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Eur Ing, Prof. J J Roberts BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, FIStructE, FICE, FIMS, FCMI, MICT O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE
The characteristic For blocks laid flat, Table 8 of the National Annex to Eurocode 6,
Part 1–1 contains a specific value for K to be used in Equation (3.1)
Determine requirements
for mortar strength and
durability. See tables 5
Determine normalized
& 6 of Introduction to
compressive strength, fb.
Eurocode 6
Determine design value of
vertical actions (per unit
length), Ed, using Expression
(6.10), (6.10a) or (6.10b) of
Determine characteristic compressive strength of masonry,
Eurocode (see Introduction to
fk, from Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6 and Tables 1 & 2
Eurocode 6)
Determine effective height, hef, Determine effective thickness, tef, Where cross-sectional area,
of the wall (see page 4) . of the wall (see page 4) A < 0.1 m2, factor fk by (0.7 + 3A)
2
2. Vertical resistance
¢¢ For collar jointed aggregate concrete masonry made with general ¢¢ When the perpendicular joints are unfilled, Equation (3.1) may be
purpose mortar, with or without the collar filled with mortar, the unit used, with consideration of any horizontal actions that might be
shape factor correction to obtain the normalized strength should use the applied to, or be transmitted by, the masonry. (See also CI. 3.6.2(4)
width of the wall as the unit width and the height of the masonry units. of BS EN 1996–1–1.)
¢¢ Where action effects are parallel to the direction of the bed joints, the
characteristic compressive strength may be determined from
Equation (3.1) with fb derived from BS EN 772–1, where the direction
of application of the load to the test specimens is in the same
The characteristic
direction as the direction of the action effect in the masonry, but with
the shape factor, d, as given in BS EN 772–1 taken to be no greater
compressive strength of
than 1.0. For Group 2 and 3 units, K should then be multiplied by 0.5.
shell bedded masonry
Table 1
Values of K to be used with equation (3.1) Shell bedding provides two strips of mortar rather than a full mortar bed.
Masonry General Thin layer Lightweight mortar It serves to improve rain penetration resistance but reduces the strength
unit purpose mortar of density (kg/m3)
mortar (bed joint ≥ of the masonry. A typical shell bedded unit is shown in Figure 3.
600 ≤ rd 800 < rd
0.5 mm and ≤ 800 ≤ 1300
≤ 3 mm)
For Group 1 and Group 4 units the procedure above may be used to
Clay
obtain the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry.
Group 1 0.50 0.75 0.30 0.40
Group 2 0.40 0.70 0.25 0.30
Group 3 and 4 – a –a –a –a Figure 2
Modifications to K for units laid with general purpose mortar
Calcium silicate
Group 1 0.50 0.80 –b –b Plan sections of bonded masonry
Group 2 0.40 0.70 –b –b
Aggregate concrete Masonry
Group 1 0.75 0.90 0.45 0.45 thickness
Group 1 c 0.50 d 0.70d 0.40d 0.40d a) K from Table 1
(units laid flat)
Group 2 0.70 0.76 0.45 0.45
Masonry
Group 3 and 4 – a –a –a –a
thickness
Autoclaved aerated concrete
Group 1 0.75 0.90 0.45 0.45
b) K from Table 1
Manufactured stone
Group 1 0.75 0.90 –b –b
Dimensioned natural stone Masonry
Group 1 0.45 –b –b –b thickness
Key
a Group 3 and 4 units have not traditionally been used in the UK, so no values are available.
c) K from Table 1 multiplied by 0.8
b T hese masonry unit and mortar combinations have not traditionally been used in
the UK, so no values are available.
c If Group 1 aggregate concrete units contain formed vertical voids in the normal direction,
multiply K by (100 – n) /100, where n is the percentage of voids, maximum 25%. Masonry
d W
hen aggregate concrete masonry units are to be used laid flat the normalised strength thickness
of the unit should be calculated using the width and height of the unit in the upright
position along with the compressive strength of the unit tested in the upright position.
