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  • 1959 - Kemp and Young - Ship Stability Notes and Example

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    1959 - Kemp and Young - Ship Stability Notes and Example

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    545 vizualizări83 pagini

    1959 - Kemp and Young - Ship Stability Notes and Example

    Încărcat de

    igor774
    1959 - Kemp and Young - Ship Stability Notes and Example

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 83
    SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES (POR THE B.O.T. EXAMINATIONS) : iy KEMP & YOUNG KANDY PUBLICATIONS Tae a eet PREFACE In this book, which has beon written as & companion volume to "Ship Construction Sketches and Notes, we have endeavoured to convey to the reader, as simply «s posible some of the principles of stability as applied to ships. ‘The testis presented in note form, freely interspersed with diagrams (some with colour) and worked examples, so tha iti concise and easily understand, Although writlen primarily for those who will be studying for the Board of Trade Examinations, we believe that this book will be very useful to all those concerned with the loading af ships. We hope that the contents will enable many more people to make full use ‘of the stability information supplied by the shipbuilder. Test questions have not been inilided as those in “The Self Examiner for Masters and Mates” published by Messrs, Brown, Son and Ferguson Lud are adequrte, ‘We thank those who have helped with the checking ofthe worked examples and with the poof reading. We see indebied to the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office for permission (0 reproduee M.O.T. notice M375 and the“ EXNA™ curves, used in the Bost ‘of Trade examinations this material is Crown copyright KENLEY, SURREY J.P. KEMP, April, 1980 PETER YOUNG, CONTENTS 1. Principles of Flotation Page 1 H. Transierse Stability s : Page 7 UL Simpson's Rules. Page 27 TV. Cueves of Statical Stability — Page 36 V, Longitudinal Stability : Page 43, VL. Deydocking Bs Page 57 VIL, Water Pressure ‘ Page 61 VIL. Free Surface ee Page 65 1X. Rolling es : Page 69 X. Stability Data : Page 72 Useful Formule & Page 78 Index — Page 80 UK. Price 1s. 6d. SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES Page 1 7 Principles of Flotation ARCHIMEDES stated that every Mloating body displaces its own weight of the Liquid in ‘which 1 floats. tis also a fact that when a body is placed In a liquid the immersed portion of the body’ will displace its own volume of the liquid. I the body displaces its own weight of the Liguld before it displaces ite own total volume then it will float in that Tiguid, otherwise it will sink Before applying Archimedes‘ Principle to ships, the following definitions should bbe known:= DENSITY is mass per unit volume and is usually expressed as ounces per cuble foot. SPECIFIC GRAVITY or relative density is a comparison between the density of a sub- ance and the density of fresh water. “This is simply a ratio or number. ‘The density of iron is about 7,800 ounces per cubic foot, whereas fresh water has a density of 1,000 ounces per cubic foot. "This means te S.G. of iron is 7.8. 1{ we Immerse one cubic foot of iron in fresh water it will displace one cubic foot of the water which weighs 1,000 ounces, but as the iron is not displacing its own Weight of water {€ will not float! Now consider the same weight of iron but with an tnlarged volume, say 2 cubic feet (an air space of one cubic foot having been introduced {n the middle of the iron). On immersing this in fresh water, 2 cubic feet of water ‘weighing 2,000 ounces is displaced, ‘There is still an insufficient weight of water being displaced for the iron to float so we must increase the volume of the iron still further. ‘When the volume reaches 7.8 cuble feet (weight still 7,800 ounces) the amount of fresh ‘water displaced will be 7.2 cubic feet and this will weigh the same as the iron. ‘The iron will now just float, A further Increase in its volume will allow it to float with a part out of the water. We can now summarise by saying that if the 8.G. of the body taken as a whole 4s less than the §.G. of the liguld in which it is placed then it will float in that liqutd. RESERVE BUOYANCY is virtually the watertight volume above the waterline. It is necessary to have a certain reserve of buoyancy as when in a seaway with the ends for the middle unsupported, the vessel will sink down to displace the same volume as she does when in emooth water. ‘This could result In the vessel being overwhelmed. ‘This {8 illustrated below. Page 2 SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES WATERPLANE COEFFICIENT (Cw) is the ratio between the waterplane area (A) and the area of the elrcumseribing rectangle. a owe phe 1 iste length of the waterptane ee BLOCK COBFFICIENT OR THE COEFFICIENT OF FINENESS (Cb) 1s the ratio between the underwater volume (V) and the volume of the cireumseribing block. ‘ v L is the length of the waterplane. i cb = TyBxE B is the breadth of the waterplane. i 4 @ is the draught. ' Displacement tons at any draught = g¥ XA 18 the density in ounces per cubic foot. 6 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 fi ‘A vessel of triangular form length 220 fect, beam 40 feet, depth 18 fetsis dleplacing Q 2,100‘tons in water densty 1,008 ounces per cubic fot. ‘What hos none Maeping i Volume of displacement 7100 x 2240 x 18 = 96,000 cubic feet i Total volume of vessel = 320% 40x18 4 115,200 cubic feet fi Resorve buoyancy = Total volume ~ volume of dlaplacement 118,200 - 96, 000 = 19,200 cubie feet, Pomaurcomeinceratetone SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES Page 2 TONS PER INCH