakage, cracks, discoloration.
 Check for brittleness by flexing the brim.
 Inspect the harness for
 loss of flexibility of the suspension, cracks, breaks,
frayed straps or damaged stitching.
 Replace when
 It fails in any of the above criteria
 Blistering and bubbling in the surfaces.
 After subjected to impact load or fall of material.
Personal Fall Protection
When it is required?
Lanyard Anchorage
Point

Full Body harness / Max Free

Waist Safety Belt Fall Allowed
1.8 m

2 m or
more

Ground Level or Level

of adjacent surface
 When it is required?
 to limit the worker's movement so that he is unable
to reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
 Typical Full Body Harness

 Certified to IS 3521 – 1999 (Third Revision) or DGMS certification or

CE, UL mark.
 Load carrying capacity of Waist strap, Connectors, Buckles, Hook -
2000 Kg.
 Full Body Harness – Indian Classification

Class: A Class: L

Dorsal D-ring
for attaching
lanyard

•Basic model for Fall arresting Can be used along with Rope grab
•Cannot be used with fall arrestor fall arrestor - Extra D-ring attached
to the front of the harness
 European Standards for Harness

 Separate standard for components & operation for

which it is used.
 Full body harness certified for fall arrest is not
suitable for suspended working. Read the label of the
harness for its applicability.
 EN 361 - Fall Arrest Safety Harnesses.
 EN 358 - Work Positioning.
 EN 813 - for Suspended Working.
 EN 354 - Shock Absorbers.
 EN 355 - for Lanyards.
 EN 360 - for Retractable Life Line.
 EN 362 - for Connectors.
 EN 353-1 - for Vertical Systems/ Flexible Line.
 EN 342-1 - for Rescue Equipment/ Rapid Deployment
 General Purpose Safety Harness
(as per IS 3521)

Lanyard

Hook  Lanyard length -2 m

D-ring  Free fall allowed - 1.8 m
 Adjustable Waist belt &
Shoulder shoulder straps.
strap  Recommended for
construction, erection,
Waist
Belt installation, mines etc.
 Requirements of harness

 Webbing
 Polypropylene
 Uniform thickness & width.
 Min Breaking Strength - 2000 kg
 Buckles - Friction type and no slip type
design.
 Hardware Fittings - Corrosion resistant,
electroplated & forged.
 Requirements of harness

 Rivets & Washer

 Should be made of copper

 Lanyard
 Ends spliced and covered with transparent sleeve & the
curved portion protected with thimble.
 Material – 12 mm polypropylene rope – 2 length
 Breaking strength - 2000 kg
 hook shall be non separable from the lanyard.
 Hook
 Self-closing type.
 Should not disengage on accidental pressure
 Minimum opening 18 mm.
 Types of Hook

Carabiner Snap Hook Scaffold Hook

 Life line
Life Line
Anchorage
Point

Lanyard Support

Full Body harness /

Waist Safety Belt

Usage of lifeline

 20mm diameter polypropylene rope or 8 mm wire rope

 Horizontal lifelines at shoulder level or higher
 Sag not be more than 15 degree.
 Swing Fall hazard
eccentricity

 Occur when the

anchorage point is not
directly above the point
where a fall occurs.
 The force of striking may
cause serious injury or
death.
 Minimize by working as
close to the anchorage
point as possible.
 Harness with double lanyard
 To be used by workmen working in
 Transmission Line Jobs,
 Structural & equipment erection jobs
 Jobs involving other similar activities.

While coming down, this hook can

be released while other hook takes
care of fall protection

While going up this hook can be

released and workmen can climb the
next step where as the other hook will
take care of fall protection
 Rope Grab Fall Arrestor

Ladder

Rope
Grab Fall
Arrestor
Full Body
Harness
Vertical
Class -L Life Line

Used during vertical movement such as ascending or

descending Scaffold towers, vertical ladders
 Retractable Type Fall Arrestor:
 To be used in places where high risk of fall of workmen
persists.
 Can be directly anchored to the anchorage or can be
used in conjunction with a lifeline
Energy absorber
Lanyard with
Energy Absorber
Anchorage
Point

Max Free
Full Body Fall Allowed
harness 1.8 m
Total Fall
Distance
Deceleration
Distance

6 m or
more

Ground Level or Level

of adjacent surface

To be used only while working above 6 m.

