Gordon College

Statistics (EDM 503) 2nd sem 2013-2014: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Mr. Darwin P. Paguio

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Objectives
 The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any significant
differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups.

 Extension of the t-test; used when comparing 3 or more groups in terms of a criterion variable in the
interval or ratio scale. Examples: comparison among a) nursing, education & engineering students in
terms of study habit scores; b) lecture discussion, modular & peer teaching approaches in teaching
algebra among high school students with high math aptitude in terms of final exam scores; c) effects of
daily home study hours (less than 1 hour, 1 - less 2 hrs, 2 - less than 3 hrs, 3 – less than 4 hrs, 4 hrs or
more) on final grades.

What does this test do?

The one-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and determines whether
any of those means are significantly different from each other. Specifically, it tests the null hypothesis:

Where µ = group mean and k = number of groups. If, however, the one-way ANOVA returns a significant result
then we accept the alternative hypothesis (HA), which is that there are at least 2 group means that are
significantly different from each other.
At this point, it is important to realize that the one-way ANOVA is an omnibus test statistic and cannot tell you
which specific groups were significantly different from each other only that at least two groups were. To
determine which specific groups differed from each other you need to use a post-hoc test.

Assumptions
 Independent variable consists of two or more categorical independent groups.
 Dependent variable is either interval or ratio (continuous).
 Dependent variable is approximately normally distributed for each category of the independent
variable.
 Equality of variances between the independent groups (homogeneity of variances).
 Independence of cases.

Example Research Question: Is there a difference in the artistic ability of heterosexuals, bisexuals and
homosexuals?
Data: a) Ho: There is no difference in the artistic ability of heterosexuals,
hetero bi homo bisexuals and homosexuals.
80.00 80.00 81.00 H1: There is a difference in the artistic ability of heterosexuals, bisexuals
60.00 85.00 90.00 and homosexuals.
63.00 83.00 78.00 b) Alpha = 0.05
70.00 85.00 93.00 c) One-way ANOVA
64.00 80.00 84.00 d) SPSS data layout & process: analyze, compare means, one-way
ANOVA, factor-sex / dependent list –artistic ability, post hoc, Tukey,
SPSS Data Laout continue, options, descriptives, continue, ok
Sex Artistic e) decision: Reject Ho; p = 0.001 < 0.05
Ability f) conclusion: A difference in artistic ability exists among heterosexuals,
1.00 80.00 bisexuals and homosexuals at the 0.05 level of significance.
1.00 60.00 g) Specifically, heterosexuals differ from bisexuals & homosexuals. The
1.00 63.00 latter appear to have higher art ability than the former; Bisexuals &
homosexuals exhibit the same level of art ability.
Gordon College
Statistics (EDM 503) 2nd sem 2013-2014: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Mr. Darwin P. Paguio

1.00 70.00
1.00 64.00
2.00 80.00
2.00 85.00
2.00 83.00
2.00 85.00
2.00 80.00
3.00 81.00
3.00 90.00
3.00 78.00
3.00 93.00
3.00 84.00
De scriptives
ART
95% Confidenc e Interval for
St d. Mean
N Mean Deviat ion St d. E rror Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
1.00 5 67.4000 7.92465 3.54401 57.5603 77.2397 60.00 80.00
2.00 5 82.6000 2.50998 1.12250 79.4834 85.7166 80.00 85.00
3.00 5 85.2000 6.22093 2.78209 77.4757 92.9243 78.00 93.00
Total 15 78.4000 9.84015 2.54072 72.9507 83.8493 60.00 93.00

ANOVA

ART
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 924.400 2 462.200 12.863 .001
Wi thin Groups 431.200 12 35.933
Total 1355.600 14

MultipleCom
parisons

DependentVariable:artistic

95%ConfidenceInterval

(I)sexual (J)sexual MeanDiference(I-J) Std.Error Sig. LowerBound UpperBound

TukeyHSD hetero bi -15.20000* 3.79122 .005 -25.3145 -5.0855

hom
o -17.80000* 3.79122 .001 -27.9145 -7.6855

bi hetero 15.20000* 3.79122 .005 5.0855 25.3145

hom
o -2.60000 3.79122 .776 -12.7145 7.5145

hom
o hetero 17.80000* 3.79122 .001 7.6855 27.9145

bi 2.60000 3.79122 .776 -7.5145 12.7145

Gordon College
Statistics (EDM 503) 2nd sem 2013-2014: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Mr. Darwin P. Paguio

ART
Tukey HSD a
Subset for alpha = .05
SEX N 1 2
1.00 5 67.4000
2.00 5 82.6000
3.00 5 85.2000
Sig. 1.000 .776
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are dis played.
a. Us es Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 5.000.

Sample Tables: Differences (One Way Anova)

Table
Differences: Artistic ability of Heterosexuals, Bisexuals and Homosexuals.

Artistic Ability Sum of Degree of Mean F Value Sig

Squares Freedom Square
Between 924.400 2 462.200 12.863 0.001
Within 431.200 12 35.933
Total 1355.600 14
(Significant at alpha = 0.05)
There is a significant difference in the artistic ability of heterosexuals, bisexuals and homosexuals. The F
value of 12.863 with the corresponding probability value of 0.001 is significant at alpha = 0.05.
Specifically, heterosexuals differ from bisexuals & homosexuals. The latter appear to have higher art ability
than the former; Bisexuals and homosexuals exhibit the same level of art ability.

Table __
Post Hoc Analysis: Differences on the Artistic ability of Heterosexuals, Bisexuals and Homosexuals.
Groups Compared Mean Difference Sig
1 and 2 -15.200 0.005
1 and 3 -17.800 0.001
2 and 3 -2.600 0.776
(Significant at alpha = 0.05)

The significant difference between heterosexual and bisexual, heterosexual and homosexual. This
means that there is enough evidence to prove that those bisexual and homosexual are the ones with
higher art ability ratings compared with those in heterosexual.