Note
d) K from Table 1 multiplied by 0.8
Where a mortar joint is parallel to the face of the wall K should be modified (see Figure 2)
Table 2 Figure 3
Values to be used in Equation (3.1) Shell bedding
3
How to design masonry
masonrystructures
structuresusing
usingEurocode
Eurocode66
provided that: and have a thickness of at least 0.3 times the effective thickness of
¢¢ The width of each strip of mortar is at least 30 mm. the wall to be stiffened. When the stiffening wall contains openings,
¢¢ The thickness of the masonry wall is equal to the width or length the minimum length of wall should be as shown in Figure 4 and the
of the masonry units so that there is no longitudinal mortar joint stiffening wall should extend a distance of at least 1/5 of the storey
through all or part of the length of the wall. height beyond each opening.
¢¢ The ratio g/t is not less than 0.4
Where a wall is restrained at the top and bottom by reinforced
where
concrete floors or roofs spanning from both sides at the same level or
g = total width of the mortar strips
by a reinforced concrete floor spanning from one side only and having
t = the thickness of the wall.
a bearing of at least 2/3 of the thickness of the wall then:
¢¢ K is taken as above when g/t = 1.0 or half this value when g/t = 0.4.
Linear interpolation may be used for intermediate values. r2 = 0.75
Groups 2 and 3 may be designed as non-shell bedded masonry unless the eccentricity of the load at the top of the wall is greater
provided that the normalized mean compressive strength of the units than 0.25 times the thickness of the wall, in which case r2 = 1.0.
used in Equation (3.1) is obtained from tests carried out in accordance
with BS EN 772–14 for shell bedded units. Where the wall is restrained by timber floors or roofs spanning from
both sides at the same level or by a timber floor spanning from one
side having a bearing of at least 2/3 the thickness of the wall but not
Effective height less than 85 mm, then:
r2 = 1.0.
The effective height of a masonry wall is obtained by applying a factor
to the clear height of the wall such that: For walls restrained at the top and bottom and stiffened on one
hef = rn h vertical edge, use rn = the value r3 from Figure 5 and where both
where vertical edges are stiffened, use rn = the value r4 from Figure 6. Note
hef = effective height of the wall that Equations (5.6), (5.7) and (5.8) in Eurocode 6, Part 1–1 may be
h = clear storey height of the wall used as an alternative to the use of the graphs.
rn = reduction factor, where n = 2, 3 or 4, depending upon the
edge restraint or stiffening of the wall
Figure 4 Figure 5
Minimum length of stiffening wall with openings Graph showing values of r3
1.0
Stiffened wall Stiffening wall r2 = 1.0
0.9
0.8
t
Reduction factor, r3
0.7
r2 = 0.75
0.6
h h2 (window)
>h/5 h1
h2(door) 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 (h1+ h2) Ratio hef /tef
>t
5 2
4
2. Vertical resistance
of the wall (t), provided this is greater than the minimum thickness,
tmin. The value of tmin for a loadbearing wall should be taken as 90 mm Assessment of eccentricity
for a single-leaf wall and 75 mm for the leaves of a cavity wall.
When a wall is subjected to actions that result in an eccentricity at
For a cavity wall the effective thickness is determined using the right angles to the wall, Eurocode 6 requires the resistance of the wall
following equation: to be checked at the top, mid-height and bottom. The eccentricity at
top or bottom of the wall is:
tef = 3R t13 + t23 ≥ t2 Mid
ei = + ehe + einit ≥ 0.05t
where Nid
t1 = actual thickness of the outer or unloaded leaf
where
t2 = actual thickness of the inner or loaded leaf
Mid = design value of the bending moment at the top or the
bottom of the wall resulting from eccentricity of the floor
Note that the effective thickness of the unloaded leaf should not be
load at the support
taken to be greater than the thickness of the loaded leaf and that ties
Nid = design value of the vertical load at the top or the bottom of
should be provided at a density of 2.5 per m2 or greater.
