Communication Protocols

Communication Protocols
Greg Hayward
copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

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Outline
Who I am
What is a Protocol
Standard Protocol terms
Calculating data rate
Serial Protocols
Parallel Protocols (stop point)
How to choose
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Greg Hayward
A.S. degrees
Psychology
Physical Science
Math
Engineering
Software
B.S. Mechanical Engineering SJSU

M.S. Mechanical Engineering SJSU ‘05

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Greg Hayward
Sr. Product Support Engineer L.M.
Community College Instructor PT
Electro-Mechanics
AC theory
DC theory
Robotics
SPC
Drafting
Mentor for three Tech Challenge Team

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What is a Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules that
governs how information is delivered.
For example, to use the telephone
network, the protocol is to pick up the
phone, listen for a dial tone, dial a
number having a specific number of
digits, wait for the phone to ring, and
say hello.

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Protocol uniformity
In technical terms, no one protocol or set of
protocols can be used for all communication
situation. Be that as it may, communication
engineers have found that a common thread
runs through the organization of the
various protocols. This grand design of
information transmission organization runs
through all modern networks today.

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Standard Protocol Terms
A synchronous bus sends data with a timing
clock.
An asynchronous bus, data is sent without a

timing clock.
Full-duplex means data can be sent and

received simultaneously.
Half-duplex is when data can be sent or

received, but not at the same time.

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Master/slave describes a bus where one device
is the master and others are slaves.
Master/slave buses are usually synchronous,
as the master often supplies the timing clock
for data being sent along in both directions.
A multi-master bus is a master/slave bus that

may have more than one master. These buses
must have an arbitration scheme that can
settle conflicts when more than one master
wants to control the bus at the same time.

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Master: A device that controls data flow to
and from devices on the network/systems
bus
Slave: A device that either transmits or

receives data under the control of a master
device.

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Point-to-point or peer interfaces are where
two devices have a peer relation to each
other; there are no masters or slaves. Peer
interfaces are most often asynchronous.
The term multi-drop describes an interface in

which there are several receivers and one
transmitter.
Multi-point describes a bus in which there are
more than two peer transceivers. This is
different from a multi-drop interface as it
allows bidirectional communication over the
same set of wires
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Bit: A unit of measurement of information (from
Binary + digIT); the amount of information in a
system having two equiprobable states; "there are 8
bits in a byte")
Byte: A set of bits that represent a single character.
Usually there are 8 bits in a Byte, sometimes more,
depending on how the measurement is being made
Baud Rate: The actual rate of signal changes per
second between two devices. At one signal per
second, 300 baud translates to 300 bits per second
(bps). However, depending on the signal's code, a
baud rate may have more than one bps rate
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LSB:Least Significant Byte of a multi-byte
value
MSB: Least Significant Byte of a multi-byte
value

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Start Bit: In serial communications, a bit
indicating the beginning of a data stream, of
the start of a byte of data.
Stop Bit: In serial communications, the bit inserted

at the end of a byte of data to indicate that the data
stream is complete.
Parity Bit: The Parity Bit is the bit that is used to

store the logical summation of the bits in a field of
information. Parity is used to help verify that the
information is valid and contains no errors. Value of
the parity bit (1 or 0) is system defined.
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LF : linefeed, An instruction to a certain computer
or printer to move down one line, without moving the
cursor or print head
CR : A control character used to position the print
mechanism at the left margin on a printer - or the
cursor at the left margin on a display terminal.

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ASCII : (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) -- This is the de facto world-wide standard for the
code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and
lower-case Latin letters, numbers, punctuation, etc. There are
128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented by
a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111, plus parity.
EBCDIC : Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange

Code. A coding scheme developed by IBM for use with its
computers as a standard method of assigning binary (numeric)
values to alphabetic, numeric, punctuation, and transmission-
control characters. a 256 character set of 8-bit binary numbers

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Calculating Data Rates
“The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog
and ran away.”
HEX version
74 68 65 20 71 75 69 63 6B 20 62 72 6F 77 6E 20 ; the quick brown
66 6F 78 20 6A 75 6D 70 65 64 20 6F 76 65 72 20 ; fox jumped over
74 68 65 20 6C 61 7A 79 20 64 6F 67 20 61 6E 64 ; the lazy dog and
20 72 61 6E 20 61 77 61 79 2E ; ran away .

