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Noun Paradigms
Amuzgo de Xochistlahuaca, Guerrero, Mexico
The paradigms are for nouns which are obligatorily possessed and for possessed forms of
independent nouns. The nouns may have different forms for singular and plural and the
obligatorily possessed nouns may also have different forms for the singular or plural possessor.
Note that the forms for plural possessor generally have a change of tone or loss of final glottal
from the form for the singular possessor. For possessed nouns which are derived from
independent nouns, the root of the possessed form is generally a controlled syllable and ends
with a glottal when the possessor is singular, and loses the glottal when the possessor is plural.
Occasionally the form of the possessed noun is different from the free form. For example the
possessed form of chuee is xue. For obligatorily posseessed forms, the plural form may have a
change of tone or some other change.
Paradigm charts
Forms are given in the charts for each grammatical person.
The 3rd person singular general is the form used when the possessor is a noun which is singular
and it is the same form as the singular root. There are various changes to this form for the other
persons of the singular. The 3rd person plural general is the form used when the possessor is a
noun which is plural and is the same form as the plural root. There may be changes to this form
for the other persons of the plural.
In the paradigm charts a tone is given in parentheses following each grammatical person form,
and it is followed by a B or C (for ballistic or controlled syllable type). The tone and syllable
type are given for the root part of the noun only, and are not given for pronominal suffixes nor
for other syllables of the noun. On roots of nouns, ballistic syllables are usually written with a
single vowel and contolled syllables with a double vowel.
In the following example the root part of the word is given in bold:
1.a sing. tsotya̱ya (a) B mi padre
a
2. sing. tsotyeꞌ (b) B tu parde
3.a sing. def. tsotyeeⁿ (m) C su padre (de él o ella)
3.a sing. gen. tsotye (m) B su padre (de alguien)
The possessed nouns also have 3rd singular and plural forms for animals and things, but they are
not given in the charts. They are the same as the root form (the 3rd sing. gen. form) but with the
Some of the charts have four sections: (cf. caso (a.b) caballo)
singular noun with singular possessor
singular noun with plural possessor
plural noun with singular possessor
plural noun with plural possessor
Some of the charts do not include all four sections, especially those which are body parts.
Some may only include the forms for singular noun with singular possessor and plural noun with
plural possessor. (cf. canchooꞌ (m.m) cachete).
Whether the charts have all four sections or not, the nouns have the potential for having all four
forms. The tones for each grammatical person of a noun are the same whether the noun is
singular or plural. For example see the chart for nato (a.m) camino de.
chuee (m) huipil pl.: nchuee (m) cf. xue (m) huipil de
1.a pl. incl. cotoomya (a-b) C nuestro cotón, nuestros cotones (incl.)
a
1. pl. excl. cotoomyâ (a-b) C nuestro cotón, nuestros cotones (excl.)
a
2. pl. cotomꞌyoꞌ (a-b) B su cotón, sus cotones (de ustedes)
a
3. pl. def. cotoomna (a-b) C su cotón, sus cotones (de ellos o ellas)
3.a pl. gen. cotoom (a-b) C su cotón, sus cotones (de algunas personas)
jnda (m) hijo de, hija de pl.: ntseinda (m.m) [Pos. sing.]
nda (m) hijo de, hija de pl.: nda (m) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. jndaaya (m-a) C mi hijo, mi hija
a
2. sing. jndaꞌ (m) B tu hijo, tu hija
3.a sing. def. jnaaⁿ (m) C su hijo (de él o ella)
3.a sing. gen. jnda (m) B su hijo (de alguien)
jndye (m), tseiꞌjndye (b.m) cuerno pl.: ndeiꞌjndye (b.m) [Sus. indep.]
jndyeeꞌ (m), tseiꞌjndyeeꞌ (b.m) cuerno de [Pos. sing.]
jndyee (m), tseiꞌjndyee (b.m) [Pos. pl.]
nnꞌaⁿ (m) gente, personas; pl. de tsꞌaⁿ (m) persona [Sus. indep.]
nnꞌaaⁿꞌ (m) pariente de [Pos. sing.]
nnꞌaaⁿ (m) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing.
2.a sing.
3.a sing. def.
3.a sing. gen. nda̱aḻ ꞌo̱ (b-m.m) B sus dedos (de alguien)
sto (m), tsuaꞌsto (b.m) bandeja pl.: to ?, luaꞌsto (b.m.) [Sus. indep.)
stooꞌ (m) bandeja de pl.: luaꞌtooꞌ ? [Pos. sing.]
pl.: luaꞌtoo [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. stoya (m) B / mi bandeja
stooꞌa (m-a) C
a
2. sing. stoꞌ (m-a) B tu bandeja
3.a sing. def. stoomꞌm (m) C su bandeja (de él o ella)
3.a sing. gen. stooꞌ (m) C su bandeja (de alguien)
tycwiꞌ (m) muslo de, pierna de pl.: ntcwiꞌ (m) [Pos. sing.]
pl.: ntcwiꞌ (b) [Pos. pl.]
Written tcwiꞌ in the dictionary.
