GENERAL STUDIES

GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY

1. Geographical Facts about India.

1.1 Location

ß The Union of India is the seventh largest country in the world covering an area of 32,87,590 square
kilometers and it is an important country of south Asia.
ß South Asia has a total area of about 4.488 million sq. km out of which India has the largest area (3.287
sq. km). It occupies 73.2 % of total area.
ß It is 4 times largest than Pakistan which is second largest in South Asia. India is 12 times largest that
UK and 8 times largest than Japan.
ß The mainland stretches from latitude 8o4' north to 37o6' north and from longitude 68o7' east to 97o25'
east of Greenwhich. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the country is almost same in degrees i.e.
about 30 degrees.
ß The southernmost point in Indian Territory, (in Great Nicobar Islands) is the Indira Point (6o45), while
Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the southernmost point of Indian mainland. The country
thus lies wholly in the northern and eastern hemispheres.
ß The 82o30' E longitude is taken as Standard Time Meridian of India, as it passes through the middle of
India (from Naini, near Allahabad.) Hence Naini, Near Allahabad is the Standard Time of India.
ß The country is of a vast size and measures about 3,214 kilometers from north to south and about 2,933
kilometers from west to east.
ß Indian Standard Time:- GMT +05:30
ß Telephone Country Code:- +91
ß Coastline:- 7,516.6 km encompassing the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman &
Nicobar Islands.

1.2 Ocean

ß India lies midway between the Far East and the Middle East. The trans-Indian Ocean routes connecting
the industrially developed countries of Europe in the west and the underdeveloped countries of east
Asia pass close by. India being centrally located in South Asia, she enjoys an advantageous-position for
doing trade with Australia and the countries of Africa, the Middle East and the Far East. Thus, India
dominates the Indian Ocean and commands an important strategic position. Her land frontier is 15,200
kilometers long. Her northern borderland, being mountainous, is very difficult to cross and it offers
very few transport facilities for trade with the arid, almost barren and very sparsely populated regions
of Central Asia. India has a coastline of 6,100 kilometers in the main land and she depends on the
Indian Ocean for bulk of her foreign trade. The total length of the coastline of the mainland,
Lakshadweep group of Islands and Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands is 7,519.5 km.

India Facts
Territorial Sea 12 nm (nautical miles)
Contiguous Zone 24 nm
Exclusive economic 200 nm
Zone
Continental Shelf 200 nm or to the edge of the
continental margin
Longest River Ganga
Largest Lake Lake Chilka
Highest Point Mt. K2 (8611 m)
Highest Point of Kanchan Junga (8,598 m)
Himalaya
Lowest Point Kuttanad (-2.2 m)
Northernmost Point Siachen Glacier near Karakoram
Southernmost Point Indira Point, Great Nicobar,
 Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Southernmost Point Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari)
of India (Mainland)
Westernmost Point West of Ghuar Mota, Gujarat
Easternmost Point Kibithu, Arunachal Pradesh
Highest Altitude Kanchenjunga, Sikkim
Lowest Altitude Kuttanad (Kerala)

Physical Boundaries :- The sub-continent is isolated in a remarkable way from the rest of Asia, making it a
geographical unit. For example, barring the plateau of Baluchistan the two great ranges, namely, the Sulaiman
and the Kirthar, cut it off from the west. Along the North the great mountains wall formed by the Hindu Kush,
Karakoram and the Himalayas, cut it off the countries that lie beyond as the mountains are very high and
difficult to cross. Similarly, the Southward offshoots of the Eastern Himalayas separate it from Burma.

The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the country is almost the same in degrees
i.e. about 30 degrees. But in kilometers, the north-south distance (about 3,200 km)
is more than that of the east-west.

The Himalayas and other lofty mountains- Muztagh Ata, Aghil Kunlun Mountains to the north of Kashmir and
south eastern portion of Zaskar mountains to east of Himachal Pradesh - from India's northern boundary, except
in the Nepal region. She is adjoined in the north by China, Nepal and Bhutan. A series of mountain ranges in the
east separate India from Burma. Also, in the east, lies Bangladesh bounded by Indian States of West Bengal,
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. In the north-west, Afghanistan and Pakistan border on India. The
Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Srilanka.

1.3 Important rivers of India

Name Origin From Fall into Length (km)

Ganges Combined Sources Bay of Bengal 2525
Satluj Mansarovar Rakas Lakes Chenab 1050
Indus Near Mansarovar Lake Arabian Sea 2880
Ravi Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass Chenab 720
Beas Near Rohtang Pass Satluj 470
Jhelum Verinag in Kashmir Chenab 725
Yamuna Yamunotri Ganga 1375
Chambal M.P. Yamuna 1050
Ghagra Matsatung Glacier Ganga 1080
Kosi Near Gosain Dham Park Ganga 730
Betwa Vindhyanchal Yamuna 480
Son Amarkantak Ganga 780
Brahmaputra Near Mansarovar Lake Bay of Bengal 2900
Narmada Amarkantak Gulf of Khambat 1057
Tapti Betul Distt. Of MP Gulf of Khambat 724
Mahanadi Raipur Distt. In Chattisgarh Bay of Bengal 858
Luni Aravallis Rann of kuchchh 450
Ghaggar Himalayas Near Fatehabad 494
Sabarmati Aravallis Gulf of Khambat 416
Krishna Western ghats Bay of Bengal 1327
Godavari Nasik distt. In Maharashtra Bay of Bengal 1465
Cauvery Brahmagir Range of Western Bay of Bengal 805
Ghats
 Tungabhadra Western Ghats Krishna River 640

1.4 Indian states sharing borders with other countries

Neighboring Country States

Bordering Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujrat
Bordering China Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim
and Arunachal Pradesh
Bordering Nepal Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal
Bordering Bangladesh West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom
Bordering Bhutan West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Asom
Bordering Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram
Bordering Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).

2. Information on States in India

1) Largest state (in terms of area)—Rajasthan

2) Smallest state—Goa
3) Most populous state —Uttar Pradesh
4) Least populous state— Sikkim
5) Most populous union territory (not including Delhi) —Puducherry
6) Least populous union territory—Lakshadweep
7) Most densely populated state—Bihar
8) Least densely populated state—Arunachal Pradesh
9) First state to be formed on linguistic basis—Andhra Pradesh
10) Most literate state—Kerala according to 2011census
11) Least literate state—Bihar
12) The state with the longest coastline— Gujarat
13) The state having boundaries with seven states and two countries—Assam
14) The state surrounded on three sides by Bangladesh—Tripura
15) The states which have neither an international boundary nor a coastline—M.P.,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Haryana
16) The state surrounded by three countries and one state—Sikkim

3. Major ports of India:

Western Coast Eastern Coast

Kandla (child of partition)
Mumbai (busiest and biggest)
Jawahar Lal Nehru (fastest growing)
Marmugao (naval base also)
Mangalore (exports Kudremukh iron-ore)
Cochin (natural Harbour)
Kolkata-Haldia (riverine port)
Paradip (exports raw iron to Japan)
Vishakjapatnam (deepest port)
Chennai (oldest and artifical)
Ennore (most modern-in private
hands)
Tuticorin (southernmost )

Few Facts about some port:- Among major ports, Mumbai is the biggest. Kandla is a tidal port. Marmugao
enjoys the second position by value of the tonnage of the bulk of which is export of Iron core. Vishakhapatnam
is the deepest land-locked and protected port. Chennai has an artificial harbour, Kolkata is a riverine port,
Haldia has a fully equipped containerised berth.
4. List of important dams in India

Dam River State

1.Tehri Dam Bhagirathi Uttarakhand
2.Bhakra Dam Sutlej Himachal Pradesh
3.Idukki arch Dam Periyar Kerala
4. Lakhwar Dam Yamuna Uttarakhand
5.Sardar Sarover Dam Narmada Gujarat
6. Srisailam Dam Krishna Telangna/Andhra Pradesh
7.Ranjit Sagar Dam Ravi Punjab
8. Baglihar Dam Chenab Jammu & Kashmir
9. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Krishna Telangna/Andhra Pradesh
10. Salal Dam Chenab Jammu & Kashmir
11. Koyna Dam Koyna Maharashtra
12. Rihand Dam Rihand Uttar Pradesh
13. Ukai Dam Tapi Gujarat
14. Indira Sagar Dam Narmada Madhya Pradesh
15. Chutak Hydroelectric Power Suru Jammu & Kashmir (Kargil district)
plant

16. Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Sindhu Jammu & Kashmir (Leh district)
Power plant

17. Uri Dam Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir (Baramula district)

18. Mettur Dam Kaveri Tamil Nadu
19. Hirakud Dam Mahanadi Odisha
20. Jawahar Sagar Dam Chambal Rajasthan
21. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam Chambal Rajasthan
22. Koteshwar Dam Bhagirathi Uttarakhand
23. Gandhi Sagar Dam Chambal Madhya Pradesh
24. Omkareshwar Dam Narmada Madhya Pradesh
25. Mullaperiyar Dam Periyar Kerala (idukki district)

5. Major Nuclear Power Stations in India

Power Station Location District State

1. Kaiga Nuclear Kaiga Uttar Kannada Karnataka
power station
2. Kakrapar Kakrapar Surat Gujarat
Nuclear power
station
3. Narora Narora Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh
4. Tarapur Atomic Tarapur Thane Maharashtra
power station
5. Kundakulam Kundankulam Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu
Nuclear Power
Plant
6. Jaitapur Nuclear Madban Ratnagiri Maharashtra
Power Project
Ratagiri
7. Gorakhpur Fatehabad Fatehabad Haryana
Atomic Power
Station

6. Major Thermal Power Plants (TPP) in India

Power Station District State

1. Mundra (TPP) Kutch Gujarat
2. Vindhyachal Super Singrauli Madhya Pradesh
Thermal Power Station
3. Tirora (TPP) Gondia Maharashtra
4. Amravati (TPP) Amravati Maharashtra
5. Korba Super Thermal Korba Chhattisgarh
Power Plant
6. Sant Singaji (TPP) East Nimar Madhya Pradesh

7. Chandrapur Super (TPP) Chandrapu Maharashtra

r
8. Sipat Thermal Power Bilaspur Chattisgarh
Plant
9. Khaperkheda Thermal Nagpur Maharashtra
Power Station
10. Satpura Thermal Power Betul Madhya Pradesh
Station
11. Ukai Thermal Power Tapi Gujarat
Station
12. Bhilai Expansion Power Durg Chhattisgarh
Plant
13. Sikka Thermal Power Jamnagar Gujarat
Station
14. Talcher Super Thermal Angul Odisha
Power Station
15. Hirakud Captive Power Sambalpur Odisha
Plant
16. Barauni Thermal Begusarai Bihar
Power Station
17. Patratu Thermal Power Ranchi Jharkhand
Station
18. Bokaro Thermal Power Bokaro Jharkhand
Station
19. Durgapur Thermal Bardhaman West Bengal
Power Station
20. Rihand Thermal Power Sonebhadr UP
Station a
21. Vindhyachal Thermal Singrauli MP
Power Station
22. Anpara Thermal Power Kuldomari UP
Station
23. Obra Thermal Power Obra UP
Station
24. Rosa (TPS) Shahjahan UP
pur
25. Chhabra (TPP) Baran Rajasthan
26. Panki (TPS) Kanpur Uttar Pradeh
27. Simhadri Super Vishakapat Andhra Pradesh
Thermal Power Plant nam
28. Udupi Thermal Power Udupi Karnataka
Plant
29. Bellary Thermal Power Bellary Karnataka
station
30. Mettur Theral Power Salem Tamil Nadu
Station

7. National Parks in India with their location

Gir Forests Home of Asiatic Lion, In Gujrat

Kaziranga Sanctuary One horned rhino, in Asom,
Manas Sanctuary One horned rhino, in Asom,
Chandraprabha Sanctuary Home of Asiatic Lion, in UP
Ghana or Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary In Bharatpur, Home of tiger
Dachigam Sanctuary For Hangul, In Kashmir
Corbett National Park In Uttarakhand, Home of tiger
Kanha National Park In MP
Shiv Puri National Park In MP
Hazaribagh National Park In Jharkhand
Pariyar Game Sanctuary In Kerala
Dudhwa National Park In UP
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary In TN
Nokrek National Park In Meghalaya
Sariska Sanctuary In Rajasthan
Ranthambhor National Park In Rajasthan
Namdapha National Park In Arunachal Pradesh
Kelbut Lmjo Floating National Park In Manipur
Palamau tiger project In Bihar
Simlipal National Park In Orrisa
Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary In Mysur, Karnataka
Nagarhore National Park In Karnataka
Mudumalai Sanctuary In TN.
Balpakaram Sanctuary In Meghalaya
Bandipur Sanctuary Along the Karnataka- Tamil Nadu Border
Jaldapara Sanctuary In West Bengal. For rthinos
Wild Ass Sanctuary In Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, for wild ass.
8. States & Capital & Chief Minister