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20 72 61 6E 20 61 77 61 79 2E ; ran away .
Hex to Binary conversion:
7 2 =r
0111 0010 =r
Binary
01110010 = r not R
01010010 = R = hex 52
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00100000 01110010 01100001 01101110 00100000
(space) r a n (space)
01100001 01110111 01100001 01111001 00101110

a w a y .
Letters = 7, punctuation = 1, spaces = 2

10 Total characters.
80 Total bits.

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Baud rate at 300 bits per sec
100 /300 = 0.34 seconds
Not 80 / 300 = .27 seconds
Overhead
Start bit, stop bit
2 + 8 = 10 bits per transmission

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So total time with ack backs
58 characters
580 transmission bits
58 ack
Total 638 bits
Total time 2.13 seconds @ 300 baud
Total time .005 seconds @ 150000 baud
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What is serial

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What is serial
Logic High can be 15, 5, 3, and 1.2 VDC
Logic Low can be –15, 0 VDC
These are typical

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Why Serial
There are many different reasons to use a serial
interface. For embedded systems that must interface
with a general-purpose computer, a serial interface is
often easier to use than the ISA or PCI expansion bus.
A benefit of serial communications is low pin counts.
Serial communications can be performed with just one
I/O pin, compared to eight or more for parallel
communications. Many common embedded system
peripherals, such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-
analog converters, LCDs, and temperature sensors,
support serial interfaces.

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Why Serial
Serial buses can also provide for inter-
processor communication-a network, if you
will. This allows large tasks that would
normally require larger processors to be
tackled with several inexpensive smaller
processors. Serial interfaces allow processors
to communicate without the need for shared
memory and semaphores, and the problems
they can create

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Serial Protocols
Serial Data Transmission Types
I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit ) Philips
Two-Wire Dallas
SMBus
RS232, RS 422, RS 485
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital
Interface)
IEEE1394, (FireWire)
Controller Area Network. (CAN)
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface bus)
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Serial Protocols
Serial Data Transmission Types
One-Wire
Micro-wire
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Z-wave
RFID
WiFi
Ethernet
Fiber optics
Bit banging

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I2C
The Inter-Integrated Circuit bus (I2C) is a
patented interface developed by Philips
Semiconductors. (In order for an IC
manufacturer to implement the I2C bus in
hardware, they must obtain licensing from
Philips.)
The I2C bus is a half-duplex, synchronous,
multi-master bus requiring only two signal
wires: data (SDA) and clock (SCL). These lines
are pulled high via pull-up resistors and
controlled by the hardware via open-drain
drivers, giving a wired-AND interface.
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I2C
I2C uses an addressable
communications protocol that allows
the master to communicate with
individual slaves using a 7-bit or 10-bit
address. Each device has an address
that is assigned by Philips to the
manufacturer of the device. In addition,
several special addresses exist,
including a "general call" address
(which addresses every device on the
bus) and a high-speed initiation
address.
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I2C
During communication with slave devices, the
master generates all clock signals for both
communication to and from the slave. Each
communication begins with the master
generating a start condition, an 8-bit data
word, an acknowledge bit, followed by a stop
condition or a repeated start. Each data bit
transition takes place while SCL is low, except
for the start and stop conditions.