Use of Fall Arrestor in Sloped Roof

Retractable
Fall Arrestor Rope Grab
Full Body
harness Life Line

Roof
Anchor
Roof
Anchor Lanyard
Energy Absorber
(Optional)
 Inspection Criteria
 Inspect webbing for
 cuts, cracks, tears, enlarged / distorted / broken
eyelet's.
 Inspect the stitching of webbing for
 breaks, ragged strands.
 Inspect buckles, hooks, D-rings etc for
 breaks, cracks or signs of wear that will affect the
strength or action of the fastening devices.
 Inspect lanyards and energy absorbers
 for fraying, cuts.
 Reject
 If inspection reveals a defective condition.
 subjected to impact load once
HEARING PROTECTION
 Terminology

 "Decibel" means a unit of sound pressure level,

abbreviated as dB
 They are measured in logarithmic scale.(i.e. 20
decibels is 10 times the intensity of 10 decibels, and 30 decibels is
100 times as intense as 10 decibels)

 "dB(A)" means a unit of sound level expressed

in decibels (dB) and A-weighted.
 A - weighted means measuring the sounds
within the audible frequencies. (20hz to 20 kHz).
 Terminology

 Noise Reduction Rating:

 It is a standard measure of sound blocking
capabilities of any hearing protective
device.
 Attenuation - Noise Reduction.
 Time-weighted average sound level
 That sound level, which if constant over an
8-hour exposure, would result in the same
noise dose as is measured.
Noise Levels
Hearing Protector

To be used when sound level

exceeds 85 dBA.
 Ear Plugs
 Types
 Pre-moulded (preformed) or
 mouldable (foam ear plugs).
 Available as
 disposable products or
 reusable plugs.
 Recommended for high noise situations (up to 100dBA
TWA).
 Advantages are,
 Most suited to be worn when exposed to continuous
exposure.
 Can be combined with ear muffs for additional protection
 Can be used with other personal protection equipment
 Comfortable for a wide range of ear sizes
 Ear Plug - Usage & Maintenance
 Checking the fit of Ear Plug
 Check the fit by talking out loud. The voice should sound hollow, as
if talking in a barrel.
 Gently pull on the ear plug; it should not move easily.
 1/4 of the plug should be outside the ear.

 Maintenance of Earplug
 Do not use hand creams or lotions immediately before rolling and
inserting the plug
 Do not clean ear plugs with alcohol or other disinfectants.
 Do not wear ear plugs if there is any drainage from your ear
 Do not re-inserting dirty or soiled ear plugs
 Ear Muff
 Ideal for users who need intermittent hearing protection
against noise.
 Recommended for those who prefer not to wear ear plugs.
 Recommended for situations where people move in and out
of noise often during the work day.
 Ear Muff - Usage & Maintenance

 Guidelines for use

 Check the fit by talking out loud. The voice should
sound hollow, as if talking in a barrel.
 The muffs should not be easily displaced while
performing regular functions.
 Storage & Maintenance
 To be stored flat and away from high heat areas &
areas of excessive dust, dirt or moisture.
 Use Mild soap and water to clean.
 Do not use Solvents.
 Combined Usage

 Sound Level more than 105 dBA

 combined usage of ear plug & ear muff
recommended.
 dual protection only adds 5 dB to the Noise
Reduction Rating (NRR) of the more
protective of the two devices.
Significance of Continuous Usage
Maximum protection provided by non-
continuous use of Hearing Protection

Percent time used Maximum Protection

50% 3 dB
60% 4 dB
70% 5 dB
80% 7 dB
90% 10 dB
95% 13 dB
99% 20 dB
99.90% 30 dB
EYE PROTECTION
 Eye & Face Protection
Hazard type Examples of Hazard Common Related Tasks

Chipping, grinding, machining,

Flying objects such as large masonry work, wood working,
Impact chips, fragments, particles, sawing, drilling, chiselling,
sand, and dirt. powered fastening, riveting, and
sanding.

Optical Radiant energy, glare, and Welding, torch-cutting, brazing,

Radiation intense light soldering, and laser work.

Woodworking, buffing, and

Dust Harmful Dust.
general dusty conditions.