State Capital Chief Minister

1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad N. Chandrababu Naidu

2. Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Nabam Tuki
3. Assam Dispur Tarun Gogoi
4. Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar
5. Chhatisgarh Raipur Dr. Raman Singh
6. Goa Panaji Laxmikant Pareskar
7. Gujarat Gandhinagar Anandiben Patel
8. Haryana Chandigarh Manohar Lal Khattar
9. Himachal Pradesh Chandigarh Virbhadra Singh
10. Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar Mufti Mohammed Sayeed
11. Jharkhand Ranchi Raghubar Das
12. Karnataka Bengaluru Siddaramaiah
13. Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Oommen Chandy
14. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Shivraj Singh Chouhan
15. Maharashtra Mumbai Devendra Fadanvis
16. Manipur Imphal Okram Ibobi Singh
17. Meghalya Shillong Mukul Sangma
18. Mizoram Aizwal Pu Lal Thanhawla
19. Nagaland Kohima T. R. Zeliang
20. Odisha Bhubaneswar Naveen Patnaik
21. Punjab Chandigarh Prakash Singh Badal
22. Rajasthan Jaipur Vasundhra Raje
23. Sikkim Gangtok Pawan Chamling
24. Tamil Nadu Chennai J. Jayalalithaa
25. Telangana Hyderabad K. Chandrasekhara Rao
26. Tripura Agartala Manik Sarkar
27. Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Akhilesh Yadav
28. Uttarakhand Dehradun Harish Rawat
29. West Bengal Kolkata Mamata Banerjee

9. List of Chief Minister of India’s Union Territory

Union Territory Capital Chief Minister/ Lt.
Governors/Administrator
Delhi Arvind Kejriwal
Pondicheerry (Puducherry) N. Rangaswamy
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair A.K. Singh (L.G.)
Chandigarh Kaptan Singh Solanki (Administrator)
Daman & Diu Daman Ashish Kundhra (Administrator)
Dadar & Nagar Haveli Silvasa Ashish Kundra (Administrator)
Lakshadweep Kavaratti H. Rajesh Prasad (Administrator)

10. Important International Lines

Line Countries divided

Radcliffe Line India and Pakistan
Macmahan Line India and China
Durand Line Pakistan and Afghanistan
Maginot Line France and Germany
38th Parallel North and South Korea
17th Parallel North and South Vietnam
49th Parallel USA and Canada
11. AWARDS & FIELDS:

1. Bharat Ratna – It is the highest civilian award of the India. The award was given for outstanding
achievements in the arts, literature, science and public services but the government expanded the
criteria to include "any field of human endeavour". The number of annual awards is restricted to a
maximum of three in a particular year.
2. Nobel Prize - The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the
fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics.
3. Saraswati Samman – Literature
Note: The award was instituted in 1991 by the K. K. Birla Foundation. It is an annual award given
for outstanding prose or poetry literary works in any 22 Indian languages.
4. Jnanpith award – Literature
Note: The award was instituted in 1961 and it is It is presented by the Bharatiya Jnanpith, a trust founded by
the Sahu Jain family, the publishers of the newspaper The Times of India. It is an annual award given for
outstanding prose or poetry literary works in any 22 Indian languages.
5. Vyas Samman – Literature
Note: Vyas Samman is awarded annually by the K.K. Birla Foundation in recognition of the Hindi
literary work published in past 10 years.
6. Bihari Puraskar – Literature
Note: Bihari Puraskar is a literary award instituted by K. K. Birla Foundation. The award is named after the
famous Hindi poet Bihari and is awarded to an outstanding work published in Hindi or Rajasthani
by a Rajasthani writer.
7. Moorti Devi Award – Literature
Note: The Moortidevi Award is an annual literary award in India presented by the Bharatiya
Jnanpith organization for a work which emphasizes Indian philosophy and culture.
8. Booker Prize – Literature
Note: It is an annual award for the best original novel, written in the English language, and
published in the UK literary award
9. Dadasaheb Phalke Award – Cinema/Films
Note: The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema. It is presented annually at
the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organisation set up by
the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
10. Arjuna Award - outstanding performance from the sportspersons in sports and games.
Note: The Government has modified the format of Arjuna Award very recently and as per the revised
schematic guidelines a sportsperson must have very good consistent performances for the previous 3
years at the international level to be considered as eligible for the Award.
11. Dronacharya Award – eminent coaches of any particular sport
Note: The award is named after the very famous archery coach, mentioned in the epic of India
known as the Mahabharata. This very award is not related with the sportspersons who are still
playing in the field; instead this is related to those eminent coaches of any particular sport.
12. Dhyan Chand Award - The award that is given to the veteran sportspersons of India for their
lifetime achievement in their respective field of sport is named as the Dhyan Chand Award for Life
Time Achievement in Sports and Games.
13. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award - The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna is the highest honour bestowed to
a sportsperson for his/her achievements in India.
14. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize – for Science & Technology
Note: The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology (SSB) is a science award in India given
annually by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for notable and outstanding research,
applied or fundamental, in biology, chemistry, environmental science, engineering, mathematics,
medicine and Physics.
15. Kalinga Prize – Science
Note: The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is an award given by UNESCO for exceptional skill in
presenting scientific ideas to lay people.
16. Pulitzer Prize – Journalism
Note: The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper and online journalism, literature, and
musical composition in the United States.
17. Abel Prize – Mathematics
Note: The Abel Prize is an international prize awarded annually by the Government of Norway to one
or more outstanding mathematicians.
18. Grammy Award – Music
Note: A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an accolade by the National Academy of Recording Arts and
Sciences of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry.
19. Stirling Prize - Architecture
Note: The Royal Institute of British Architects Stirling Prize is a British prize for excellence in architecture.
20. Aga Khan Award – Architecture
Note: The Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA) is an architectural prize established by Aga
Khan IV in 1977. It aims to identify and reward architectural concepts that successfully address the
needs and aspirations of Islamic societies in the fields of contemporary design, social housing,
community development and improvement.
21. Pritzker Prize – Architecture
Note: The Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded annually "to honor a living architect.

12. List of Important Temples

¸ Srisailam Temple – Andhra Pradesh

¸ Siddhivinayak Temple–Maharashtra
¸ Tirupathi Temple – Andhra Pradesh
¸ Sabrimala Temple-Kerala
¸ Kamakhya Temple - Assam
¸ Amarnath Temple-Jammu & Kashmir
¸ Sukresvara temple – Assam
¸ Markandeshwar Temple-Haryana
¸ Meenakshi temple – Madurai, Tamil Nadu
¸ Brihadeeswarar Temple-Tamil Nadu
¸ Golden temple – Amritsar, Punjab
¸ Konark Sun Temple-Odisha
¸ Somnath temple – Gujarat
¸ Birla Mandir-Jaipur
¸ Mahabodhi Temple – Gaya, Bihar

13. Famous Places in India

¸ Taj Mahal – Agra

¸ Mehrangarh Fort–Jodhpur, Rajasthan
¸ Darbar Sahib – Amritsar, Punjab
¸ Janatar Mantar–Delhi
¸ Humayun’s Tomb – Delhi
¸ Cubbon Park–Bangalore
¸ The Red Fort – Delhi
¸ Dal Lake–Jammu & Kashmir
¸ Qutub Minar – Delhi
¸ Jal Mahal–Jaipur, Rajasthan
¸ Hawa Mahal – Jaipur, Rajasthan
¸ Salar Jung Museum–Hyderabad, Telangana
¸ Lotus Temple – Delhi
¸ Victoria Memorial - Kolkata
14. List of Trophies & Cups

Cricket Hockey Football MISC

Ashes Cup Sultan Azlan Shah Cup Rovers Cup Table Tennis
Asia Cup , Sindhia Gold cup, Kalinga Cup, Travancore Cup
C.K. Naidu Trophy Aga khan Cup Bandodkar Trophy (women)
Rothmans Cup, Murugappa Gold Cup, Santosh Trophy, Bama Belleck Cup
Deodhar Trophy Maharaja Ranjit Singh Merdeka Cup Swathling Cup (men)
Sahara Cup, Gold Cup, IFA Shield,
Duleep Trophy Wellington Cup etc, Confederation cup, Lawn Tennis
Sharjah Cup, Dhyanchand Scissor Cup, Davis Cup
Gavaskar Border Trophy,Stanley Cup DCM Trophy, US Open
Trophy Nehru Trophy, Subroto Cup Australian Open
Singer Cup, Badminton Durand Cup, Heineken Cup
G.D. Birla Trophy Amrit Diwan Cup, Sir Ashutosh French Open
Titan Cup, Sophia Cup, Mukherjee Trophy, Wimbledon
Gillette Cup, Asia Cup, Rovers Cup,
Vijay Hazare Trophy, Kitiakara Cup, Todd Memorial Golf
ICC World Cup, Chaddha Cup, Trophy, Augusta Masters
Vijay Merchant Malaysian Open B.C. Raj Trophy US Maters
Trophy, European Cup, (National British Open
Irani Trophy, Thomas Cup (men) Championship),
Wisden Trophy, Harilela Cup, Vittal Trophy, Horse Racing
Jawharlal Nehru Cup, Uber Cup (women) FIFA world Cup, Derby
Wills Trophy. Ibrahim Rahimatillah UEFA Champions
Rani Jhansi Trophy, Challenger Cup, League
Ranji Trophy, Konica Cup, Jules Rimet Trophy,
15. HIGHEST / LONGEST/LARGEST in INDIA:

ITEM LOCATION
The Longest Mahatma Gandhi Setu Patna
River Bridge (5.575 km.)
The Largest Wular Lake (J & K)
Lake
The Largest Bhakra Dam, on Sutlej river
Dam (Punjab)
The Largest Thar (Rajasthan)
Desert
The Largest Kailash Temple ( Ellora,
cave temple Maharastra)
The Largest Jama Masjid (Delhi
mosque
The Longest Jawahar Tunnel, Banihal Pass
tunnel (J & K)
The Largest Sunderbans (W. Bengar)
Delta
The State Madhya Pradesh
with
maximum
forest area
The Longest Corridor of Ramnathswami
Corridor Temple at Rameswaram
(Tamil Nadu)
The highest Jog or Garsoppa (Karnataka)
Waterfall
The Longest Grand Trunk Road (Kolkata to
Road Delhi)
The highest Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur
Gate way Sikri( U.P.)
The Longest The Ganga (2640 km. long)
River
The Largest Indian Museum, Kolkata
Museum
The largest Gol Gumbuz, Bijapur (in
Dome Karantaka)
The tallest Gomateswara (Karnataka)
Statue
The largest State Bank of India
Public
Sector Bank
The biggest Rabindra Setu or Howrah
canti lever Bridge (Kolkata)
Bridge
The Longest Indira Gandhi Canal or
Canal Rajasthan Canal (Rajasthan)
The Longest Gorakhpur (U.P.)
Railway
Platform
The biggest Yuva Bharti (Salt Lake)
Stadium Stadium Kolkata
The most Mumbai (Maharashtra)
populous
City
The largest Anna Indira Gandhi Bridge
Sea Bridge (Tamil Nadu)
The longest Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari
Passenger
Train Route
The Oldest St. Thomas Church at Palayar,
Church Trichur (Kerala)
The Longest NH-7 (Varanasi to
National Kanyakumari)
Highway
The State Gujarat
with
Longest
Coast Line
The highest Devtal Lake, Gadhwal
Lake (Uttarakhand)
The largest Chilka Lake (Orissa)
Saline
Water Lake
The Largest Kolleru Lake (Andhra Pradesh)
Fresh Water
Lake
Largest Amarnath (J & K)
Cave
The Longest Godawari
River of
Southern
India
The Longest Hirakud Dam (Orissa)
Dam
The highest Param Vir Chakra
Gallantry
Award
The highest Bharat Ratna
Award
The largest Golden Temple, Amritsar
Gurudwara
The longest Marina Beach (Chennai)
Sea Beach
The Highest Road at Khardungla, (in Leh-
Road Manali Sector)
The Largest Govind Sagar ( Bhakhra
Artificial Nangal)
Lake
The Highest Siachen Glacier
Batttle field
and
the Longest
Glacier
The Biggest Majuli Bramhaputra river,
River Island (Assam)
The Largest Birla Planetorium (Kolkata)
Planetarium
The Highest Leh Airport (Ladakh)
Airports
16. International Airports in India

Name of the City name Name of the

state Airport
Andaman Port Blair Veer Savarkar
and Nicobar International
Islands Airport
Andhra Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam
Pradesh International
Airport
Assam Guwahati Lokpriya
Gopinath
Bordoloi
International
Airport
Bihar Gaya Gaya
International
Airport
Delhi New Delhi Indira Gandhi
International
Airport
Goa Goa/td Goa
International
Airport/Dabolim
Airport
Gujarat Ahmedabad Sardar
Vallabhbhai
Patel
International
Airport
Jammu & Srinagar Srinagar Airport
Kashmir
Karnataka Bengaluru Kempegowda
International
Airport
Karnataka Mangalore Mangalore
International
Airport
Kerala Kochi Cochin
International
Airport
Kerala Kozhikode Calicut
International
Airport
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Trivandrum
International
Airport
Madhya Bhopal Raja Bhoj
Pradesh International
Airport
Maharashtra Mumbai Chhatrapati
Shivaji
International
Airport
Maharashtra Nagpur Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar
International
Airport
Manipur Imphal Tulihal
International
Airport
Odisha Bhubaneswar Biju Patnaik
International
Airport
Punjab Amritsar Sri Guru Ram
Dass Jee
International
Airport
Rajasthan Jaipur Jaipur
International
Airport
Tamil Nadu Chennai Chennai
International
Airport
Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore
International
Airport
Tamil Nadu Madurai Madurai Airport
Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli
International
Airport
Telangana Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi
International
Airport
Uttar Lucknow Chaudhary
Pradesh Charan Singh
International
Airport
Uttar Varanasi Lal Bahadur
Pradesh Shastri Airport
West Bengal Kolkata Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose
International
Airport

17. Caves, Tombs, Temples, and monuments of India

Caves and Rock art

1) Ajanta Caves (WHS)–Aurangabad, Maharashtra

2) Amarnath Cave—Anantnag, Kashmir

3) Elephanta Caves (WHS)—Mumbai, Maharashtra

4) Ellora Caves (WHS)—Aurangabad, Maharashtra

5) Bhimbhetka Rock Shelters (WHS) —Raisen, M.P.