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I2C
The start condition is a high-to-low transition
of the SDA line while the SCL line is high. A
stop condition is a low-to-high transition of the
SDA line while the SCL line is high (see Figure
). The acknowledge bit is generated by the
receiver of the message by pulling the SDA
line low while the master releases the line and
allows it to float high. If the master reads the
acknowledge bit as high, it should consider the
last communication word not received and
take appropriate action, including possibly
resending the data.
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I2C
Figure : I2C

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I2C
I2C has a rather interesting feature
called clock stretching, which is done
when the slave device is unable to
process the bit and wishes for more
time. When this happens, the slave
pulls the SCL line low. Since the signal
behaves as a wired-AND, when the
master releases the SCL line while the
slave is "stretching" the clock, the
master should notice that the line stays
low.
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I2C
The I2C bus has three speeds:
slow (under 100Kbps), fast
(400Kbps), and high-speed
(3.4Mbps), each downward
compatible. Philips has specified a
recommended wiring arrangement
should the signals need to leave
the circuit board.
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I2C
I2C bus distances are often limited to
on-board communications, although I
have heard of developers using I2C
successfully over distances of 50 feet!
The true limit to I2C distances is the bit-
rate and capacitance of the bus. As
such, for off-board communications, I2C
is practically limited to under 10 feet for
moderate speeds.
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I2C
Maximum number of devices-7
Maximum Speed (KBPS)>3,400
Max.Distance speed (KBPS) <10
Maximum number of Pins 2

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Two Wire
I2C knockoff from Atmel

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SMBus
I2C knockoff from Maxim Dallas

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RS-232/RS-422/RS-485
TIA/EIA-232-F, found on almost every
personal computer. RS-232 is a
complete standard, not only including
electrical characteristics, but physical
and mechanical characteristics as well,
such as connection hardware, pin-outs,
and signal names. A point-to-point
interface, RS-232 is capable of
moderate distances at speeds up to
20Kbps
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RS232/RS422/RS485
While not specifically called out in the
specification, speeds of greater than
115.2Kbps are possible, provided that
connections are short and proper
grounding is used. Cable lengths of 30
feet are common, and cables of over
200 feet can be attained with low-
capacitance cable.

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RS-232/RS-422/RS-485
An RS-232 bus is an unbalanced bus
capable of full-duplex communication
between two receiver/transmitter pairs,
named data terminal equipment (DTE)
and data communication equipment
(DCE). Each one has a transmit signal
that is connected to the receive signal
on the other end. As such, there is a pin
difference between the two sides. (Your
PC is a DTE, while the connected
peripheral is DCE.)
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RS232/RS422/RS485
Each transmitter sends data by varying
the voltage on the line. A voltage higher
than 3V is a binary zero, while a voltage
less than --3V is a binary one. Between
these voltages, the value is undefined.
To convert from logic levels (0 and 5V)
to these levels and back, an RS-232
conversion IC, such as the 1488, 1489,
or ubiquitous MAX232, can be used.

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RS232/RS422/RS485
Typical RS-232 communication consists
of a start bit, data bits, parity bits (if
any), and stop bit(s). When
communicating with PCs, the typical
format is eight data bits, no parity, and
one stop bit (8N1). Seven data bits,
even parity, and one stop bit (7E1) is
also common. A start bit is often a zero
and a stop bit is often a one, as shown
in Figure 1. The official specification
does not delineate any communications
protocol, including the use of start/stop
bits. copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All
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RS232/RS422/RS485
Many embedded systems that use
the RS-232 bus either interface
with PCs or PC peripherals such as
modems. Other systems use RS-
232 so that bus traffic can be
monitored easily with an
inexpensive protocol analyzer or a
PC equipped with two serial ports.

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RS232/RS422/RS485
Almost every microcontroller vendor
has products that include hardware
support for RS-232, called Universal
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitters
(UARTs). UARTs are often interrupt-
driven and capable of speeds up to
115.2Kbps with little software
overhead, although this varies by
architecture.