Splash, fumes, vapours, and Acid and chemical handling,

Chemicals irritating mists. degreasing,
 EYE AND FACE PROTECTION SELECTION GUIDE
Activity Possible Hazards Recommended Protective Equipment
Gas Cutting & Gas Sparks, harmful rays, “Welding goggles” - Goggles with tinted
Welding molten metal, flying lenses of appropriate shade (to be selected
particles from table given under section “Eye
Protection during Welding & Cutting
Operations”)
Electric (arc) Sparks, intense rays, Welding helmet with Filter Lens of
welding molten metal appropriate shade (to be selected from table
given under section “Eye Protection during
Welding & Cutting Operations”)
Chipping Flying particles Goggles (or) safety spectacles with side
shields (or) face shield
Grinding Flying particles Goggles (or) safety spectacles with side
shields (or) face shield
Chemical handling Splash, acid burns, Goggles (or) face shield
fumes
Woodworking Flying Particles & Dust Face Shield
Cleaning & other Dust Goggles
operations creating
dust
 Goggles

 Fits the contour of the face

 Held in position by a head band.
 Vision correcting spectacles do not provide the
required protection.
 cover all goggles that fit comfortably over vision
correcting spectacles to be used
 Safety Spectacle
 oculars mounted in a spectacle type
frame, with side shield.
 Face Shield

 Transparent visor, supported in front of the face to shield

the eyes, face, forehead and front of the neck.
 Eye Protectors – Inspection &Use

 Usage guidelines
 Must fit closely to prevent particle entry.
 tight enough not to fall off but comfortable.
 Non-side shield spectacles are not acceptable

 Replace eye protectors with

 Scratched, pitted, broken, bent or ill-fitting
glasses
 Head bands with loss of elasticity.
 Eye Protectors – Storage &
Maintenance

 Maintenance
 Should be disinfected before being issued to another
employee.
 Should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
 Disinfect by disassembling and cleaning all parts with
soap and warm water.

 Storage
 should be placed in a clean, dust-proof container,
such as a box, bag, or plastic envelope.
 Welding & Gascutting

 Hazards to eye & face from

welding, brazing, soldering,
and cutting operations are,
 intense light and radiation from
welding arc
 flying sparks,
 metal spatter and slag chips
 Eye Protection for Welding
 Welder's helmet of appropriate filter shade.
 Safety spectacles/goggles when chipping or grinding a
work piece (if not using a welding helmet)
 Types of Welding Helmets

With Stationary With Lift-front Hand held shields

windows windows
Filters for Welding Operation
Filters for Gas Cutting Operation

Flow rate of Oxygen Designations for filters

(litres / hour) for Oxygen cutting

900 to 2000 5

2001 to 4000 6

4001 to 8000 7

IS 5983 - 1980 Table 10

 Welding Goggles

 Helpers should use welding goggles

FOOT PROTECTION
 Selection of Footwear

Possible Injury Recommended Footwear

Impact Injuries Safety Shoes with steel toe

Compression Injuries Safety Shoes with steel toe

Electrical Shocks Shock-proof Safety Shoe

Protection from slush & concrete PVC / Rubber Gum Boot and
& prolonged exposure to water Ankle Shoe

Puncture Safety Shoe with steel mid sole

Footwear with anti skidding

Slipping
sole
 Conformance to Standards

 Shall be certified to any one of the Indian

Standard given below or DGMS or any CE, UL
mark.
 IS 1989: Part 1: 1986 Specification for Leather Safety Boots and
Shoes - Part 1: For Miners.
 IS 1989: Part 2: 1986 Specification for Leather Safety Boots and
Shoes - Part 2: For Heavy Metal Industries.
 IS 11226: 1993 - Leather safety footwear having direct moulded
rubber sole – Specification.
 IS 14544: 1998 Leather safety footwear with direct moulded PVC
soles – Specification.
 IS 15298: Part 1: 2002 Safety, Protective and Occupational
Footwear for Professional Use - Part 1: Requirements and Test
Methods.
 IS 15298: Part 2: 2002 Safety, Protective and Occupational
Footwear for Professional use - Part 2 to Part 10: Specification for
Safety Footwear.
 Hard Toe

 To provide protection from shock of up to

140 joules (mass of 14 kg dropped from
1 metre)
 Hard toe
 Steel Toe - IS: 5852 - 2004
 Non Conductive Toe - EN 345
 Additional Specifications
 Shock Proof Shoes
 To use wherever hazard of electric shock exist.
 Non conductive hard toe is used & shoes are
insulated with tough rubber.
 Safety Shoes with Puncture Resistance
 Steel mid sole to protect against the objects like
nails
 Safety Shoes with antiskid characteristics
 Slip Resistant - Poly urethane & Nitrile rubber
soles
 Chemical Resistant - Latex/Rubber footwear
 Protection from Moisture - PVC footwear
 Use & Maintenance
 Worn out soles and run down heels are
dangerous.

 Wet footwear should be thoroughly dried

before use.