6) Borra Caves— Visakhapatnam, A.P.

Tombs and Location

1) Taj Mahal (WHS) — Agra

2) Akbar’s Tomb Sikandara, Agra

3) Itmaad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb— Agra

4) Humayun’s Tomb (WHS) —New Delhi

5) Bibi ka Maqbara —Aurangabad

6) Gol Gumbaz— Bijapur7) Tomb of Sher Shah Suri— Sasaram

18. Temples and Location

1) Cheena Kesava Temple —Belur, Karnataka

2) Black Pagoda or Sun Temple— Konark (Orissa)

3) Brihadiswara Temple (WHS) —Thanjuvur, Tamilnadu

4) Brihadiswara Temple (WHS) — Gangaikondacholisvaram, TN

5) Airavatesvara Temple (WHS) — Darasuram, Tamilnadu

6) Hazara Rama Temple (WHS) — Hampi, Karnataka

7) Virupaksha Temple (WHS) — Pattadakal, Karnataka

8) Golden Temple— Amritsar, Punjab

9) Jagannath Temple— Puri, Orissa

10) Kailasa Temple — Ellora, Maharashtra

11) Mahabaleshwar Temple —Ujjain (M.P.)

12) Minakshi Temple— Madurai, Tamilnadu

13) Shore Temple —Mahabalipuram, Tamilnadu

14) Somnath Temple —Junagarh, Gujarat

15) Tirupati Temple— Chittor, Andhra Pradesh

16) Sabarimala— Pathanamthitta, Kerala

17) Dilwara Temple— Mt.Abu

18) Kamakhya Temple— Guwahati, Assam

19) Zeishta Devi Temple— Srinagar, J & K

19. Gate and Location

1) Gateway of India —Mumbai

2) India Gate —New Delhi

3) Buland Darwaza —Fatehpur Sikri

20. Towers/Minars and Location

1) Charminar—Hyderabad

2) Kirti Stambha (Tower of Fame) — Chittorgarh

3) Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory) — Chittorgarh

4) Tower of Silence— Mumbai

5) Qutab Minar Delhi

6) Shaking Minarets Sidi Bashir Mosque, Ahmedabad

21. ANCIENTS INDIAN BOOKS AND AUTHORS:

BOOK AUTHOR
Books written by Kings
Ratnavali Harshavardhana
Priyadarsika Harshavardhana
Nagananda Harshavardhana
Amuktamalayada Sri Krishna Deva Raya
Tuzk-I-Jahangir Jahangir
Babar Namah or Tuzk-e-Babari Babar
Biographies of Kings
Harsha Charita Bana Bhatt
Akbar-Nama Abul Fazl
Prithviraj Raso Chand Bardai
Humayun Namah Gulbadan Begum
Shah Namah Firdausi
Other books

Buddha Charitam Ashwaghosha

Geet Govinda Jaya Deva

Kumar Sambhava Kalidasa

Meghdoot Kalidasa

Malavikagnimitra Kalidasa

Raghuvansha Kalidasa

Mudra Rakshasa Vishakha Datta

Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma

Rajtarangini Kalhana

Arthashastra Kautilya

Padmavat Malik Mohd Jayasi

Kamasutra Vatsyayana

Mudra Rakshasa Vishakha Datta

Mrichchakatikam Shudraka
22.States and their Folk Dances
Jharkhand Chhanu, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai.

Uttarakhand Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli.

Andra Pradesh Kuchipudi (Classical), Ghantamardala, (Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam, Kummi, Siddhi,
Madhuri, Chhadi.

Chhattisgarh Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari.

Arunachal Pradesh Mask dance (Mukhauta Nritya), War dance.

Himachal Pradesh Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta,
Daf, Stick dance etc.

Goa Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni etc.

Assam Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal,
Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai etc.

West Bengal Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan etc.

Kerala Kathakali (Classical), Ottam Thulal, Mohini-attam, Kaikottikali, Tappatikali, Kali

Auttam.

Meghalaya Laho, Baala etc.

Manipur Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.

Nagaland Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim etc.

Orissa Odissi (Classical), Savari, Ghumara, Painka, Munari, Chhau, Chadya Dandanata etc.

Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni,
Powara, Gouricha etc.

Karnataka Yakshagan, huttar, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai.

Punjab Bhagra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman etc.

Rajasthan Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Panihari, Ginad etc.

Mizoram Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan etc.

Jammu & Kashmir Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, kud Dandi nach, Damali.

Tamil Nadu Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi,

Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita.

Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra etc.

Haryana Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor etc.
23. IMPORTANT REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA

ß Black Revolution - Petroleum Production

ß Red Revolution - Meat & Tomato Production
ß Blue Revolution - Fish Production
ß Round Revolution – Potato
ß Brown Revolution - Leather/nonconventional(India)/Cocoa production
ß Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton
ß Silver Revolution - Egg/Poultry Production
ß Golden Fiber Revolution - Jute Production
ß White Revolution (In India: Operation Flood) - Milk/Dairy production
ß Golden Revolution - Fruits/Overall Horticulture development/Honey Production
ß Yellow Revolution - Oil Seeds production
ß Green Revolution - Food grains
ß Evergreen Revolution - Overall development of Agriculture
ß Grey Revolution – Fertilizer

24. IMPORTANT YEARS IN HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA

Year Event
1851 First telegraph line in India is operational between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour.
1853 First train in India runs from Bombay to Thane.
1857 First war of Indian independence also called the Sepoy Mutiny by the British.
1881 The first complete census of population conducted on a uniform basis throughout India.
1885 Formation of Indian National Congress by A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw
Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee and others.
1905 Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. Swadeshi Movement launched.
1909 Indian Council Act popularly known as Minto Morley reforms allowing a limited increase
in the involvement of Indians in governance passed.
1911 Visit of King George V to India, Shifting of capital from Calcutta to Delhi. Jana Gana
Mana first sung at Calcutta session of INC. Launch of first air mail in India & World from
Bumraulli to Allahabad.
1919 Government of India Act, 1919 introducing dyarchy, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh
tragedy.
1920 Khilafat movement, Launch of Non-cooperation movement.
1922 Chauri Chaura outrage in UP, Suspension of Non-cooperation movement.
1928 Visit of Simon Commission to India, Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
1929 Resolution of complete independence at Lahore session of Indian National Congress.
1930 Dandi March, Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
1931 Gandhi Irwin pact, execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
1935 Government of India Act.
1942 Quit India movement, Formation of Azad Hind Fauz.
1943 Visit of Cripps Commission to India.
1946 British Cabinet mission visited India.
1947 Independence and partition of India.
1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, 1st Pak aggression
1950 India became republic
1951 1st Five year plan and 1st Asian Games in Delhi
1952 1st General elections
1954 Panchasheel signed by India and China
1956 Reorganisation of Indian states on linguistic basis
1957 Introduction of decimal system in currency
1959 First television service started in India in New Delhi.
1961 Liberation of Goa from the Portuguese
1962 Chinese aggression
1964 Death of Jawaharlal Nehru
1965 Indo-Pak war
1966 Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
1969 Split in Indian National Congress and nationalisation of 14 banks. India's first Atomic
 Power Station Tarapur commences commercial operation.
1971 Indo-Pak war
1972 Simla agreement signed between India and Pakistan
1974 First nuclear test codenamed Smiling Buddha carried out at Pokhran (Rajasthan)(May 18).
1975 First Indian satellite Aryabhatta launched, Imposition of Emergency in the country.
1977 Congress loses power for the first time at the centre
1980 Return of Congress to power, nationalisation of six more banks.
1982 Colour television comes to India. IX Asian Games held in Delhi.
1984 Death of Indira Gandhi.
1991 Death of Rajiv Gandhi. Commencement of economic liberalisation in India.
1992 Demolition of Babri Masjid.
1995 Internet comes to India.
1998 India’s second nuclear test codenamed Operation Shakti.
1999 Kargil invasion by Pakistani troops.
2000 India's population reaches 1 billion mark.
2001 Earthquake in Gujarat (January), Attack on Indian Parliament (December).
2002 Godhra incident.
2004 Tsunami in Indian Ocean.
2008 Launch of India's first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1.
2013 Launch of Mars Orbiter Mission.

25. Famous Indian battles

Name of the Battle Year Importance

1st battle of Tarain 1191 Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori
2nd battle of 1192 Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan
Tarain
1st battle of 1526 Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi
Panipat
Battle of Khanwa 1527 Babur defeated Rana Sunga further strengthening his foothold in India.
Battle of Ghaghra 1529 Babur defeated Mahmud Lodi and Sultan Nusrat Shah thus establishing
Mughal rule in India.
Battle of Chausa 1539 Sher Shah defeated Humayun thus breaking the Mughal rule in India.
Battle of Kanauj or 1540 Sher Shah defeated Humayun for the second time.
Billgram
2nd battle of 1556 Akbar defeated Hemu
Panipat
3rd battle of 1761 Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas
Panipat
Battle of Talikota 1565 Deccan Sultanates defeated the glorious Vijayanagar empire
Battle of Haldighati 1576 Undecisive battle between Raja Man Singh of Mughal Army and Rana
Pratap of Mewar.
Battle of Plassey 1757 British defeated Siraj-ud-duala with the help of Mir Zafar. This battle laid
the foundation of British empire in India.
Battle of 1760 British decisively defeated the French in India. The Seven years war
Wandiwash (1756 - 1763) between the British and the French in Europe ran parallel to
this war. 3 Carnatic wars were fought between the British and the French
and this battle was a part of the 3rd Carnatic War.
Battle of Buxar 1764 British defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-duala
(Nawab of Oudh) and Shah Alam II(Mughal emperor). This completed
the work began by the battle of Plassey.
Battle of Samugarh 1658 Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh.
Battle of Karnal 1739 Nadir Shah defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.
26. Foreign Invaders and points to remember.

Invader Points to remember

Alexander He was the first to invade India in 326 B.C. He defeated King Porus on the banks of River
Jhelum. The battle is known as the Battle of Hydaspes. Dhana Nanda of the Nanda dynasty
was in power in northern and eastern India at the time of his invasion. Alexander's army
mutinied, possibly at the prospect of facing a strong army of the Nandas and Alexander
decided to return to Macedonia.
Chengiz He was a Mongolian who conquered some kingdoms on the banks of River Indus in 1221
Khan A.D. The ruler of Delhi at that time was Iltutmish.
Mohammed He was first muslim to invade India in 712 A.D. He conquered Sindh and Punjab regions
Bin Qasim along the Indus river but did not advance further.
Timur Timur Lang or Timur the Lame, was a muslim conqueror who invaded India in 1398. The
ruler of Delhi at the time was Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah.
Nadir Shah He was the ruler of Iran who invaded India in 1738. He defeated the Mughal Emperor
Muhammed Shah and carried with him the Peacock throne and the Kohinoor diamond.
Ahmed He was the ruler of Afghanistan who invaded India several times between 1747 & 1767, the
Shah most famous being the invasion of 1761 when he defeated the Marathas in the 3rd battle of
Abdali Panipat.