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RS232/RS422/RS485
RS-422 and RS-485
TIA/EIA-422-B (typically referred to as
RS-422) and TIA/EIA-485-A (typically
referred to as RS-485) are balanced,
twisted-pair interfaces capable of
speeds up to 10Mbps and distances up
to 4,000 feet. Being differential buses,
each uses signals from 1.5V to 6V to
transmit the data. (With a differential,
balanced bus, noise immunity is
increased over a comparable single-
ended, unbalanced bus such as RS-
232.) copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All
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RS232/RS422/RS485
The RS-422 interface is a multi-drop
interface, giving unidirectional
communication over a pair of wires
from one transmitter to several
receivers, up to 10 unit loads (UL). If
the devices receiving the data wish to
communicate back to the transmitter,
the designer must use a separate,
dedicated bus between each receiver
and the transmitter. For that reason,
RS-422 is seldom used between more
than two nodes.
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RS232/RS422/RS485
The RS-485 interface, on the other
hand, is a bidirectional communication
over one pair of wires between several
transceivers. The specification states
that the bus can include up to 32 UL
worth of transceivers. Many
manufacturers produce fractional-UL
transceivers, thereby increasing the
maximum number of devices to well
over 100.
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RS232/RS422/RS485
The RS-422 and RS-485 interfaces
often use the same start bit/data/stop
bit format of RS-232. In fact, several
converters exist to go from RS-232 to
RS-485 and back. Do keep in mind,
however, that RS-232 is a full-duplex
interface, while RS-485 is half-duplex.
Several microcontroller manufacturers
provide built-in UARTs that boast
special RS-485 abilities.
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RS-232
TB done

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RS-422

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RS-485

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RS232
Maximum number of devices 1
Maximum Speed (KBPS) 115
Max.Distance speed (KBPS) 300

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RS422

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RS485

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MIDI
The MIDI protocol provides a standard
command set for a large variety of
devices. Typically it is used with
electronic musical instruments in order
to control what notes they should
play. A MIDI command is typically two
or three bytes sent serially at a baud
rate of 31250.
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MIDI
The MIDI protocol consists of 'messages' which are
designed to allow synthesizers and sequencers to
communicate 'what sound to play' information.
Let's start with an example to illustrate this concept.
Suppose the musician presses the middle-C key on a
keyboard. The keyboard would send a 'note-on'
message like this:
9n kk vv example: 90 3C 40 -----------------> time
where:
“n” is the MIDI Channel range: 0..F
“kk” is a key pressed range: 00..7F
“vv” is a velocity with which the key was pressed
range: 00..7F
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MIDI
So in the above example, the musician has pressed
key '3C' (middle-C), with a velocity which is half-way
along the range available velocities.
The MIDI device which receives this message will
begin to sound the note middle-C, with the
appropriate envelope et al for the device's capabilities
and settings.

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MIDI
Maximum number of devices- ?
Maximum Speed (KBPS) ?
Max.Distance speed (KBPS) ?
Maximum number of Pins ?

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IEEE 1394 (firewire)
Personal Computer and Digital video serial
bus interface standard offering high-speed
communications and isochronous real-time
data services, developed primarily by Apple
computer, completing development in 1995.
It is defined in IEEE, standard 1394 which is
currently a composite of three documents:
the original IEEE Std 1394-1995, the IEEE Std
1394a-2000 amendment, and the IEEE Std
1394b-2002 amendment.
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A very fast external bus standard that
supports data transfer rates of up to 400
Mbps (in 1394a) and 800Mbps (in 1394b).
Products supporting the 1394 standard go
under different names, depending on the
company. Apple, which originally developed
the technology, uses the trademarked name
FireWire. Other companies use other names,
such as i.link and Lynx, to describe their 1394
products.
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A single 1394 port can be used to
connect up 63 external devices. In
addition to its high speed, 1394 also
supports isochronous data -- delivering
data at a guaranteed rate. This makes it
ideal for devices that need to transfer
high levels of data in real-time, such as
video devices.
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Maximum Speed (KBPS) 800,000
Max.Distance speed (KBPS)
800,00