 It is recommended to use heavy cotton or

woolen socks which absorb perspiration
better than thin nylon, silk or rayon socks.
 Gum Boots & Ankle Shoe

 certified to any one of the IS given

below or DGMS or CE, UL Mark.
 IS 5557: 2004, Industrial and Protective
Rubber Knee and Ankle Boots –
Specification
 IS 12254: 1993, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Industrial Boots - Specification
Respiratory Protection
 Hazards requiring Respiratory protection

 Oxygen Deficiency
 volume less than 19.5 %.
 Asphyxiants
 Simple Asphyxiants – Eg: Carbon dioxide,
Methane, Nitrogen.
 Chemical asphyxiants –Carbon monoxide.
 Irritants
 Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide,
chlorine.
 Anesthetics
 Causes loss of feeling and sensation and may
lead to unconsciousness & death.
 Hazards requiring Respiratory protection

 Systematic Poisons
 Damages organs and system in the body. E.g.
Hydrogen sulphide.

 Particulate Contaminants
 Particles produced during grinding, crushing,
drilling, blasting, spraying etc. E.g.: silica,
asbestos, acid mists, alkali mists, dust.
 Classified as dust, fume fog, mist, smoke &
spray.
 Applicable Indian Standards
 IS 6194 : 1971 Specification for Intermittent Positive Pressure Respirator,
Bag Type, Manually Operated
 IS 8522 : 1977 Respirators, chemical cartridge
 IS 8523 : 1977 Respirators, canister type (gas masks)
 IS 9473 : 2002 Respiratory Protective Devices - Filtering Half Masks to
Protect Against Particles – Specification
 IS 10245 : Part 1 : 1996 Breathing apparatus Part 1 Closed circuit
breathing apparatus (compressed oxygen cylinder) - Specification
 IS 10245 : Part 2 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices - breathing
apparatus Part 2 Open circuit breathing apparatus
 IS 10245 : Part 3 : 1999 Breathing Apparatus - Part 3 : Fresh Air Hose
and Compressed Air Line Breathing Apparatus - Specification
 IS 10245 : Part 4 : 1982 Specification for breathing apparatus Part 4
Escape breathing apparatus (short_duration self-contained type)
 Applicable Indian Standard
 IS 14138 : Part 1 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices: threads for
face pieces - Part 1 Standard thread connection - Specification
 IS 14138 : Part 2 : 1994 Respiratory Protective devices: Threads
for face pieces Part 2 Centre thread connection - Specification
 IS 14166 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices : Full face masks -
Specification
 IS 14170 : 1994 Respiratory protective devices : Mouthpiece
assemblies - Specification
 IS 14746: 1999 Respiratory Protective Devices - Half Masks And
Quarter Masks - Specification
 IS 15322 : 2003 Particle Filters Used in Respiratory Protective
Equipment - Specification
 IS 15323 : 2003 Gas Filters and Combined Filters Used in
Respiratory Protective Equipment - Specification
 Classification of respirator
Respiratory Protective
Devices

Air Purifying Devices Atmosphere – Supplying Air - Devices

Gas and Dust Combination Gas Hose Mask Airline Self-

Vapour Filters Filters Vapour and Respirators contained
particulate Filters Breathing
Apparatus

Canister Cartridge Particulate Canister Cartridge With Without Continuous Pressure Demand
Respirator Respirator Removing Respirator Respirator Blower blower flow Demand Type
Respirator Type

Open Closed
circuit circuit

Demand Pressure Oxygen Compressed or

Type Demand Type Generating Liquid Oxygen
Type Type
 Selection Logic
Environment

Ventilated Space Unventilated Space

Dust or Fume Gas or Combined Oxygen Dust or Gas or Oxygen

Hazard vapour Dust, Gas and Deficiency fume vapour Deficienc
Hazard vapour Hazard hazard y
Hazard

Dust Toxic Non Toxic Non Self contained Airline breathing

Pressure
Respirator toxic toxic Breathing apparatus (allows
Demand Type
Apparatus only restricted
movement)

Canister Cartridge Canister Cartridge

Respirator or Respirator respirator respirator with
self contained with particulate
Breathing particulate filter
Apparatus filter or self
contained
Breathing
Apparatus
 Air Purifying Type

Particulate Combination Gas & Vapour

respirators respirator respirator

 filter media in pads, cartridges, or

canisters remove dust, fog, fume,
mist, smoke or spray particles
 designed to remove a single type
of particles or classes of particles
 do not protect against gases or
vapours
 filters should be replaced when
user finds it difficult to breath
 Classified as full-face & half mask
 Air Purifying Type

Particulate Combination Gas & Vapour

respirators respirator respirator

 are normally used in

atmospheres that contain
hazards of both
particulates and gases
 have both particulate
filters and gas/vapor
filters
 Air Purifying Type