27. Foreign Visitors and points to remember.

Visitor Points to remember
Megasthenes He was the ambassador of Seleucus in the court of Chandragupta Maurya known to the
Greek as Sandrocottus. He was also the author of a book 'Indica'.
Fahien He was a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited India during the reign of Vikramaditya
(Chandragupta II). He is known for his visit to Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha. His
journey is described in his travelogue "Record of Buddhist Kingdoms ...".
Huien Tsang He was a Chinese traveller who visited India during the time of Harsha Vardhana. His book
is called Si-yu-ki or 'The Records of the Western World'.
Alberuni A persian scholar, he accompanied Mohammed of Ghazni and wrote a book titled 'Tahqiq-i-
hind'. He was the first mulsim scholar to study India. He is regarded as the father of
Indology.
Marco Polo He was a well known European traveller who visited many Eastern countries, including
India. He visited Southern India where Rudramma Devi of the Kakatiyas was in power.
Ibn Batuta Ibn Batuta was a Moroccon traveller who visited India during the time of Mohammed Bin
Tughlaq. His account of travels is known as the Rihla.
Thomas Roe Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who visited the court of Jahangir in 1615 to seek
protection for an English factory at Surat. His Journal of the mission to the Mogul Empire is
a valuable contribution to the history of India of the time.
William Captain William Hawkins led the first voyage of the English East India Company to India
Hawkins in 1609 when Jahangir was in power. He had a personal letter from King James I of
England 1609, but did not succeed in seeking Jahangir's permission to establish a factory.
Nicolo Conti Italian merchant who visited India during the period of Deva Raya I of Vijayanagar (1420)
Abdul He was a Persian cholar and ambassador of the ruler of Persia to Calicut who visited India
Razak during the rule of Deva Raya II of Vijayanagar during 1442 to 1445.
St Thomas He is believed to be the first Christian saint to visit India in 52 A.D..
Francois He was a French physician and traveller who visited India during 1658 and 1671. He was
Bernier the personal physician of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for around 12 years during his
stay in India. He wrote Travels in the Mughal Empire, which is mainly about the reigns of
Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: MISCELLENNIOUS

1. IMPORTANT DAYS

January

ß Jan 10 World Laughter Day

ß Jan 9 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
ß Jan 11 Death anniversary of Lal Bahadur Shastri
ß Jan 12 National youth Day (Birth Day of Swami Vivekanand)
ß Jan 15 Army Day
ß Jan 23 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's birth anniversary
ß Jan 25 International Customs Duty Day, India Tourism Day, Indian Voter Day
ß Jan 26 Republic Day
ß Jan 28 Birth anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai
ß Jan 30 (Martyr's day) Mahatma Gandhi's Martyrdom Day;World Leprosy Eradication Day
ß Jan 31 World Leprosy Eradication Day

February

ß Feb 4 National Day of Srilanka

ß Feb 13 Sarojini Naidu's Birth Anniversary
ß Feb 14 St. Valentine's Day

March

ß Mar 3 National Defense Day

ß Mar 4 National Security Day
ß Mar 8 International Women's Day
ß Mar 15 World Consumer Day
ß Mar 16 National Vaccination Day
ß Mar 21 World Forestry Day
ß Mar 22 World Day of Water
ß Mar 23 World Meterological Day
ß Mar 24 World TB Day
ß Mar 26 Bangaladesh Liberation Day

April

ß April 1 Orissa Day

ß April 7 World Health Day
ß April 13 Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre Day (1919)
ß April 14 B.R. Ambedkar Remembrance Day
ß April 18 World Heritage Day
ß April 22 World Earth Day
ß April 23 World Books Day

May

ß May 1 International Labour Day, Maharashtra Day

ß May 3 International Energy Day
ß May 8 International Red Cross Day (It is celebraed to commemorate the birth anniversary of the
founder of the Red Cross Organization Jean Henry Dunant)
ß May 17 World Telecom Day
ß May 31 World No Tobacco Day
June

ß June 5 World Environment Day

ß June 8 World Oceans day
ß June 12 World Day Against Child Labour
ß June 14 World Blood Donor day
ß June 21 International Yoga Day

July

ß July 1 Doctor's Day/ RBI New Year

ß July 4 American Independence Day
ß July 11 World Population Day
ß July 18 Mandela Day
ß July 26 Kargil Victory Day
ß July 28 World Hepatitis Day

August

ß Aug 6 Hiroshima Day

ß Aug 9 Quit India Movement Day
ß Aug 12 International youth Day
ß Aug 14 Pakistan's Independence Day
ß Aug 15 India's Independence Day
ß Aug 20 Sadbhavana Diwas
ß Aug 29 National Sports Day of India (Dhyanchand's Birth Day)
ß Aug 30 Small Industry Day

September

ß Sept 5 Teacher's Day (Dr. Radhakrishnan's Birth Day)

ß Sept 14 Hindi day, World First Aid Day
ß Sept 16 World Ozone Day
ß Sept 21 International Day of Peace, World Alzheimer's day
ß Sept 27 World Tourism Day

October

ß Oct 1 International Day for the Elderly(UN)

ß Oct 2 Gandhi Jayanti, International Day of Non-Violence
ß Oct 3 World Nature Day, World Habitat Day
ß Oct 4 World Animal Day
ß Oct 5 World Teacher's Day
ß Oct 6 World Wildlife Day, World Food Security Day
ß Oct 8 Indian Airforce day
ß Oct 11 International Girl Child Day
ß Oct 24 United Nations Day
ß Oct 31 Rastriya Ekta Diwas (Sardar Patel), National Integration Day (In memory of Indira Gandhi)

November

ß Nov 14 Children's day/ World Diabetics day

ß Nov 17 Guru Nanak Dev's Birth Anniverrsary
ß Nov 26 Law Day
ß Nov 30 Flag Day
December

ß Dec1 World AIDS Day

ß Dec 3 World Disability Day
ß Dec 10 Human Rights day
ß Dec 11 UNICEF Day
ß Dec 19 Goa's Liberation day
ß Dec 23 Kisan Divas (Farmer's Day)
ß Dec 25 Good Governance Day

2.Nobel Prize Winners from India

# Person Field Year Contribution

1. Rabindranath Literature 1913 Because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse,
Tagore by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic
thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the
literature of the West.
2. C.V. Raman Physics 1930 For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of
the effect named after him.
3. Har Gobind Medicine 1968 For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in
Khorana* protein synthesis.
4. Mother Teresa Peace 1979 Humanitarian work.
5. Subrahmanyam Physics 1983 For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of
Chandrasekhar importance to the structure and evolution of the stars.
6. Amartya Sen Economic 1998 For his contributions to welfare economics.
Sciences
7. Venkatraman Chemistry 2009 For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.
Ramakrishnan**
8. Kailash Peace 2014 For his struggle against the suppression of children and young
Satyarthi# people and for the right of all children to education.
3.List of Important Countries Capital and Currency

Countries Capital Currency

Austria Vienna Euro
Argentina Buenos Aires Peso
Australia Canberra Australian Dollar
Afghanistan Kabul Afgan-afgani
Azerbaijan Baku Manat
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka
Belarus Minsk Ruble
Belgium Brussels Euro
Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum
Brazil Barsilia Real
Cambodia Phnom penh Riel
Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar
Chile Santiago Peso
China Beijing Yuan
Colombia Bogota Peso
Costa Rica San jose Costa Rican Colon
Croatia Zagreb Kuna
Cuba Havana Peso
Czech Republic Prague Koruna
Denmark Copenhagen Krone
Egypt Cairo Pound
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian Birr
Fiji Suva Dollar
Finland Helsinki Euro
France Paris Euro
Germany Berlin Euro
Ghana Accra Cedi
Greece Athens Euro
Hungary Budapest Forint
Hong-kong Victoria Dollar
Iceland Reykjavik Euro
India New Delhi Indian Rupee
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah
Iran Tehran Rial
Iraq Baghdad Dinar
Ireland Dublin Euro
Israel Jerusalem Sheqel
Italy Rome Euro
Japan Tokyo Yen
Jordon Amman Dinar
Jamaica Kingston Dollar
Kazakhstan Astana Tenge
Kenya Nairobi Shilling
Korea North Pyongyang Won
Korea South Seoul Won
Kuwait Kuwait City Dinar
Latvia Riga Euro
Lithuania Vilnius Euro
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit
Maldives Male Rufiyaa
Mauritius Port Louis Rupee
Mexico Mexico city Peso
Myanmar (Burma) Nay Pyi Taw (Rangoon) Kyat
Namibia Windhoek Dollar
Nepal Kathmandu Rupee
Netherlands Amsterdam Euro
New Zealand Wellington Dollar
Nigeria Abuja Naira
Norway Oslo Krone
Oman Muscat Rial
Pakistan Islamabad Rupee
Peru Lima Nuewo Sol
Philippines Manila Peso
Poland Warsaw Polish Zloty
Portugal Lisbon Euro
Qatar Doha Riyal
Russia Moscow Ruble
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal
Seychelles Victoria Rupee
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone
Singapore Singapore Dollar
South Africa Cape Town Rand
South Sudan Juba Pound
Spain Madrid Euro
Sri Lanka Colombo Rupee
Sweden Stockholm Krona
Switzerland Bern France
Syria Damascus Pound
Taiwan Taipei Dollar
Tajikistan Dushanbe Tanzania Somoni
Thailand Bangkok Bhat
Turkey Ankara Lira
Uganda Kampala Shilling
Ukraine Kyiv Hryvnia
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Dirham
(UAE)
United States of America Washington D.C Dollar
Vietnam Hanoi Dong
Yemen Sanaa Rial
Zambia Lusaka Kwacha
Zimbabwe Harare Dollar
United Kingdom London Pound
4.IMPORTANT BOOKS AND AUTHORS:
01. My experiments with Truth: Mahatma M.K.Gandhi
02. Far from the Madding Crowd: Thomas Hardy
03.Geetanjali: Rabindra Nath Tagore
04.One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch: Alexander Solzhenitsyn
05. The Merchant of Venice: William shakespeare
06. The Moon and Six pence: Somerset Maughan
07. Pilgrim’s Progress from this world to that
which is to come: John Bunyan
08. A Tale of Two Cities: Charles Dickens
09. Utopia: Sir Thomas Moor
10. Origin of species: Charles Darwin
11. David Copperfield: Charles Dickens
12. A passage to India: E.M.Forster
13. Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift
14. Discovery of India: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
15. The Vicar of Wakefield: Oliver Goldsmith
16. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Edward Gibbon
17. The Lady of the Last Minstrel: Sir Walter Scott
18. Pride and Prejudice: Jane Austen
19. Time Machine: H.G. Wells
20. Arthashastra: Kautilya
21. Le Contract Social: Jean Jacques Rousseau
22. Avigyan Sakuntalam: Kalidas
23. Anand Math: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay
24. Mein Kampf: Adolf Hitler
25. Ain-i-Akbari: Abul Fazal
26. Akbar-Nama: Abul Fazal
27. Shakuntala: Kalidas
28. War and peace: Leo Tolstoy
29. A Dangerous place: D.P. Moynihan
30. Raghuvamsa: Kalidas
31. Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Arthur Conan Doyle
32. Adventures of Tom Saweyer: Mark Twain
33. Agni Veena: Kazi Nasrul Islam
34. Alice in Wonderland: Lewis Carrol
35. Ancient Mariner: Coleridge
36. Animal Farm: George Orwell
37. Anna Karenina: Leo Tolstoy
38. Antony and Cleopatra: Shakespeare
39. Arms and the Man: G.B.Shaw
40. Around the World in eighty days: Jules Verne
41. Baburnama: Babur
42. Ben Hur: Lewis Wallace
43. Bhagwat Gita: Ved Vyas
44. Bisarjan: R.N.Tagore
45. Canterbury Tales: Chaucer
46. Chitra: R.N.Tagore
47. Count of Monte Cristo: Alexander Dumas
48. Crime and Punishment: Dostoevsky
49. Das Kapital : Karl Marx
50. Divine Comedy: Dante

5.LIST OF INTERNTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & HQ

Organization Headquarter President/ General Secretary
1. Asian Infrastructure Beijing, China
Investment
Bank (AIIB)
2. New Development Bank Shanghai, China K.V. Kamath
(BRICS
Development Bank) –
3. Asian Development Manila, Philippines Takehiko Nakao
Bank (ADB) -
4. International Monetary Washington DC, US Christine Lagarde
Fund (IMF)
5. World Bank - Washington DC, US Jim Yong Kim

New York
6. United Nations New York, US Ban Ki – moon
Organization (UN)
7. United Nations New York, US Anthony Lake
Children’s Fund
(UNICEF) -
8. United Nations New York, US Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin
Populations Fund
(UNFPA) -

Geneva
9. United Nations Geneva, Switzerland Mukhisa Kituyi
Conference on Trade
& Development (UNCTAD)
-
10. World Health Geneva, Switzerland Margaret Chan
Organization (WHO)
11. World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland Klaus Schwab
12. International Labour Geneva, Switzerland Guy Ryder
Organisation
(ILO)
13. World Trade Geneva, Switzerland Roberto Azevêdo
Organisation -
14. World Meteorological Geneva, Switzerland Michel Jarraud (Secretary-
General)
Organisation
15. World Intellectual Geneva, Switzerland Francis Gurry
Property
Organisation -
16. International Geneva, Switzerland Peter Maurer
Committee of the
Red Cross -

Paris
17. United Nations Paris, France Irina Bokova
Education
Scientific & Cultural
Organisation
(UNESCO) -
18. Organisation for Paris, France José Ángel Gurría
Economic
Cooperation &
Development (OECD)

Vienna
19. United Nations Vienna, Austria Li Yong
Industrial
Development Organisation
(UNIDO)
20. International Atomic Vienna, Austria Yukiya Amano
Agency

21. Organisation of Vienna, Austria Diezani Alison-Madueke

Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)

London
22. Amnesty International - London, UK Salil Shetty
23. International Maritime London, UK Koji Sekimizu
Organisation
24. Commonwealth of London, UK Head - Queen Elizabeth II
Nations
Secretary-General -Kamalesh
Sharma