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CAN (Controller Area Network )
Is a high-integrity serial data communications
bus for real-time applications
Operates at data rates of up to 1 Megabits
per second
Has excellent error detection and
confinement capabilities
Was originally developed by Bosch for use in
cars
Is now being used in many other industrial
automation and control applications
Is an international standard: ISO 11898
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CAN
Is a high-integrity serial data communications
bus for real-time applications
Operates at data rates of up to 1 Megabits
per second
Has excellent error detection and
confinement capabilities
Was originally developed by Bosch for use in
cars
Is now being used in many other industrial
automation and control applications
Is an international standard: ISO 11898
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CAN
CAN is a serial bus system with multi-
master capabilities, that is, all CAN
nodes are able to transmit data and
several CAN nodes can request the bus
simultaneously. In CAN networks there
is no addressing of subscribers or
stations in the conventional sense, but
instead, prioritized messages are
transmitted.

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CAN
Each CAN message can transmit from 0 to 8
bytes of user information. Of course, you can
transmit longer data information by using
segmentation. The maximum transmission
rate is specified as 1 Mbit/s. This value
applies to networks up to 40 m. For longer
distances the data rate must be reduced: for
distances up to 500 m a speed of 125 kbit/s is
possible, and for transmissions up to 1 km a
data rate of 50 kbit/s is permitted.
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CAN
Maximum number of devices-?

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USB
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) was
developed around the idea that users
should be able to run multiple
peripherals on their computers without
the hassle of physically installing
boards, manually allocating system
resources, individually configuring
devices, and powering the computer up
and down every time equipment needs
change.
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USB
USB, up to 127 individual peripheral
devices can be connected to a host
using a single interface and a system of
USB hubs. Attaching a USB peripheral
to your host is as easy as plugging
headphones into your Walkman. USB
devices are automatically recognized
and configured. They can draw power
directly from the system, from an
attached self-powered hub, or be
connected to their own power supply.

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USB
Currently, the USB Specification,
Revision 2.0, covers three speeds 480
Mbps, 12 Mbps, and 1.5 Mbps. The
term "Hi-Speed USB" refers to just the
480 Mbps portion of the USB
Specification. We now use the term
"USB" to refer to the 12Mbps and
1.5Mbps speeds.
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USB
All three offer both asynchronous
and isochronous (real-time) data
transmission over a simple and
inexpensive 4-wire cable. This
meets the requirements of many
peripherals, including keyboards,
mice, printers, speakers, scanners,
external storage devices and
digital still cameras.
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USB 1.1
Maximum number of devices ?

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USB 2.0

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SPI (Motorola)
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is
a synchronous serial bus developed by
Motorola and present on many of their
microcontrollers.
The SPI bus consists of four signals:
master out slave in (MOSI), master in
slave out (MISO), serial clock (SCK),
and active-low slave select (/SS).

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SPI

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SPI
As a multi-master/slave protocol,
communications between the master and
selected slave use the unidirectional MISO and
MOSI lines, to achieve data rates over 1Mbps
in full duplex mode. The data is clocked
simultaneously into the slave and master
based on SCK pulses the master supplies. The
SPI protocol allows for four different clocking
types, based on the polarity and phase of the
SCK signal. It is important to ensure that
these are compatible between master and
slave.
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SPI
In addition to the 1Mbps data rate, another
advantage to SPI is if only one slave device is
used, the /SS line can be pulled low and the
/SS signal does not have to be generated by
the master. (This capability is, however,
dependent on the phase selection of the SCK.)
A disadvantage to SPI is the requirement to
have separate /SS lines for each slave.
Provided that extra I/O pins are available, or
extra board space for a demultiplexer IC, this
is not a problem. But for small, low-pin-count
microcontrollers, a multi-slave SPI interface
might not be a viable solution.
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SPI
Maximum number of Pins 3+1(8)