the wall
When a wall is stiffened by piers the effective thickness is enhanced by ehe = the eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall resulting
using the following equation: from the horizontal loads
einit = initial eccentricity for construction imperfections, which
tef = rtt
may be taken as hef/450, with a sign that increases the
where absolute value of ei and em as appropriate
tef = effective thickness t = thickness of the wall
rt = coefficient obtained from Table 3
The mid-height eccentricity, emk, is:
t = thickness of the wall
emk = em + ek ≥ 0.05t
0.7
0.6
r2 = 0.75 Table 3
Stiffness coefficient, rt, for walls stiffened by piers
0.5
Ratio of pier spacing Ratio of pier thickness to actual
(centre to centre) to pier thickness of wall to which it is bonded
0.4 width 1 2 3
5
How to design masonry
masonrystructures
structuresusing
usingEurocode
Eurocode66
At the top or bottom of the wall, the reduction factor for slenderness For sections of small plan area, less than 0.1 m2, fd should be
and eccentricity is given by: multiplied by (0.7 + 3A)
e
Fi = 1 – 2 i where
t
A = loadbearing horizontal cross-sectional area of the wall in m2
where
Fi = reduction factor at the top or bottom of the wall In the case of a faced wall, the wall may be designed as a single-leaf
ei = eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall wall constructed entirely of the weaker material with a longitudinal
t = thickness of the wall joint between leaves.
A method for calculating a capacity reduction factor at the mid-height A double-leaf (collar-jointed) wall may also be designed as for a
of the wall, Fm, is given in Annex G of Eurocode 6, Part 1–1, which single-leaf wall provided that the leaves are tied together adequately
simplifies the principles given in Cl. 6.1.1. This is shown graphically in and both leaves carry similar loads and the cavity does not exceed
Figure 8, which shows the corresponding capacity reduction factors for 25 mm, or it may be designed as a cavity wall with one leaf loaded.
different values of slenderness and eccentricity for an elastic modulus
1000 fk , which is the value recommended in the UK NA. In the case of cavity walls, check each leaf separately using a
slenderness ratio based on the effective thickness of the wall.
The least favourable value of Fi and Fm should be used to calculate NRd.
The design resistance of a single-leaf wall per unit length, NRd, is given where a1 Ab
by the following: b = 1 + 0.3 1.5 – 1.1
hc Aef
NRd = F tfd = e nhancement factor for load that should not be less
than 1.0 nor taken to be greater than:
where a
1.25 + 1 or 1.5, whichever is the lesser
F = capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of 2hc
slenderness and eccentricity of loading Figure 8
Capacity reduction factor, Fm at the mid-height of the wall
Figure 7
Moments from calculation of eccentricities
Eccentricity =
1.0
0.05t
0.9
M1d 0.10t
0.8
N1d (at underside
of floor) 0.15t
Capacity reduction factor, Fm
0.7
0.20t
0.6
0.25t
h2 0.5
Nmd Mmd 0.4
0.30t
h (at mid-height
0.35t
of wall) 0.3
h2 0.40t
0.2
a) Section b) Bending moment diagram Values of Fm at the mid-height of the wall against slenderness ratio for different
eccentricities, based on E =1000 fk
6
2. Vertical resistance
VRd = f vd tl c
The enhancement factor, b, is shown graphically in Figure 9.
where
For walls built with Groups 2, 3 and 4 masonry units and when shell VRd = the design value of shear resistance of the wall
bedding is used, it is necessary to check that, locally under the bearing fvd = the design value of the shear strength of the masonry (the
of a concentrated load, the design compressive stress does not exceed characteristic shear strength divided by the partial factor
the design compressive strength of the masonry, fd (i.e. b is taken to for masonry, gM) based on the average vertical stresses over
be 1.0). the compressed part of the wall that is providing the shear
resistance
In any case, the eccentricity of the load from the centre line of the t = the thickness of the wall resisting the shear
wall should not be greater than t/4 as shown in Figure 10. lc = the length of the compressed part of the wall, ignoring any
part of the wall that is in tension
In all cases where a concentrated load is applied, the requirements
for vertical load design should be met at the mid-height of the wall
In calculating lc assume a linear distribution of the compressive stress,
below the bearings. Account should be taken of the effects of any
take into account openings, etc. and do not include any area of the
other superimposed vertical loading, particularly where concentrated
wall subjected to vertical tensile stresses.
loads are sufficiently close together for their effective lengths
to overlap.
The concentrated load needs to bear on a Group 1 unit or other solid Effect of chases
material. The length of this unit or bearing should equal the required
Eurocode 6 recognises that chases and recesses should not impair
bearing length plus a length on each side of the bearing based on
the stability of a wall and provides appropriate guidance. Further
a 60° spread of load to the base of the solid material. For an end
explanation is given in the third guide in this series, Lateral resistance3.
bearing the extra length is required on one side only.