25. South Asian Kathmandu, Nepal Arjun Bahadur Thapa

Association for (Secretary-
Regional Cooperation General)
(SAARC) -
26. Association of South Jakarta, Indonesia
East Nations
(ASEAN)
27. Asia Pacific Economic Singapore Dr. Alan Bollard
Cooperation
(APEC)
28. North Atlantic Treaty Brussels, Belgium Jens Stoltenberg (Secretary-
Organisation General)
(NATO)
29. International Cricket Dubai, UAE Zaheer Abbas
Council (ICC)
 30. Food & Agricultural Rome, Italy José Graziano da Silva
Organisation
(FAO)
31. International Court of The Hague, The Ronny Abraham
Justice Netherland
32. International Olympic Lausanne, Switzerland Thomas Bach
Committee

33. The Fédération Zurich, Switzerland Joseph S. Blatter

Internationale de
Football Association (FIFA)
34. The Organization for The Hague, The Ahmet Üzümcü
the Netherlands
Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons
(OPCW) –
35. World Wide Fund for Avenue du Mont-
Nature Blanc, Gland, Vaud,
(WWF) Switzerland

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON GENERAL STUDIES

Set 1:

1. The Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project, completed with the help of Japan, is on the river

A. Ganga B. Cauvery C. Narmada D. Godavari

2. The percentage of irrigated land in India is about

A. 45 B. 65 C. 35 D. 25

3. The southernmost point of peninsular India, that is, Kanyakumari, is

A. north of Tropic of Cancer

B. south of the Equator

C. south of the Capricorn

D. north of the Equator

4. The pass located at the southern end of the Nilgiri Hills in south India is called

A. the Palghat gap B. the Bhorghat pass

C. the Thalgat pass D. the Bolan pass

5. Which of the following factors are responsible for the rapid growth of sugar production in south
India as compared to north India?

i) Higher per acre field of sugarcane

ii) Higher sucrose content of sugarcane

iii) Lower labour cost

iv) Longer crushing period

A. I and II B. I, II and III C. I, III and IV D. I, II and IV

6. The principal copper deposits of India lie in which of the following places?

A. Hazaribag and Singbhum of Bihar

B. Khetri and Daribo areas of Rajasthan

C. Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh

D. Siwaliks in Uttar Pradesh and in Karnataka

7. Which of the following are true regarding Jhum cultivation in India?It is largely practiced in
Assam.It is referred to as 'slash and burn' technique

In it, the fertility is exhausted in a few years

A. I, II and III

B. II and III

C. I and II

D. I and III

8.

The Yarlung Zangbo river, in India, is known as

A.Ganga B.indus C.Brahmaputra D.Mahanadi

9. The Salal Project is on the river

A.Chenab B.Jhelum C.Ravi D.Sutlej

10. The only zone in the country that produces gold is also rich in iron is

A. North-eastern zone

B. North-western zone

C. Southern zone

D. None of the above

1. Option D

2. Option C
3. Option D

4. Option A

5. Option D

6. Option A

7. Option A

8. Option C

9. Option A

10. Option C

Set 2:

11. The percentage of earth surface covered by India is

A. 2.4 B. 3.4 C. 4.4 D. 5.4

12. Which among the following is/are the major factor/factors responsible for the monsoon type of
climate in India?

I. Location
II. Thermal contrast
III. Upper air circulation
IV. Inter-tropical convergence zone

A. I

B. II, III

C. II, III and IV

D. I, II, III and IV

13. The present forest area of India, according to satellite data, is

A. increasing B. decreasing

C. static D. decreasing in open forest area but increasing in closed forest area

14. The India's highest annual rainfall is reported at

A. Namchi, Sikkim

B. Churu, Rajasthan

C. Mawsynram, Meghalaya

D. Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

15. The refineries are Mathura, Digboi and Panipat are set up by

A. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

B. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.

C. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.

D. Crude Distillation unit of Madras Refineries Ltd.

16. What is the predominant type of Indian agriculture?

A. Commercial agriculture

B. Extensive agriculture

C. plantation agriculture

D. subsistence agriculture

17. The Radcliffe line is a boundary between

A. India and Pakistan

B. India and China

C. India and Myanmar

D. India and Afghanistan

18. Which of the following has a potential for harnessing of tidal energy in India?

A. Gulf of Cambay

B. Gulf of Mannar

C. Backwaters of Kerala

D. Chilka lake

19.The typical area of sal forest in the Indian peninsular upland occurs

A. on the western ghats

B. between the Tapti and the Narmada

C. to the north-east of the Godavari

D. on the Malwa plateau

20. The state having a largest area of forest cover in India is

A. Arunachal Pradesh

B. Haryana

C. Madhya Pradesh

D. Assam
11. Option A

12. Option D

13. Option B

14. Option C

15. Option A

16. Option D

17. Option A

18. Option A

19. Option D

20. Option C

Set 3:

21. The year ____ is called a Great Divide in the demographic history of India.

A. 1901 B. 1921 C. 1941 D. 1951

22. The only private sector refinery set up by Reliance Petroleum Ltd. is located at

A. Guwahati B. Jamnagar C. Mumbai D. Chennai

23. The only state in India that produces saffron is

A. Assam

B. Himachal Pradesh

C. Jammu and Kashmir

D. Meghalaya

24.Three important rivers of the Indian subcontinent have their sources near the Mansarover Lake in
the Great Himalayas. These rivers are

A. Indus, Jhelum and Sutlej

B. Brahmaputra, Sutlej and Yamuna

C. Brahmaputra, Indus and Sutlej

D. Jhelum, Sutlej and Yamuna

25. The zonal soil type of peninsular India belongs to

A. red soils

B. yellow soils
C. black soils

D. older alluvium

26.The most plausible explanation for the location of the Thar desert in western India is

A. the obstruction caused by the Aravalis to the rain-bearing wind that proceeds to the Ganga
valley

B. the evaporation of moisture by heat

C. the absence of mountains to the north of Rajasthan to cause orographic rainfall in it

D. that the moisture carried by the South-west monsoon is driven away by the dry upper air
current

27. The northern boundary of the peninsular plateau of Indian runs parallel to the Ganga and the
Yamuna from Rajmahal hills to a point near

A. Allahabad B. Delhi C. Gwalior D. Jaipur

28. Which of the following food grain crops occupies the largest part of the cropped area in India?

A. Barley and maize

B. Jowar and bajra

C. Rice

D. Wheat

29. The number of major languages, recognized in the Indian Union as official language, are

A. 15 B. 22 C. 12 D. 9

30. The oldest rocks in India are reported from

A. Dharwar region, Karnataka

B. Aravalli range, Rajasthan

C. Vindhyan range, Madhya Pradesh

D. Siwalik range, Punjab

21. Option B

22. Option B

23. Option C

24. Option C

25. Option A

26. Option C
27. Option B

28. Option C

29. Option B

30. Option A

Set 4:

31.Which of the following groups of rivers originate from the Himachal mountains?

A. Beas, Ravi and Chenab

B. Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum

C. Sutlej, Beas and Ravi

D. Sutlej, Ravi and Jhelum

32. Which of the following groups of states has the largest deposits of iron ore?

A. Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

B. Bihar and Orissa

C. Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra

D. West Bengal and Assam

33. Which of the following union territories of India has the highest density of population per sq km?

A. Pondicherry B. Lakshadweep C. Delhi D. Chandigarh

34. which atomic power station in India is built completely indigenously?

A. Kalpakkam

B. Narora

C. Rawat Bhata

D. Tarapore

35. The south-west monsoon contributes ____ of the total rain in India.

A. 86% B. 50% C. 22% D. 100%

36. The Shimla Convention is an agreement that sets

A. Shimla as a tourist spot

B. Shimla as the capital of Himachal Pradesh

C. boundary between India and Tibet

D. None of the above

37. Which of the following events took place in the Cenozoic era?

A. Formation of the rockies, India collides with Asia and the formation of the Himalayas and the
Alps

B. Formation of the Appalachians and central European mountains

C. Splitting of India from Antarctic

D. Breaking up of Pangaea

38. The oldest oil field in India is the ____ field, in ____

A. Anleshwar, Gujarat

B. Bombay High, Maharashtra

C. Nawagam, Gujarat

D. Digboi, Assam

39. Unlike other parts of the Indian Coast, fishing industry has not developed along the Saurashtra
coast because

A. there are few indentions suitable for fishing

B. of overwhelming dependence on agriculture and animal husbandary

C. the sea water is relatively more saline

D. of industrial development leading to widespread pollution of coastal area

40. The mountain building in Himalayas began

A. about 45 million years ago

B. when the continental plates of India and Eurasia converged on each other

C. both (a) and (b)

D. None of the above

31. Option A

32. Option B

33. Option C

34. Option A

35. Option A

36. Option C
37. Option A

38. Option D

39. Option B

40. Option C

Set 5:

41. The outer Himalayas lie between

A. the lease Himalayas and the Indo Gangetic plain

B. the foot hills and the Indo Gangetic plain

C. the greater Himalayas and the lesser Himalayas

D. Indo-Gangetic plains and the peninsula

42. Which of the following geographical features have played a great unifying role in strengthening
the forces of homogeneity of the Indian people?

The expanses of water surrounding the peninsula

The Himalayan Mountains

The vastness of the country

The presence of the Indian ocean

A. I

B. II

C. I and II

D. I, II, III and IV

43. Which of the following drainage systems fall into Bay of Bengal?

A. Ganga, Brahmaputra and Godavari

B. Mahanadi, Krishna and Cauvery

C. Luni, Narnada and Tapti

D. Both (a) and (b)

44. The oldest oil refinery in India is at

A. Digboi, Assam

B. Haldia, near Kolkata

C. Koyali, near Baroda

D. Noonmati, Assam

45. The oldest mountains in India are

A. AravalisB. Vindhyas C. Satpuras D. Nilgiri hills

46. Which of the following groups of rivers have their source of origin in Tibet?

A. Brahmaputra, Ganges and Sutlej

B. Ganges, Sutlej and Yamuna

C. Brahmaputra, Indus and Sutlej

D. Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej

47. Which of the following measures are effective for soil conservation in India?

Avoiding crop rotation

Afforestation

Encouraging the use of chemical fertilizers

Limiting shifting cultivation

A. I and II

B. II and IV

C. III and IV

D. I, II and III

48. Which of the following crops needs maximum water per hectare?

A. Barley B. Maize C. Sugarcane D. Wheat

49. The watershed between India and Myanmar is formed by

A. the Naga hills

B. the Garo hills

C. Khasi hills

D. the Jaintia hills

50. The originating in the Himalayan mountain complex consists of how many distinct drainage
systems of the Indian Subcontinent?

A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Five

41. Option A

42. Option D

43. Option D

44. Option A

45. Option A

46. Option C

47. Option B

48. Option C

49. Option A

50. Option B

SET 6:

51. The percentage of India's total population employed in agriculture is nearly

A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 70%

52. Which of the following important rivers of India does not originate from the Western Ghats?

A. Cauvery B. Godavari C. Krishna D. Mahanadi

53. Which of the following areas or regions is most prone to earthquakes?

A. Ganga-Brahmaputra valley

B. Deccan plateau

C. Plains of northern India

D. Western ghats

54. The proportion of forest to the total national geographical area of India as envisaged by National
Forest Policy is

A. 30.3% B. 33.3% C. 38.3% D. 42.3%

55. Which of the following dams has generations of power more than irrigation as its main purpose?

A. Gandhi Sagar

B. Hirakud

C. Periyar

D. Tungabhadra
56. Which of the following crops is regarded as a plantation crop?

A. Coconut B. Cotton C. Sugarcane D. Rice

57.Which of the following countries leads in the production of aluminium and its products in the
world?

A. Australia B. France C. India D. USA

58. The natural region which holds the Indian subcontinent is

A. equatorial climate change region

B. hot deset

C. monsoon

D. mediterranean

59. The most ideal region for the cultivation of cotton in India is

A. the Brahmaputra valley

B. the Indo-Gangetic valley

C. the Deccan plateau

D. the Rann of Kutch

60. Which of the following are true with respect to the Indian Peninsular Plateau?

The southern plateau block is formed mainly of granite and gneiss

The Deccan lava plateau is an elevated tableland consisting of horizontally arranged lava sheets

The Malwa plateau dominates the Vindhyam scraps, forming the northern flank of the plateau

The trough of the Narmada and Tapti are interposed between the Vindhyan and the Satpura ranges

A. I, II and III

B. I and II

C. I, II, III and IV

D. I, III and IV

51. Option D

52. Option D

53. Option A

54. Option B

55. Option A
56. Option A

57. Option D

58. Option C

59. Option C

60. Option C

SET 7:

61. Which of the following types of soil are mostly confined to river basins and coastal plains of
India?

A. Alluvial soils

B. Black soils

C. Laterite soils

D. Red soils

62. The two states of India, most richly endowed with iron ore, are

A. Bihar and Orissa

B. Madhya Pradesh and Orissa

C. Bihar and West Bengal

D. Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal

63. The most fertile region of India is

A. the Himalayas

B. the central Highlands

C. the Indo-Gangetic plain

D. peninsular plateau

64. Which of the following groups accounts for over 90 per cent of India's annual coal production?

A. Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal

B. Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh

C. Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

D. West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

65. The significant shifts in Indian agriculture during green revolution include
A. non-food grains reported some spectacular progress and shift in the cropping pattern

B. major food grains, in the eastern regions productions decreased and in the northern states
increased

C. both (a) and (b)

D. None of the above

66. The number of major ports in India is

A. 5 B. 8 C. 13 D. 15

67. Which of the following is a peninsular river of India?

A. Gandak B. Kosi C. Krishna D. Sutlej

68. Which of the following is the most important raw material for generation of power in India?

A. Coal

B. Mineral Oil

C. Natural Gas

D. Uranium

69. When it is noon IST at Allahabad in India, the time at Greenwich, London, will be

A. midnight ,GMT

B. 1730 hours

C. 0630 hours

D. None of the above

70. Which country has the largest coast line?

A. USA B. Australia C. Canada D. India

71. The river Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga because

A. it is the older river of India

B. of its large size and extent among the peninsular rivers

C. there are a fairly large number of pilgrimage centres situated on its banks

D. its length is nearly the same as that of the river Ganges

72. The scarcity or crop failure of which of the following can cause a serious edible oil crisis in India?

A. coconut B. Groundnut C. Linseed D. Mustard

73. The pennines (Europe), Appalachians (America) and the Aravallis (India) are examples of

A. old mountains

B. young mountains

C. fold mountains

D. block mountains

74. Which of the following factors are responsible for present crisis in the jute industry in India?

I. The decline in overseas market

II. Inadequately supply of raw jute
III. Stiff competition from synthetic packing materials
IV. Select the correct answer from the codes given below

A. I and II

B. I, II and III

C. I and III

D. II and III

75. Which of the following factors are responsible for India's failure to fully exploit the inland
fisheries during the last five decades?