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Micro-Wire (National Semiconductor)
Micro-wire is a three-wire synchronous

interface developed by National
Semiconductor. Similar to SPI, Micro-
wire is a master/slave bus, with serial
data out of the master (SO), and serial
data into the master (SI), and signal
clock (SK). These correspond to SPI's
MOSI, MISO, and SCK, respectively.
There is also a chip select signal, which
acts similarly to SPI's /SS.
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A full-duplex bus, Micro-wire is capable

of speeds of 625Kbps and faster
(capacitance permitting).
Micro-wire devices from National come
with different protocols, based on their
data needs. Micro-wire permits variable
length data, not just 8-bit byte data
and also specifies a "continuous"
bitstream mode.
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Micro-wire has the same advantages and

disadvantages as SPI with respect to multiple
slaves, which require multiple chip select lines.
In some instances, an SPI device will work on
a Micro-wire bus, as will a Micro-wire device
work on an SPI bus, although this must be
reviewed on a per-device basis.
Both SPI and Micro-wire are generally limited
to on-board communications and traces of no
longer than 6 inches, although longer
distances (up to 10 feet) can be achieved
given proper capacitance and lower bit rates.
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Maximum Speed (KBPS)>625
Maximum number of Pins 3+1(8)

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One-Wire
Dallas Semiconductor's 1-Wire bus
is an asynchronous, master/slave
bus with no protocol for multi-
master. Like the I2C bus, 1-Wire is
half-duplex, using an open-drain
topology on a single wire for
bidirectional data transfer.

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One-Wire
However, the 1-Wire bus also allows the
data wire to transfer power to the slave
devices, parasitic device, although this
is somewhat limited.
Though limited to a maximum speed of
16Kbps, bus length can be upwards of
1,000 feet, given the proper pull-up
resistor.

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One-Wire
Maximum Speed (KBPS)>16

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Ethernet
TBD

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Bluetooth
Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band
without a license for wireless communication.
- Real-time data transfer usually possible
between 10-100m.
- Bluetooth doesn't suffer from interference
from obstacles such as walls.
- Supports both point-to-point wireless
connections without cables between mobile
phones and personal computers, as well as
point-to-multipoint connections to enable ad
hoc local wireless networks.
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth was originally conceived by
Ericsson in 1994, when they began a study to
examine alternatives to cables that linked
mobile phone accessories. Out of their study
was born the specification for Bluetooth
wireless.
Bluetooth was named after Harald Blatand (or
Bluetooth), a tenth century Danish Viking
king who had united and controlled large
parts of Scandinavia which are today
Denmark and Norway.
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Bluetooth
Radio frequency - Bluetooth uses the
unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific
and Medical) band, 2400 - 2483.5 MHz,
thereby maximizing communication
compatibility worldwide. This
requirement for global usage was the
key driver for this choice of spectrum

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Bluetooth
Transmission Power - Three power classes
are supported by the standard. In practice
almost all Bluetooth devices developed to
date support only one of these options, most
being the low power, short range, option.
Class 3 - 1 mW (0dBm) with a
'typical range' of 10m
Class 2 - 2.5 mW (4dBm) with a
Class 1 - 100 mW (20dBm) with a
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Bluetooth

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ZigBee
Very low duty cycle, very long primary battery
life,
Static and dynamic star and mesh networks,
>65,000 nodes, with low latency available,
Ability to remain quiescent for long periods
without communications,
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum allows
devices to sleep without the requirement for
close synchronization.

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ZigBee
Is an interoperable IEEE 802.15.4 standards
based RF wireless communications
technology designed for industrial, residential,
and home control and monitor applications.
Multi-channel frequency bands include
2.4GHz, 902MHz to 928MHz, and 868MHz to
870MHz at data rates of 250kbps, 40kbps,
and 20kbps respectively.

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ZigBee
The first ZigBee-compliant products are expected
in Q4/2004 with large-scale product deployment
commencing in 2005. A representative update
follows:
Semiconductor – multiple manufacturers sampling
radios with Development Kits available.
ZigBee Alliance – first networking standard, V1.0,
scheduled for release Q4/2004. Wireless lighting
and control will be first defined profile.

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ZigBee
Maximum Speed (KBPS)?