1.a sing. tcwiiꞌa (m-a) C mi pierna
a
2. sing. tcwiꞌ (m-a) B tu pierna
a
3. sing. def. tcweeⁿꞌeⁿ (m) C su pierna (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tcwiꞌ (m) B su pierna (de alguien)
tsaⁿlco (a.m) novio, yerno, cuñado pl.: naⁿlco (m.m) [Sus. indep.]
tsaⁿlcooꞌ (a.m) novio de, yerno de, cuñado de pl.: naⁿlcooꞌ (m.m) [Pos. sing.]
tsaⁿlcoo (a.m) pl.: naⁿlcoo (m.m) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. tsaⁿlcoya (m) B mi cuñado
a
2. sing. tsaⁿlcoꞌ (m-a) B tu cuñado
a
3. sing. def. tsaⁿlcoomꞌm (m) C su cuñado (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tsaⁿlcooꞌ (m) C su cuñado (de alguien)
tsaⁿxeⁿ (a.b) suegro pl.: naⁿnqueⁿ (a.b) cf. xeeⁿꞌ (b) suegro de
tscwii (m) teta de, pecho de pl.: ntscwii (m) [Pos. sing.]
pl.: lcwii (a) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. tscwiya (a) B mi teta
a
2. sing. tscwiꞌ (b) B tu teta
a
3. sing. def. tscweeⁿ (m-a) C su teta (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tscwii (m) C su teta (de alguien)
tseiꞌsndaaꞌ (b a-b) escápula de, paleta de pl.: ndeiꞌsndaaꞌ (b a-b) [Pos. sing.]
pl.: ndeiꞌsndaaꞌ (b.a-b) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. tseiꞌsndaꞌa (a) B mi paleta
a
2. sing. tseiꞌsndaꞌ (a-b) B tu paleta
a
3. sing. def. tseiꞌsnaⁿꞌaⁿ (a) B / su paleta (de él o ella)
tseiꞌsnaaⁿꞌaⁿ (a-b) C
a
3. sing. gen. tseiꞌsndaaꞌ (b a-b) C su paleta (de alguien)
1.a sing.
2.a sing.
3.a sing. def.
3.a sing. gen. lompaaꞌ (a-b) C compadres (de alguien)
tsondyee (a.b-m) madre de, mamá de, pl.: londyee (a.b-m) [Pos. sing.]
londyee (a.b-m) pl.: londyee (a.b-m) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. tsondyo̱ (b) B mi madre
a
2. sing. tsoꞌndyoꞌ (m) B tu madre
a
3. sing. def. tsoñeeⁿ (b) C su madre (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tsondyee (b-m) C su madre (de alguien)
1.a sing.
2.a sing.
3.a sing. def.
3.a sing. gen.
tsotye (a.m) padre de, papá de pl.: lotye (a.m) [Pos. sing.]
tsotye (a.b) pl.: lotye (a.b) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. tsotya̱ya (a) B mi padre
a
2. sing. tsotyeꞌ (b) B tu parde
a
3. sing. def. tsotyeeⁿ (m) C su padre (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tsotye (m) B su padre (de alguien)
tsuaꞌ nnom (b.m) párpado de (eyelid) pl.: luaꞌnnom (b.m) [Pos, sing.]
pl.: luaꞌnda̱a̱ (b.b-m) [Pos. pl.]
cf. nnom (m) cara
a
1. sing.
2.a sing.
3.a sing. def.
3.a sing. gen. tsuaꞌnnom (b.m) B su párpado (de alguien)
tyjee (b-m) pariente de menor edad de pl.: ntyjee (b-m) [Pos. sing.]
tyjee (b-m) pl.: ntyjee (b-m) [Pos. pl.]
ndyentyjee (m.b-m) is also used for plural noun with sing. or pl. possessor
1.a sing. tyjo̱ (a-b) B mi hermanito, mi hermanita
a
2. sing. tyꞌiuꞌ (m) B tu hermanito, tu hermanita
a
3. sing. def. tyjeeⁿ (b) C su hermanito, su hermanita (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tyjee (b-m) C su hermanito, su hermanita (de alguien)
tyꞌo (m) dueño de (dueño de animal) pl.: ntyꞌo (m) [Pos. sing.]
[Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. tyꞌoya (m) B mi dueño
a
2. sing. tyꞌoꞌ (m) B tu dueño
a
3. sing. def. tyꞌoom (m) C su dueño (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. tyꞌo (m) B su dueño (de algún animal)
1.a sing.
2.a sing.
3.a sing. def.
3.a sing. gen. nquio (m) tíos (de alguien)
1.a sing.
2.a sing.
3.a sing. def.
3.a sing. gen. ncjo (m) B sus tías (de alguien)
xochiꞌ, xiochiꞌ (m.m) (b.m)? comal pl.: ncochiꞌ, nquiochiꞌ (m.m) [Sus. indep.]
xochiiꞌ (m.m) comal de [Pos. sing.]
xochii (m.m) [Pos. pl]
Tone given in dictionary: (b.m); in tone charts: (m.m)
1.a sing. xochiiꞌa (m-a) C mi comal
a
2. sing. xochiꞌ (m-a) B tu comal
a
3. sing. def. xocheeⁿꞌeⁿ (m) C su comal (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. xochiiꞌ (m) C su comal (de alguien)
xtyoꞌ (m) cuello de, puscuello de, garganta de pl.: cantyoꞌ (b.m) [Pos. sing.]
xtyoꞌ (b) pl.: cantyoꞌ (b.b) [Pos. pl.]
1.a sing. xtyo̱ꞌa (a) B mi cuello
a
2. sing. xtyoꞌ (a-b) B tu cuello
a
3. sing. def. xtyoomꞌm (m) C su cuello (de él o ella)
a
3. sing. gen. xtyoꞌ (m) B su cuello (de alguien)