I. Silting and pollution of the inland water bodies

II. Deforestation in the catchment areas of the rivers
III. Lack of marketing facilities

Select the correct answer from the codes given below

A. I, II and III

B. I and II

C. I and III

D. II and III

61. Option A

62. Option A

63. Option C

64. Option A

65. Option C

66. Option C
67. Option C

68. Option A

69. Option C

70. Option C

71. Option B

72. Option B

73. Option A

74. Option A

75. Option C
 General Science

1.Glands and Functions:

S. No. Endocrine gland Location Hormone (GH) Action

1. Pituitary (Master Base of fore brain, Growth hormones (GH), Regulates the growth of the body.
glands) pea shaped Anti-Diuretic Hormone Controls the amount of water reabsorbed
(ADH) by the kidney.
Adenocorticotropic Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid
Hormone (ACTH) hormones.
Thyroid Stimulating Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of
Hormone (TSH) thyroxine hormone from the thyroid gland,
Lutinizing Hormone (LH) glucocorticoids.
Follicle Stimulating Stimulates ovulation of fully mature follicles.
Hormone (FSH) (Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates ovary
to produce female hormone).

2. Pineal In the brain Melatonin Melatonin helps in maintaining the normal

rhythm of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature
and also influences metabolism, pigmentation,
menstrual cycle and defense capability.

3. Thyroid Neck of the lower Thyroxine Regulates rate of growth and metabolism.
extremity of larynx, Controls the metabolism of carbohydrates,
butterfly shaped proteins and fats and influences maintainance of

water and electrolyte balance.

4. Thymus Behind breast bone Thymosin Helps in production of antibodies and

differentiation of T-lymphocytes.

5. Adrenal A pair of cap shaped Cortisol Involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

organs above each Adrenalin and Stress hormones, increase heartbteat, the strength
kidney Noradrenalin of heart contraction and rate of respiration.

6. Pancreas Below the stomach, Insulin Regulates sugar metabolism. Too little insulin
heterocrine gland leads to high sugar level in blood and weakness
(a condition called diabetes).

7. Ovary Lie on the lateral Estrogen Development of secondary sexual characters

walls of the pelvis (Progesterone) e.g. development of breasts in female.

Supports pregnancy.

8. Testis In the scrotum Testosterone Development of many masculine features such as

growth of moustaches and beard.

2.Vitamins

Vitamin Function Food sources Deficiency symptoms

Water-Soluble
Vitamins
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (vitamin
Growth, fertility, Pork, beans, peas, nuts, Beriberi (neurological
digestion, disorder)
Energy use Leafy vegetables, Hypersensitivity of eyes to

B2)
dairy products light
Folic acid Manufacture of red blood dark green vegetables Anemia, cancer
cells, metabolism
Cyanocobalamin Manufacture of red blood Meat, organ meats, Pernicious anemia
cell, growth, cell fish, shellfish, milk
(vitamin B12)
maintenance
Ascorbic acid (vitamin growth, tissue repair, Citrus fruits, tomatoes, Weakness, gum bleeding
C) bone
and cartilage formation strawberries (scurvy)
Fat-Soluble
Vitamins
Retinol (vitamin A) Night vision, new cell Dairy products, Night blindness, rough dry
skin
growth egg yolk, vegetables, fruit
Cholecalciferol (vitamin Bone formation Fish-liver oil, milk Skeletal deformation
D) (rickets)
Tocopherol (vitamin Prevents certain Vegetable oil, nuts, Anemia in premature infants
E) compounds
from being oxidized beans
Vitamin K Blood clotting Egg yolk, green Bleeding, liver problem
vegetables

3. Minerals and food sources:

Mineral Food sources Functions in the human body

Calcium Milk products, green leafy vegetables Bone and tooth structure, blood clotting, hormone
release, nerve transmission
Phosphorus Meat, fish, eggs, poultry, whole grains Bone and tooth structure
Sodium Table salt, meat, fish, eggs, poultry, milk Body fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction

4.TRACE MINERALS IMPORTANT TO HUMAN HEALTH

Miner Food sources Functions in the human body

al

Fluorin Water (in some areas) Maintains dental health

e
Iodine Seafood, iodized salt Part of thyroid hormone
Iron Meat, fish, shellfish, Transport and use of oxygen (as part of

egg yolk, peas, beans,
dried fruit, whole grains
Zinc Meat, fish, egg yolk, milk, nuts,
some whole grains
haemoglobin and
myoglobin), part of certain enzymes.
Part of certain enzymes, nucleic acid synthesis

5. TYPES OF DISEASES

Diseases are broadly classified into two categories, congenital (genetic) and acquired.

(i)Congenital Diseases : Congenital diseases are caused due to defective development of embryo or defective
inheritance, e.g. haemophillia, colour blindness.

(ii)Acquired Diseases : These diseases develop after birth. Acquired diseases are of two kinds, infectious and
noninfectious.

(a)Infectious/Communicable diseases : These diseases are caused by pathogenes/infectious agents such as

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, worms, etc. These diseases can spread from diseased person to healthy
person by means of air (droplet method), water, food, insects, physical contact, etc. e.g., tuberculosis,
malaria, diarrhoea, etc.

(b) Non-infectious/Non-communicable diseases : They are diseases which remain confined to a person.
They are neither present at birth nor spread form one person to another. The diseases are caused due to
some specific factors. They may be caused due to improper functioning of an organ (short sightedness,
hypertension, arthritis), hormone imbalance (diabetes, dwarfism), allergy, cancer, inadequate diet (anemia,
goitre), etc.

a) VIRAL DISEASES

(a) Jaundice or hepatitis

Hepatitis or liver inflammation is a disease related to liver. The cause of this diseases is hepatitis virus, it
propagate through contaminated water, food or injected needle. Hepatitis may be of A, B, C, D, E or G type but
A and B are more infectious. Incubation period for this disease is 15 to 80 days. High fever, cold, headache,
nausea, vomiting and weakness are the symptoms. Dark yellow urine and light yellow faeces are main
symptoms of this disease.

(b) Rabies : The cause of this disease is a Rhabdo virus. This disease propagates by biting of infected dog, cat,
wolf, monkey etc. High fever, intense headache, contraction of throat and chest muscles with pain, excessive
secretion of saliva and restlessness are the primary symptoms of the diseases. Since patient develops fear for
water, the disease is also called as Hydrophobia.

(c)Polio : The cause of this disease is a Entero virus. It is propagated through contaminated food, milk and
water. Polio or poliomyelitis is a dangerous disease of children.

Child suffers paralysis due to damage of central nervous system. Oral polio vaccine is the best preventive
measure of polio.

(d) Chicken pox: The cause of this disease is a Virus, known as Varicella zoster. It propagates through contact
with a patient or scab.
Patient suffers fever, headache and loss of appetite. Dark red spots appear on back and chest, soon these spots
get filled up with water and convert into blisters. Blisters dry after some days and scabbing get started. This is
the infectious stage of the disease.

(e) Measles : This is a highly infectious disease of children. It propagates through indirect contact or through air.
The cause of this disease is Rubella virus. Patient gets sore throat due to cold. Red grains appear on face after 4-
5 days and after wards spread on entire body. For prevention MMR vaccination should be done.

(f) Dengue : This is a dangerous disease caused by Dengue virus. It spreads by mosquito Aedes aegypti.

Main symptoms are high fever, headache, soreness of eyes and joints and pain in stomach due to convulsions.
On growing intensity of disease bleeding starts from nose, mouth, and gums. Patient may vomit with or without
blood.

(g) Ebola virus disease: Ebola is a severe and often deadly disease caused by a virus called Ebola virus. It can
occur in humans and other primates (monkey, chimpanzee and gorillas).

Symptoms: Fever, chills, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding and often death.

Occurrence: Ebola was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic republic of the Congo.

Since then several outbreaks have occurred in Africa. The 2014 outbreak is the largest. The countries affected in
this recent outbreak include Guinea, Liberia, Sierra, Leone. In 2014 (October) WHO declared both Nigeria and
Senegal free of Ebola virus transmission.

Transmission: Spread by direct contact with infected body fluids including but not limited to urine, saliva,
sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk and semen. The virus can enter the body through a break in the skin or through
mucous membranes, including the eyes, nose and mouth. It can also spread by contact with any surface, objects
and materials that have been in contact with body fluids from a sick person such as clothing bandages, medical
equipment, needles, syringes etc.

b) AIDS

Full name is Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is a severe, life threatening disease, first recognized in
1981. The causative organism of this disease is (HIV-1 and HIV-2). “Human immune deficiency virus” which is
a ‘Retro virus’.

HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell that is vital to fighting
off infection. The destruction of these cells makes people vulnerable to other diseases and infections and may
ultimately lead to death of the patient.

A person is diagnosed with AIDS when the count of CD4+ T cells goes below 200 cells per ml3 of blood.
The virus is transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person mainly through sexual contact and exposure
to blood or tissues, or transplacental transmission from an infected mother to the foetus.

lst case in 1981 America; lst case in India 1986, Chennai. Symptoms: Swollen lymph nodes, Decreased count of
blood platelets causing hemorrhage and fever, severe damage to brain which may lead to loss of memory, ability
to speak and even think.

Treatment: There is no specific treatment. Foetal infection can be reduced by using anti -HIV drug to reduce
transmission of virus to the foetus of pregnant mothers.

Drugs used
(1) AZT (Azido thymidine)
(2) DD I (Dideoxyinosine)

These drugs inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase of HIV.

c) DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

(a) Tuberculosis (T.B.): Tuberculosis (T.B.) was first discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. It is an infectious
disease which is communicated from one human being to another directly or indirectly. Tuberculosis may also
be contracted from animals. It is caused by a bacterium-called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacterium
releases a toxin called tuberculin. In T.B., the patient feels sick and weak. There is a loss of appetite and weight.
Typical fever pattern and night sweats are also common.

Child must be vaccinated for B.C.G. within few hours after birth. Antituberculosis (ATT) and DOTS treatment
methods are available.

(b) Typhoid: Typhoid is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi commonly found in intestine of man. Human
infection is direct and the bacteria are spread through faecal matter by house flies, etc.

Symptom of this disease is continuous increase in body temperature for a week. Second week temperature
remains constant. Meanwhile red grains appear on stomach. Body temperature decreases during 3rd and 4th
weeks.

TAB-vaccination provides immunity for three years. Oral Typhoid Vaccine (OTV) is also available. Patient can
take antibiotics drugs on advice of a doctor.

(c) Tetanus : It is fatal disease caused by bacterium Clostridium tetani. These bacteria grow on fertile soil, dung
etc. and enter human body through wounds or cuts on body. The cause of the disease is a toxic secretion from
bacteria known as Tetanospasmin.

d) DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZOA

Malaria: Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite Plasmodium. This spreads through the bite of an insect
vector-female anopheles mosquito which feeds on human blood. (male anopheles mosquito feeds upon plant
juices).

Headache, nausea, muscular pains and high fever are the main symptoms of malaria. Malaria may also
secondarily cause enlargement of spleen and liver.

