PH31013/PH41013: Mathematical Methods 1, Year: 2015-16

Semester: Autumn Practice Set 1

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𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
1. Examine if the ring of matrices �� � : 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ� is a field.
2𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎
2. What are the properties of commutative ring? Give an exampleof commutative ring.
3. If {𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣, 𝑤𝑤} is a linearly independent subset of a vector space, show that {𝑢𝑢, 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣, 𝑢𝑢 +
𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤} is also linearly independent.
4. If {𝑣𝑣1 , 𝑣𝑣2 , … . . , 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 } is a linearly dependent set of vectors, prove that one of these
vectors is a linear combination of the other.
5. Let 𝑉𝑉 be the function space 〈1, 𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 2 〉 i.e. 𝑉𝑉0 = 1, 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑉𝑉2 = 𝑥𝑥2 is a basis for the
space of polynomial of degree ≤ 2 made into a Euclidean space by
1
defining⟨𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥)|𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥)⟩ = ∫0 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) 𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. Find an orthonormal basis for 𝑉𝑉.
𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦
6. In ℝ2 consider the operator of the form 𝑃𝑃 = |𝑥𝑥⟩⟨𝑥𝑥| + � �� � .Is it a valid
√2 √2
projection operator?
7. Show that the co-ordinates of the vector (𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽, 𝛾𝛾) with respect to the basis set
𝑆𝑆 = {(1,0,0), (1,1,0), (1,1,1)} are (𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽, 𝛽𝛽 − 𝛾𝛾, 𝛾𝛾).
8. Using Schwarz’s inequality, prove the Cauchy inequality (∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 )2 ≤ (∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖2 )(∑ 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖2 )
where 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 , 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 (𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … . , 𝑛𝑛) are all real numbers.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
9. Prove that for all 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋, the Rotation matrix 𝑅𝑅(𝜃𝜃) = � � form a
−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
group under matrix multiplication. Is it abelian?
10. What are the conditions to be imposed upon 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 for 𝐾𝐾4 = {1, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎} to form a
group?
1 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0
11. Show that, 𝐹𝐹 = �� �� �� �� �� spans 𝑀𝑀22 , where 𝑀𝑀22 is the set of
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
all 2X2 matices.
12. Using the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization method construct the orthonormal set
for the given set of linearly independent vectors.
1 1 −1
(a) |𝜒𝜒1 〉 = �1� ; |𝜒𝜒2 〉 = �0� ; |𝜒𝜒3 〉 = �−2�.
1 1 1
1 1 1
(b) |𝜒𝜒1 〉 = �2� ; |𝜒𝜒2 〉 = �0� ; |𝜒𝜒3 〉 = �−1�.
2 1 0

13. Find the eigen values and set of eigen vectors of the following matrix 𝐴𝐴 =
10 0 0
�0 6 −4�.
0 −4 6
14. Find the eigen values and set of eigen vectors of the following matrices 𝐵𝐵 =
2 −2 0 1 2 −2
�−2 1 −2� ; 𝐶𝐶 = � 2 1 2 �. Then diagonalize them.
0 −2 0 −2 2 1
 12
15. 𝐶𝐶 = �2 4 �; Find out the eigen values of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇 and 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶. For both matrices find out the
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set of orthonormal eigen vectors.
16. Prove that the determinant of a Hermitian matrix is real.
17. Prove that the determinant of a skew-Hermitian matrix is either zero or purely
imaginary.
cos 𝜃𝜃 − sin 𝜃𝜃 0
18. 𝐴𝐴 = � sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 0�. Find out the value of 𝜆𝜆 for which the matrix A is
0 0 𝜆𝜆
orthogonal.
1 1
19. A set of linearly independent vector is given by |𝜒𝜒1 = �−1� ; |𝜒𝜒2 = �0� ; |𝜒𝜒3 〉 =
〉 〉
1 1
−1 2
� 1 �. Express a given |𝜇𝜇〉 = �−5� in terms of the given linearly independent
0 1
vectors. Verify your result using 𝑺𝑺 matrix, the basis transformation is defined as
|𝑒𝑒〉 = 𝑺𝑺 |𝜒𝜒〉.
20. Examine the following set of functions are linearly independent or not.
(a) {1, 𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥3 }
(b) {1, sin 𝜃𝜃 , sin2 𝜃𝜃 , sin3 𝜃𝜃}
(c) {3, 3 sin2 𝜃𝜃 , 4cos2 θ}
𝑑𝑑
21. Find the eigen function (𝜙𝜙) and eigen value of the operator𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , assuming that the
eigen function to be single valued in 𝜃𝜃, i.e. 𝜙𝜙(𝜃𝜃 + 2𝜋𝜋) = 𝜙𝜙(𝜃𝜃).
22. What is the condition that product of two Hermitian operator is Hermitian?
23. If 𝜓𝜓1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜓𝜓2 be two eigen functions of a Hermitian operator 𝐴𝐴̂ belonging to distinct
eigen values 𝜆𝜆1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜆𝜆2 , show that 𝜓𝜓1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜓𝜓2 must be orthogonal.
24. Find similarity transformation matrix 𝑆𝑆 for the matrix 𝐵𝐵 (from problem 12). Hence
calculate𝐵𝐵 50 .
25. Expand the following function in a Legendre series,
(a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, − 1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 0
= 𝑥𝑥, 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1
26. Expand the following functions in a Fourier series.
(a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2π
(b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 1, 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1.