Figure 9 Figure 10
Enhancement factor, b, concentrated load under bearings Walls subjected to concentrated load
h
1.4
2a1 = 1 + + lefm + +
hc lefm lefm
1.3
a1 = 0
a) Elevation
1.2
NEdc a NEdc
1
1.1 Ab
60o ≤ t /4
1.0 hc t
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.45 0.5 lefm
Ratio, Ab / Aef
t
7
2. Vertical resistance
Selected symbols
Symbol Definition Symbol Definition
A Loadbearing horizontal cross-sectional area of the wall in m2 lefm Effective length of the bearing as determined at the mid-height of the
a1 Distance from the end of the wall to the nearer edge of the loaded area wall or pier
Ab Loaded area Mid Design value of the bending moment at the top or the bottom of the
wall resulting from eccentricity of the floor load at the support
Aef Effective area of the bearing
Mmd Design value of the greatest moment at the mid-height of the wall
ehe Eccentricity of the top or bottom of the wall resulting from horizontal resulting from the moments at the top and bottom of the wall,
loads including any load applied eccentrically to the face of the wall
ehm Eccentricity at the middle of a wall, resulting from horizontal loads Nid Design value of the vertical load at the top or the bottom of the wall
ei Eccentricity of the wall Nmd Design value of the vertical load at the mid-height of the wall,
including any load applied eccentrically to the face of the wall.
einit Initial eccentricity
NRd Design resistance of a single-leaf wall per unit length
em Load eccentricity
NRdc Design vertical load resistance to a concentrated load
emk Eccentricity at the mid-height of the wall
t Thickness of the wall
fb Normalized mean compressive strength of a masonry unit
t1 Effective thickness of the outer or unloaded leaf
fd Design compressive strength of the masonry in the direction being
considered t2 Effective thickness of the of the inner or loaded leaf
fm Compressive strength of the mortar tef Effective thickness
fk Characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, in N/mm2 tmin Minimum thickness of loadbearing wall
fvk Characteristic shear strength of masonry VRd Design value of shear resistance of the wall
fvd Design value of the shear strength of the masonry v Notional inclination angle to the vertical
g Total of the widths of the mortar strips a and b Constants to be used with Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6, Part 1–1
h Clear storey height of the wall b An enhancement factor for concentrated load
hc Height of the wall to the level of the load F Capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of slenderness and
eccentricity of loading
hef Effective height of the wall
gM Partial factor for a material property
htot Total height of the structure
rn Reduction factor (depending upon the edge restraint or stiffening of
K Constant to be used with Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6, Part 1–1 the wall, h/l and floor restraint)
lc Length of the compressed part of the wall, ignoring any part of the rt Stiffness coefficient
wall that is in tension.
References
1 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1996: Eurocode 6 – Design of masonry structures. BSI (4 parts). Including their NAs.
2 ROBERTS, JJ & Brooker, O. How to design masonry structures to Eurocode 6: Introduction to Eurocode 6. The Concrete Centre, 2013.
3 ROBERTS, JJ & Brooker, O. How to design masonry structures to Eurocode 6: Lateral resistance. The Concrete Centre. 2013.
4 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 772–1: Methods of test for masonry units – Determination of compressive strength. BSI, 2011.
5 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1052–1: Methods of test for masonry – Determination of compressive strength. BSI, 1999.
Members of the steering group for 2nd revision ¢¢ Concrete Block Association - www.cba-blocks.org.uk
Cliff Fudge, Aircrete Products Association; Charles Goodchild, The ¢¢ MPA - Mortar Industry Association - www.mortar.org.uk
Concrete Centre; Simon Hay, Brick Development Association; Andy
¢¢ MPA - The Concrete Centre - www.concretecentre.com
Littler, Concrete Block Association; John Roberts, Consultant; Guy
Thompson, The Concrete Centre.
For more information on Eurocode 6 and other questions Published by The Concrete Centre
relating to the design, use and performance of concrete units, Gillingham House, 38-44 Gillingham Street, London, SW1V 1HU
visit www.eurocode6.org Tel: +44 (0)207 963 8000 | www.concretecentre.com
Ref: TCC/03/36. ISBN 978-1-904818-57-1 All advice or information from MPA The Concrete Centre (TCC) et al is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate the
significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for
First published December 2007
any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by TCC or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that
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revised January 2009 and June 2013 latest version.
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