6. HUMAN BLOOD
A) Blood Components and Functions

Component
Red Blood Cells orErythrocytes
White Blood Cells orLeukocytes
Platelets orThrombocytes
Plasma
Function
They carry the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the
lungs to the rest of the body
They are primarily responsible for protecting the body from infection.
They help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) by gathering at the
site of an injury.
It is the liquid component of blood and transports blood cells throughout
the body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins,
chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the
body's fluid balance

b) Types of White Blood Vessels (Leukocytes)

Name Function
Basophil Normal white blood cell which increase with bone marrow damage, parasitic infections, or
allergic reactions.
Eosinophil A type of white blood cell that controls mechanism associated with allergies and defends the
body from infection by parasites and bacteria.
Lymphocyte Two types - T lymphocytes which help regulate the function of other immune cells and directly
attacks infected cells and tumors and B lymphocytes which make antibodies.
Monocyte A white blood cell that ingests bacteria and foreign particles.
Neutrophil The most common type of white blood cell, which helps the body fight infection.
c) Types of Blood Vessels and Functions

Blood Function
Vessel
Arteries Artery carry oxygenated blood under high pressure from the heart to other parts of the
body.
Veins Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the organs and tissues back to the heart.
Capillary Capillaries connect arteries and veins.

d) Main Blood Vessels and Functions

Type of Name of Blood Function

Blood Vessel
Vessel
Artery Aorta Largest and principal artery which circulates oxygenated blood to all parts
of the body through its branches.
Coronary Artery A branch of Aorta which supplies oxygenated blood to the heart tissues.
Pulmonary Only artery which carries deoxygenated blood. It carries blood from the
Artery heart to the lungs for purification.
Vein Superior Vena This vein returns deoxygenated blood from the head, arms and thorax to
Cava the heart.
Inferior Vena This vein returns deoxygenated blood from the abdomen and legs to the
Cava heart.
Coronary Vein This vein returns deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles to the heart.
Pulmonary Veins Four pulmonary veins, two from each lung carry oxygenatedblood from
lungs to the heart.

e) Blood Group - Relation between Parents and Child

Father's Blood Group

A B AB O
Mothers's A A or O A, B, AB, O A, Bor AB A or O
Blood B A, B, AB, O B or O A, B or AB B or O
Group AB A, B or AB A, B or AB A, B or AB A or B
O A or O B or O A or B O
Child's Blood Group

f) Disorder relating to blood

Main Specific Brief details

disorder
Anaemia Iron-deficiency Results from deficiency of iron usually due to blood loss or poor
Anaemia nutrition.
Vitamin- Results from low levels of Vitamin B12 or folic acid due to poor
deficiency nutrition.
Anaemia
Aplastic Occurs when the body stops making enough red blood cells. This
Anaemia may be due to viral infections, exposure to toxic chemicals, drugs,
and autoimmune diseases.
Hemolytic Occurs when abnormal breakdown of red blood cells takes place.
Anaemia
Sickle Cell It is a hereditary blood disorder, in which red blood cells taking a
Anaemia rigid, sickle shape. This decreases the cells' flexibility and may
result in life-threatening complications.
Bleeding Haemophilia It is a rare, usually inherited, bleeding disorder characterised by
Disorders body's inability to control blood clotting or coagulation. It results
from a genetic defect in X- chromosome.
von Willebrand It is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality that
Disease results when the blood lacks von Willebrand factor, a protein that
helps the blood to clot.
Blood Leukemia Characterised by rapid production of abnormal white blood cells
 Cancers which cannot fight infection and also impair the ability of the bone
marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets.
Lymphoma Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that occurs when lymphocytes,
the white blood cells that form a part of the immune system, divide
faster than normal cells or live longer than they are supposed to.
Myeloma This type of cancer targets the plasma cells which produce
antibodies, thus weaken the immune system of the body.

CHEMISTRY:

1. METALS
Fact to remember Name of the metal
Metal most abundant in earth’s crust Aluminium
Metal which forms amalgam with other elements Mercury
Metal used in a fuse wire and also in solder Lead-tin alloy
Metal used in the filament of a bulb Tungsten
Metal which pollutes the air of cities having large number of Lead (reason for using unleaded
vehicles petrol)
Metal used in the filaments of electric heaters Nichrome
Metal used as radiation shield Lead
Metal into which Uranium turns when it loses all its Lead
radioactivity
Metal used for making boats because it does not corrode by Titanium
seawater

2. Important Alloys

Alloy Combination of
Duralumin Aluminium and Copper
Brass Copper and Zinc
Bronze Copper and Tin
Invar Iron and Nickel
Stainless steel Iron, Chromium and Nickel
German Silver Copper, Nickel and Zinc
Gunmetal Copper, Tin and Zinc
Solder Lead and Tin
Electrum Gold and Silver
Constantan Copper and Nickel
Manganin Copper, Manganese and Nickel
Manganin is a trademarked name.

3. Ores of Metals

Metal Ore
Aluminium Bauxite
Beryllium Beryl
Chromium Chromite
Cobalt Cobaltite
Copper Bornite, Chalcocite
Gold Quartz
Iron Magnetite
Lead Galena
Manganese Pyrolusite
Mercury Cinnabar
Nickel Pentlandite
Tin Casseterite
Tungsten Wolframite, Scheelite
Silver Argentite
Uranium Uraninite
Zinc Sphalerite

4. PROCESS & METALS

FAMOUS PROCESSES AND RELATED METALS

Poling Cu - Copper
Perkes Process Ag - Silver
Pattinson process Ag -Silver
Cupellation process Ag - Silver
Baeyer’s Process Al - Allumunium
Serpek’s process Al - Allumunium
Hall’s process Al - Allumunium
Siemens Martin open halth furnace Fe- -Iron
L.D. Process Fe -Iron
Tempering Fe -Iron

5. METALS PROPERTIES

Feature Metal
The metal with highest melting point Tungsten
The metal with highest thermal conductivity Silver
The metal with highest electrical conductivity Silver
The metal with highest density Osmium
The metal with the lowest density Lithium
The most malleable and ductile metal Gold
The metal with the highest melting point Tungsten
The least reactive metal Platinum

6. Common Names of Chemicals

Sodium Compounds

Common Name Chemical Name Formula

Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Borax Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Na2B4O7·10H2O
Brine Aqueous sodium chloride solution NaCl
Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Hypo Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

Calcium Compounds

Common Name Chemical Name Formula

Bleaching powder Calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2
Quick Lime Calcium oxide CaO
Marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Plaster of paris Calcium sulfate CaSO4
Chalk Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Gypsum natural Calcium sulfate CaSO4·2H2O
MISCELLANEOUS:

1. INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS:

What Who When Country
Automatic calculator Wilhelm Schickard 1623 Germany
Adding machine Blaise Pascal 1642 France
Animation Emile Reynaud 1892 France
Aspirin Dr. Felix Hoffman 1899 Germany
Antiseptic Dr. Joseph Lister 1867 England
Atom Bomb Julius Robert Oppenheimer 1945 U.S
Barometer Evangelista Torricelli 1643 ITALY
Ballpoint Pen László Bíró 1938 France
Bifocal Lens Benjamin Franklin 1784 U.S
Cement Joseph Aspdin 1824 England
Cadmium Friedrich Stromeyer 1817 Germany
Clarinet Johann Christoph Denner 1690 Germany
Cash register James Ritty 1879 USA
Cinema Lumiere brothers 1894 France
Dental Plate Anthony A. Plantson 1817 U.S
Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel 1895 Germany
Dynamite Alfred B. Nobel 1867 Sweden
Electronic calculator IBM 1954 USA
Electric stove/cooker William S. Hadaway 1896 USA
Electric Battery Volta 1800 Italian
Electric Generator Michael Faraday 1831 UK
Electric Lamp Thomas Alva Edison 1879 U.S
Electromagnet William Sturgeon 1824 England
Elevator Elisha G. Otis 1852 U.S
Fountain Pen Lewis Edson Waterman 1884 U.S
Gramophone Thomas Edison 1878 U.S
Gyrocompass Elmer A. Sperry 1908 U.S
Hot air balloon Josef and Etienne Montgolfier 1783 France
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky 1939 Russia
Jet Engine Hans Von Ohain 1936 Germany
Light bulb Heinrich Goebel 1854 Germany
Lightning Conductor Benjamin Franklin 1752 U.S
Microwave oven Percy Spencer 1947 USA
Machine Gun Richard Gaffing 1861 U.S
Motor Scooter Greville Bradshaw 1919 England
Microscope Zacharis Janssen 1590 Netherlands
Pacemaker Dr. Paul Zoll 1952 USA
Pocket watch Peter Henlein 1510 Germany
Pendulum clock Christiaan Huygens 1657 Netherlands
Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori 1700 Italy
Parachute Jean Pierre Blanchard 1785 France
Revolver Samuel Colt 1835 U.S
Small Pox Vaccine Edward Jenner 1796 England
Steam engine Thomas Savery 1698 UK
Steam boat John Fitch 1786 USA
Saxophone Adolphe Sax 1846 Belgium
Steam-powered airship Henri Giffard 1852 France
Soft contact lenses Otto Wichterle 1961 Czech
Stethoscope René Laennec 1816 France
Submarine David Bushnell 1776 U.S
Synthesizer Dr. Robert Arthur Moog 1964 U.S
Telegraph Samuel Morse 1844 USA
Telephone Scott Alexander Graham Bell 1874 Canada
Time Recorder Harlow Bundy 1890 U.S
Typewriter Peter Mitterhofer 1864 Austria
Vaccination Dr. Edward Jenner 1796 England
Vacuum Cleaner Ives McGaffey 1869 U.S
X-ray Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1895 Germany
2. Important Scientific Laws

Avogadro's Law (Gases) - Stated in 1811 by the Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856)
It states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules regardless
of their chemical nature and physical properties. This number (Avogadro's number) is 6.022 X 1023. It is the number of
molecules of any gas present in a volume of 22.41 litres and is the same for the lightest gas (hydrogen) as for a heavy gas
such as carbon dioxide or bromine.

Boyle's Law (Gases) - Propounded by Robert Boyle, an Irish Chemist in 1662

For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, P [pressure] and V [volume] are inversely proportional (while
one doubles, the other halves). In other words product of the pressure and volume is exactly a constant for an ideal gas.

Charles' Law (Gases)

It states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas, provided the amount of gas and
pressure are held constant.

It was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, giving credit to an unpublished work
from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. It is also known as Gay-Lussac Law.

Coulomb's Law (Electrostatics)- Published in 1783 by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb

The magnitude of the Electrostatics force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the scalar
multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them.

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through
the circuit.

Published by English Physicist Michael Faraday in 1831.

Hooke's Law of Elasticity - Discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660.

It states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is directly
proportional to the deforming force or load.

Joule's Law (Electricity) - Given by the English physicist James Prescott Joule around 1850.

It states that, heat produced by an electric current is directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor, the square of the
current, and the time for which it flows.

Kepler's three laws of planetary motion

The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of
Ellipses)
An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of
time. (The Law of Equal Areas)
The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the
sun. (The Law of Harmonies)
Published by German astronomer Johannes Kepler between 1609 - 1619.

Lambert's Law (Luminous intensity)

It states that the luminous intensity of a perfectly diffusing surface in any direction is proportional to the cosine of the angle
between that direction and the normal to the surface, for which reason the surface will appear equally bright from all
directions.

Published by Johann Heinrich Lambert, a Swiss physicist in 1760.

Lenz's Law (Electromagnetism)

It states that an induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it or in
other words an induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the motion or change causing it.

Deduced in 1834 by the Russian physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz.

3.Atmospheric Layers

Layer Features
Troposphere Extends from the Earth's surface to about 20 km of height.
The height of the troposphere varies from the equator to the poles increasing towards
the equator.
The temperature in the troposphere decreases with height.
All weather phenomenon occurs in this region.
The transition boundary between the troposphere and the layer above is called the
tropopause.
Stratosphere Extends from the top of Troposphere to about 50 km above Earth's surface.
The temperature increases with height.
The ozone layer is found in the lower portion of the stratosphere.
The transition boundary between the stratosphere and the mesophere is called the
stratopause.
Mesosphere Extends from the top of Stratosphere to about 85 km above Earth's surface.
The temperature decreases with height.
Most of the meteors burn up in this layer.
The transition boundary between the mesophere and the thermosphere is called the
mesopause.
Thermosphere Extends from the top of Mesosphere to about 600 km above Earth's surface.
The temperature increases greatly with height reaching upto 2000° at the top of the
layer.
The ionosphere is a layer within the thermosphere.
Auroras are formed in this layer.
Exosphere Extends from the top of Thermosphere to about 10000 km above Earth's surface.
Satellites orbit the earth in this layer.