Particulate Combination Gas & Vapour

respirators respirator respirator

 are normally used when there are only

hazardous gases and vapours in the air
 uses chemical filters (called cartridges
or canisters) to remove dangerous
gases or vapours
 do not protect against airborne particles
 are made to protect against specific
gases or vapours
 provide protection only as long as the
filter's absorbing capacity is not
depleted
 Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied Combination Self Contained Breathing

respirators Apparatus (SCBA)
respirator

 makes use of a hose to deliver

clean, safe air from a stationary
source of compressed air
 limits the range of user-mobility
and may fail due to hose
damage
 also called airline respirators
 normally used when there are
extended work periods that are
not immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH)
 Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied Combination Self Contained Breathing

respirators Apparatus (SCBA)
respirator

 have an auxiliary self-contained air

supply that can be used if the
primary supply fails
 the self-contained portion can be
small since it only needs to supply
enough air for escape
 can be used for entry into confined
spaces
 normally used when there are
extended work periods that are
immediately dangerous to life and
health (IDLH)
 Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied Combination Self Contained

respirators respirator
Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)

 consists of a wearable, clean-air

supply pack
 do not restrict movement with a
hose connection
 normally used when there is a
short-time need to enter and
escape from atmospheres which
are immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH)
 Classification of Hazards
Protection against Hazard Typical Construction Activity

Heat, splashes or spatter

Welding & Gas cutting.
of molten metal
Material handling (Concrete blocks,
reinforcement steel, bricks, scaffold
Abrasions
materials, cement bags, tiles and other
similar materials).
Contact with Solvents Oils Handling or contact with solvents, oils &
& Grease grease.
Handling or contact with acids, alkalis, dyes
Contact with Chemicals
and general chemicals.
Working with electric current carrying
Electric Shock
equipment.
Contact with paint Handling & application of paint
 Selecting protective equipment
Type of Gloves
Chrome Leather Gloves
Cotton gloves with leather
palms
PVC Gloves
Rubber Gloves
Rubber-insulating gloves
tested to appropriate voltage
Suitable for hazards
Welding & Gas cutting, Abrasions,
contact with paint.
Abrasions
Contact with Chemicals, Contact
with Solvents Oils & Grease,
Contact with paint
Contact with Chemicals, Contact
with Solvents Oils & Grease,
Contact with paint
Working with live electric
equipment.
 Size of the gloves
 Length
 Measured from the tip of the
middle finger to where the cuff
edge should be on the wrist / arm

 Size
 measure your hand size,
around the palm at its widest
point
 7" to 8" = Small
 8" to 9" = Medium
 9" to 10" = Large
 10"+ = X-Large
 Types of Gloves
Chrome Leather Gloves Cotton gloves with leather palms

PVC Gloves
Types of Gloves

Rubber Gloves
 Storage & Maintenance
 Storage
 Each pair stored unfolded in a separate container in a
dry, dark and cool place.
 Gloves issued for service but are not actually in use
should be kept in their containers.
 Maintenance
 shall not be exposed to heat or light or allowed to
come into contact with oil, grease, etc.
 Clean gloves soiled by materials like dust, insulating
compound by soap & water.
 Wet gloves shall be thoroughly dried before use.
 Inspection

 Check for harmful irregularities such as:

 Pinholes
 Cracks
 blisters, cuts &
 conductive embedded foreign matter etc.
Electrical Gloves - Field Air Test
BODY PROTECTION
 Classification of Hazards

Typical Construction
Protection against Hazard
Activity
Hot Metal Sparks & Splash Welding & Gas cutting

Acids & Alkalis Handling acids & alkalis.

Organic Solvents & Oils
Flying chips, rough objects,
mild impacts
X – rays and gamma rays
Handling Petroleum related
products.
Grinding, Woodworking, Shot
Blasting, Sand Blasting
Radiography operations
during non destructive
testing.
 Selection of Equipment
Material of Construction of the Recommended for use against
Protective Equipment hazard
Aluminized fabric Hot Metal Sparks & Splash

Fire resistant cloth Hot Metal Sparks & Splash

Hot Metal Sparks & Splash, Flying
Leather
chips, rough objects, mild impacts
Natural Rubber Acids & Alkalis
Acids & Alkalis, Organic Solvents &
Plastic, Plastic Coated Fabric
Oils
Synthetic Rubber Organic Solvents & Oils
Lead Plastics or lead rubber or
X – rays and gamma rays
lead leather
 Body Protection

 Types of body protection:

 Vests
 Aprons
 Jackets
 Coveralls
 Full body suits

Coveralls
Apron Life Jacket