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WiFi
802.11 g/b/n

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Z-Wave
Z-Wave™ is a wireless RF-based
communications technology
designed for residential and light
commercial control and status
reading applications such as meter
reading, lighting and appliance
control, HVAC, access control,
intruder and fire detection, etc.
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Z-Wave
To ensure the lowest possible cost,
Z-Wave is dedicated to control and
status reading applications, and
therefore operates with a
bandwidth of just 9.6 kbps. Z-
Wave is not suited for bandwidth
intensive applications such as
voice/video transfer.
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Z-Wave
The technology can link as many as 264
Z-Wave-enabled devices and adapters
in a mesh network along with a
controller, such as a handheld remote,
that sends out commands. In addition
to receiving commands, the chip in
each adapter can act as a relay to
extend the range of the network. This
mesh technology makes it easy to set
up and allows for lower power
consumption
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Z-Wave
Z-Wave is designed to enable
automatic network address
assignment at installation, simple
inclusion/exclusion of nodes, and
simple association/disassociation
of nodes to one another.

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Z-Wave
These protocol-handling
techniques ensure easy
installation, expansion, and
management of the Z-Wave
control network. Further, each Z-
Wave network has its own unique
Network Identifier preventing
control problems or interference
from neighboring networks.
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Z-Wave
Maximum number of Pins

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RFID
Radio frequency identification, or
RFID, is a generic term for
technologies that use radio waves to
automatically identify people or
objects. A serial number that
identifies a person or object, and
perhaps other information, on a
microchip that is attached to an
antenna

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RFID
The antenna enables the chip to
transmit the identification
information to a reader. The
reader converts the radio waves
reflected back from the RFID tag
into digital information that can
then be passed on to computers
that can make use of it
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RFID
A microchip with an antenna, and an
interrogator or reader with an antenna.
The reader sends out electromagnetic
waves. The tag antenna is tuned to
receive these waves. A passive RFID
tag draws power from field created by
the reader and uses it to power the
microchip’s circuits. The chip then
modulates the waves that the tag sends
back to the reader and the reader
converts the new waves into digital
data
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RFID
typically a tag would carry no more
than 2KB of data—enough to store
some basic information about the item
it is on. Companies are now looking at
using a simple "license plate" tag that
contains only a 96-bit serial number.
The simple tags are cheaper to
manufacture and are more useful for
applications where the tag will be
disposed of with the product packaging.
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RFID
Maximum number of Pins

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Bit Banging

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What is Parallel

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Why Parallel

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Parallel Protocols
Parallel data transmission types
IEEE-488 Parallel ( HPIB or GPIB )
Centronics Parallel Protocol ( Printer )
SCSI
IDE
ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture, 16 bit)
PCI (Referral Component Interconnect, 32 bit)
AGP

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IEEE-488 Parallel ( HPIB or GPIB )

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Centronics Parallel Protocol ( Printer )

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SCSI

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IDE

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ISA (Industrial Standard
Architecture, 16 bit) PC104

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PCI (Referral Component
Interconnect, 32 bit)PC104+

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tbd

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tbd

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tbd

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Sub sections to parallel and
serial protocols
Wired connections
Wireless connections
Radio Frequency (RF)
Infrared (IR)

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How to Selection a protocol or
to develop your own
Amount of data
Speed of processor
Hardware or software implementation
Number of available pins
Number of sensor

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Communication Protocols

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Communication Protocols

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copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

B.S. Mechanical Engineering SJSU

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

An asynchronous bus, data is sent without a

Full-duplex means data can be sent and

Half-duplex is when data can be sent or

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

A multi-master bus is a master/slave bus that

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

Slave: A device that either transmits or

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

The term multi-drop describes an interface in

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

Stop Bit: In serial communications, the bit inserted

Parity Bit: The Parity Bit is the bit that is used to

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

EBCDIC : Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

01100001 01110111 01100001 01111001 00101110

Letters = 7, punctuation = 1, spaces = 2

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

Micro-wire is a three-wire synchronous

A full-duplex bus, Micro-wire is capable

Micro-wire has the same advantages and

Maximum number of devices-7

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All

copyright 2004 Greg Hayward All