IMMERSION (T.P.1.) is the additional tonnage displaced whew" the draught 18 increased by one inch, WATERPLANE AREA CAD —_—— ‘Additional Volume displaced = A x,\" cubic feet Ax 1025 x1" Pra SANS it 6 te density of salt water). For practical prpoter 520255 thos a8 being the maton 7.P. A 0 ‘THE FRESH WATER ALLOWANCE (FWA) When passing irom salt water to fresh water, an additional volume is displaced , this will be'A(e, =d) @ is the draught in salt water 4 is the draught in fresh water Additional Volume Displaced t 5 is the density of salt, water namely" 3028" on ye ees ta 2 Te oe cas i per cu.ft, Seeing STEUEIE Also apie = displacement, «= gH Age he Ws-6) = A, (d= AS, e FWA in foot, ‘ViL025 - 1000) = A x 1000 x FWA rae = Ax FWA Now A+ 240 x1012 5 LPL i . v x 1025 Wem Tex DET PT W x 2240 x 16 x 1025 TORS x 40 x 2240 x 16 x12 x TPL ~s Dee hPa. ew w Drax TPL" W TPA, Page 4 SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A veasel loads to her sumer Iudine at an up river yort where the density of the ‘ater ts 1002 ounces por eile fot, She then proceeds dow ries fo eae oe Fiver mouth were he water density is TIT ounces er cle fot eogume 26 bee ttfuel and water ‘op passage. ‘On lading ¢ further 100 ome of age tae She is again at hor summer Tondine. "What ts her summer iosd Sepaceenet oat woe? : Displacement tons = gb 8 she is always at the same draught V is constant so aya S7g - # constant ( k) then 1002 digplacemeat up river and 1017 Aisplacement down river kor k 1002 + 75 15 thus oe 1025 = displacement in salt water 5x 1025 = 5125 Tons, We have seen how a steel ship can be made to float. Suppose we now pierce ‘the vessel's hull in way of 2 midship compartment, as shown below. — t ‘A volume of buoyancy 1x B x d 1p lost. ‘The vessel will sink lower in the water nti this has been replaced, and part of her reserve buoyancy will be used, ‘The total reserve buoyancy is (L'- 1) x Bx (D'~ d), the portion which will be used is (L.1) xBx(G- he TxBxd=(-i)xBx(a- 4) LxBxd cis eo ay ‘The increase in draught | ‘The volume of lost buoyancy due to bilging ‘The area of the intact waterplané SRE page NERO t-pain ce eens ao rnenennnan SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES Page 5 Itean be seen that a reduction in lost buoyancy means less sinkage in the event ‘of compartment being bilged. ‘The volume of lost buoyancy can be reduced either by fitting a watertight flat or by putting cargo in the compartment. {the watertight flat is elther at or below the waterline the Length of the intact watorplane will be the full length of the vessel. When cargo is in a compartment only part of the volume of the compartment will bbe available for water. The cargo will also contribute to the waterplane area, PERMEADILITY is the relationship between the volume of a compartment and the volume avallable for water should the compartment be bilged. It is usually expressed as a percentage. WORKED EXAMPLE 3 ‘A box shaped vessel length 280 feet, Dreadth 27 feet, depth 21 feet, oating at a draught of 12 feet, has a midship compartment 40 feet long. What will be the sink= age If this compartment 1s bilged if: (a) A watertight flat is fitted 18 feet above the keel? (b) A watertight Mat is fitted 12 feet above the keel? (c) A watertight Mat is fitted 7 feet above the keel? (@) A watertight flat (8 fitted 13 feet above the keel? Volume of lost buayane (a) Sinkage = Area of the intact waterplané 40 x27 x12 a0 FO ee (2) sinkage = Roba ar inet Sates $0 x 27 x12 = LT foot 280 x 2 Volume of lost buoyancy ‘Area of the infact waterplanc (©) Stakage snot xt 1.0 foot 280 x27 ‘This assumes that the hull is bilged below the flat, 12960 cubic feet (@) ‘The volume of lost buoyancy = 40 x 27 x 12 Intact volume between 12 ft and 13 ft = (280 - 40) x 27 x 1-= 6480 cuble feet Volume still to be replaced 6480 cubic feet = Volume still to be replaced Further sinkage = Kreg of ie waleeplane above W/T Ta) = 8480 tet = git 0.857 foot ‘Total sinkage is 1 + 0.857 = 1.887 feet Page 6 SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES H WORKED EXAMPLE 4 ‘Avvessel whose T.P.1, 1s 45 is drawing 14 fect. A rectangular midship compartment i ‘40 feet long, 25 feet breadth and 20 feet depth has a permeability of 20%. What ‘rould be ihe! mean draught 4 thls compertaient was tlged? Vessel’s waterplane area = 420 x 45. = «18,900 square feet ‘Area of compartment = 40x25 = 1,000 square feet 17,900 square feet Fully intact area 0% of compartment area 800 square feet Bflectively intact area 16,100 square feet Volume of lost buoyancy Sinkage = Area of the intact waterplane 20 Mx me xu x = oe 8.700 ld draught 14.00 feet New draught 14.18 feet Te should be noted that if a bilged compartment is full and has no permeability, then, there will be no change of draught, An example of this is a double bottom tank filled with water ballast. sg, TH ellect on draught when an end compartment Is bilged Is discussed on Page sentra eae eee SHIP STABILITY NOTES AND EXAMPLES Page 7 sig Transverse Stability Tene OF BUOYANCY (B) is the geometrical centre of the underwater volume and veepeint through which the total force due to buoyancy may be Considered ny ond vertically upwards, In a boxshape Bis Osa Tn a triangular shape Bis 2/3.d —) above the keel ma shipshape Bis approximately 0.554) Gre,Position of the centre of buoyancy may be calculated by Simpson's Rules as shown 82 Rage 24- The spproximate position may also be found by MORRISI'S Foasorn as under, 4 7 sla ele C of B below waterplane @ Is the draught, V is the volume of displacement. Alls the area of the waterplane In the Unita so ate lntersection of vertical lines through the centres of buoyancy 4n the initial and slightly inclined positions, are

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