4. Gases - Facts to remember

Fact to remember Name of the gas

Gas used in LPG Butane, Propane and Ethane
Tear Gas Ammonia (NH3)
Gas with foul smell Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Laughing gas Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Gas used in refrigeration Freon
Freon, the gas used in refrigeration is chemically Diflouro Dichloro Methane
Gobar gas is a mixture of Methane, CO2 and hydrogen
Gas mixed with oxygen and given to patients with Helium
restricted breathing
A major air pollutant, the percentage presence of which is Carbon monoxide
checked in vehicle pollution test
The gas which is responsible for the formation of brown Nitrogen oxide
air in traffic congested cities
Major gaseous pollutant of areas located near thermal Suphur dioxide
power station
Natural gas Mainly methane with small quantities of
ethane and propane
Strong smelling substance added to LPG Ethyl Mercaptan or Ethanethiol
Gases responsible for depletion of ozone layer Chloroflouro carbons
Gas used in gas welding and also artificial ripening of Acetylene
fruits
Gas used in electric bulbs Argon
Gas used in flourescent lamps Mercury vapour
Gas known as marsh gas Methane
Gas responsible for acid rain Sulphur dioxide
Gas most abundant in earth's atmosphere Nitrogen (78%)
Percentage of oxygen in earth's atmosphere 21% (appx)
5. Information on Solar System

Feature Name
The brightest planet as seen from Earth Venus
The planet also known as Earth’s twin Venus
The planet, which rotates in a direction opposite to that of others Venus
The planet, which has prominent rings around it Saturn
Planets which have no satellites Mercury & Venus
The planet with the longest day Venus (243 earth-days)
The planet with the shortest day Jupiter (9 hrs 55 mts)
The planet also known as Evening/Morning star Venus
The Jovian planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune
The star nearest to the earth Proxima Centauri
The hottest planet in the solar system Venus (Maximum temp:
462o C)
The coldest planet in the solar system Uranus (Effective temp: -
216o C)
The largest satellite in the solar system Ganymede – Satellite of
the Jupiter
The planet also known as the Red Planet Mars
The highest known mountain in the solar system Olympus Mons on Mars
The asteriod belt lies between Mars and Jupiter
The largest asteriod also known as a dwarf planet Ceres
Pluto earlier considered a planet is now considered a dwarf planet and a part of Kuiper belt
Halley's comet last appeared in 1986 and is expected to appear next in 2061
The galaxy nearest to the milky way Andromeda
The planet whose density is less than that of water Saturn
The planet with highest surface gravity (meter per square second) is Jupiter (24.92)
The planet with lowest surface gravity (meter per square second) is Mercury (3.7)

6. Basic facts about the Earth

Facts to remember
Equatorial circumference of the earth is 40,067 km and equatorial diameter is 12,757 km
Polar circumference of the earth is 40,000 km polar diameter is 12,714 km
The total surface area of the earth is 510,100,500 sq km
The Hydrosphere (sea) comprises 70.8% of the surface area and Lithosphere (land) is 29.2%
The period of rotation of the earth is 23 hrs 56 mts 4.091 secs
The speed of rotation at the equator is 1674 kmph
The time taken by the earth to rotate about its axis so that the distant stars appear in the same
position in the sky is known as Sidereal Day.
The time taken by the earth to rotate about its axis so that the sun appears in the same position
in the sky is known as Solar Day. A sidereal day is shorter than a solar day.
The escape velocity on earth 11.186 km/sec
The highest point on earth is Mt Everest at 8,848 meters
The deepest point on earth is Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean at 11,034 meters

7. Important Latitudes and Longitudes

Latitude/Longitude Position
Prime Meridian 0° longitude
International Date Line 180° E/W longitude
Tropic of Cancer 23° 26' N
Tropic of Capricon 23° 26' S
Arctic Circle 66° 33' N
Antartic Circle 66° 33' S
Indian Standard Time 82.5° longitude
 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA / POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. HISTORY OF CONSTITUTION

The British Parliament passed Indian independence Act based on the Mountbatten plan in July 1947. This act
gave both India and Pakistan the right to have their separate constituent assemblies.

1.1 CONSTITUTIONAL ASSEMBLY OF INDIA

ß The Constituent Assembly is a representative body elected by the people of India aimed at framing the new
constitution for the country.
ß The Constituent Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December, 1946 in the Constitution
Hall which is now known as the Central Hall of Parliament House.
ß The Constituent Assembly for the first time was headed by Dr. Sachidanand Sinha.
ß The Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and seventeen days to be
precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India. During this period,
it held eleven sessions covering a total of 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of
the Draft Constitution.
ß On 29 August, 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr.
B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India.
ß The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November, 1949 and the hon'ble members appended their
signatures to it on 24 January, 1950.
ß The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January, 1950. On that day, the Assembly ceased to exist,
transforming itself into the Provisional Parliament of India until a new Parliament was constituted in1952.
ß The constitution consisted of a preamble, twenty two parts and twelve schedules.

1.2 SOURCES OF CONSTITUTION

Various features of the constitution were borrowed from different constitutions of different countries and along
with the original contribution of Constituent Assembly were assimilated into Indian constitution.

The structural part of the constitution to a larger extent is derived from the Government of India Act, 1935.
These are listed below

ß Federal set-up
ß Provincial autonomy
ß Office of governor
ß Bicameral legislature
ß Power of issuing ordinance
ß Distribution of power between state and centre in 3 lists.
1.3 Various provisions of the constitution taken from different countries are listed below

SL NO PROVISIONS OF CONSTITUTION SOURCES

Resolution adopted by the
1. Preamble Constituent Assenbly on January
22, 1947
1) Bill of Rights from America.
2) French Declaration of Rights
2. Fundamental Rights and Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
Single Citizenship
Parliamentary system of government
Constitutional Head of State
Lok Sabha having more powers than Rajya Sabha British Constitution
3. Writ jurisdiction of High Court and Supreme Court
Rule of Law
Civil Services
Written Constitution
4. Independent Judiciary American Constitution
Judicial Review
Directive Principles of State Policy
5. Election of President Irish Constitution
Nominating members to Rajya Sabha
Concurrent List
Parliamentary Privileges
6. Procedure for Resolving Centre-State differences Canadian Constitution
Co-operative federalism
Three lists- Union, State and Concurrent
7. Fundamental Duties Russian Constitution
8. Amendment procedure to constitution of India South African Constitution
Electing members to Rajya Sabha
9. Emergency provisions German Constitution

2. PARTS OF THE CONSTITUTION

ß Part I - The Union and its Territory

ß Part II - Citizenship
ß Part III - Fundamental Rights
ß Part IV - Directive Principles of State Policy
ß Part IVA - Fundamental Duties
 ß Part V - The Union
ß Part VI - The States
ß Part VII - The States in Part B of the First Schedule
ß Part VIII - The Union Territories
ß Part IX - Panchayats
ß Part IXA - Municipalities
ß Part X - The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
ß Part XI - Relations Between The Union and The States
ß Part XII - Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
ß Part XIII - Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within The Territory of India
ß Part XIV - Services Under The Union and The States
ß Part XIVA - Tribunals
ß Part XV- Elections
ß Part XVI - Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
ß Part XVII - Official Language
ß Part XVIII - Emergency Provisions
ß Part XIX - Miscellaneous
ß Part XX - Amendment of the Constitution
ß Part XXI - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
ß Part XXII - Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals

3. SCHEDULES TO INDIAN CONSTITUTION

ß First Schedule: This schedule is about the States and Union Territories of India.
ß Second Schedule: In this Schedule, provisions made to the President and the Governors of States,
Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People, the Chairman and the Deputy
Chairman of the Council of States, the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly, the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State, the
Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of
India
ß Third Schedule: Forms of Oaths or Affirmations are mentioned in this Schedule.
ß Fourth Schedule: This Schedule specifies the allocation of seats in the Council of States.
ß Fifth Schedule: Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled
Tribes are mentioned in this Schedule. The amendment of the schedule is also included in the Part
D of the Schedule.
ß Sixth Schedule: This Schedule deals with the provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas
in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
ß Seventh Schedule: The List I or the Union List, List II or the State List and List III or the
Concurrent List are included in this Schedule.
ß Eighth Schedule: The 22 languages selected as the official languages of India are mentioned in this
Schedule.
 ß Ninth Schedule: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations is dealt with in this Schedule
ß Tenth Schedule: Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection for the Members of
Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures are mentioned in this Schedule.
ß Eleventh Schedule: This Schedule talks about the powers, authority and responsibilities of
Panchayats
ß Twelfth Schedule: Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities are defined in this
Schedule.

4. PREAMBLE TO CONSTITUTION

Preamble to the constitution sets out the main objectives which it intends to achieve. And it also indicates that
the source from which the Constitution derives its authority is the people of this country. The Preamble declares

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation

* As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a ‘sovereign democratic republic’. In 1976 the
Forty-second Amendment changed this to ‘sovereign socialist secular democratic republic’.

Sovereign – sovereignty stands for supreme power of the state. The term sovereignty is derived from the latin
word ‘superanus’ which means supreme. The country is both, internally as well as externally sovereign.
Externally it is free from any foreign power and internally it exercises a free government directly elected by the
people and makes laws that govern the people in conformity with constitutional limitations.

Socialist - It implies to social and economic equality. Social equality means there is no discrimination on the
grounds of caste, color, creed, sex, religion, language, etc. Each one enjoys equal status and opportunities. By
economic equality it means that the government will endeavour for equal distribution of wealth and to provide a
decent standard of living for all, hence a commitment in forming a welfare state.

Secular - Secular implies religious freedom and tolerance towards other religion. It is a system in which the
state has no official religion and does not promote or interfere with any religion. Religion is treated as a private
affair of an individual. No religious instruction is imparted in government schools or government-aided schools.

Democratic – the term democracy is derived from the greek words ‘demos’ meaning ‘the people’ and ‘kratos’
meaning ‘rule’. Democracy means that the government is directly or indirectly elected by the people and they
have right to participate in the functioning of the government.
Republic - The term means that the head of the state is not a heredity monarch but an elected representative of
the people for a fixed term. The President of India is elected by Electoral College for a fixed period of five
years.
5. CITIZENSHIP

Under citizenship act, 1955 citizenship can be acquired under the following circumstances

ß By birth
ß By decent
ß By registration
ß By naturalisation
ß By incorporation of territory

Under citizenship act, 1955 citizenship can be lost under the following circumstances

ß By renunciation
ß Termination of citizenship
ß Deprivation of citizenship

6. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

∑ Moral rights: - the rights which are based upon the morality and it cannot be enforced in a court.
∑ Legal rights: - rights which are conferred by an statue.
∑ Constitutional rights: - rights which are granted by the constitution.

These fundamental rights are

ß Right to equality (Articles 14 to 18)
ß Right to freedom (Articles 19 to 22)
ß Rights against exploitation (Articles 23 and 24)
ß Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25 to 28)
ß Right to cultural and educational right (Articles 29 to 30)
ß Right to constitutional remedies (Articles 32)

The right to property was a fundamental right under Article31, but after 44th Amendment in 1978, it was
reduced to a legal right.

Article 14 guarantees that all persons are treated equally before the law and are provided equal protection under
the law. Article 361 immunes the president and governor.

Article 15 Prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of

ß religion
ß race
ß caste
ß sex
ß Place of birth or any of them.
ß Exception:- the state is empowered to make any special provisions for protection of children,
women and for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for
SC/ST.
ß 93rd Constitution Amendment provides the Reservation for SCs,STs and Backward Classes for
admission in private educational institutions.

Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity in the matters of public employment.

Article 17 abolishes ‘untouchability’ and its practice in any form.

Articles 19 guarantees freedom of

ß Speech
ß freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
ß to form associations or unions
ß to move throughout the territory of India
 ß to Reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
ß to practice any profession
ß to carry on any occupation, trade or business

Article21A provides for free and compulsory education to children of the age of six to fourteen years.

Article 24 prohibits employing children below the age 14 in any hazardous employment. (CHILD LABOUR)

Article 32 gives a right to every individual to move the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of his
fundamental rights. (for more see section under writs)

7. WRITS

The following writs are issued by the Supreme Court and High Court under Article 32 and Article 226
respectively.

¸ Habeas Corpus:-the words ‘Habeas Corpus’ means ‘to have a body’. The writ is a direction given to
person to produce before the court the person, who was detained by him.
¸ Mandamus:- it is a command issued by the court to commanding a public authority to do his duty.
¸ Certiori and prohibition:- the writ of certiori is issued to squash the decision of a lower tribunal after
the decision has been taken by the lower court and writ prohibition is issued before the proceedings is
completed.
¸ Quo Warranto:-the writ calls upon the holder of public office under what authority he is holding the
office. The court may oust the person from office, if he is not entitled to the office.

8.DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

The directive principles of state policy are welfare provisions in the constitution of India; they aim to establish a
welfare state. The idea of directive principles was first propounded in the constitution of Spain. They are in the
nature of general directions or instruction to the state. It was described Dr.B.R.Ambedkar as the “novel feature
of Indian constitution” Articles 36 to 51 deals with the Directive Principles of Sate Policy.

Article 36 defines the Sate.

Article 39 state that the state shall direct its policy towards securing

¸ regulate ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, so that the ownership and
control of material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub serve the common good
¸ prevent concentration of wealth and income
¸ ensure their more equitable distribution and enact laws to protect the interests of the workers
¸ equal pay for equal work for both men and women

Article 41 provides that state shall within the limits of economic capacity and development, make effective
provision for

¸ right to work
¸ right to education and right to public assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and
disablement, etc.

9. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

Articles 51A deals with the fundamental duties. This provision was introduced by the 42 nd Amendment of
Constitution in the year 1976 by inserting Part IVA in the Constitution. These duties cannot be enforced by
writs. They can be promoted by Constitutional methods.

These are 11 fundamental duties viz-aviz:

ß Article 51 A(a) :- duty to abide by the Constitution and, respect its ideals and institutions, National
Flag and the National Anthem.
ß Article 52 A(b) :- duty to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom.
ß Article 51 A(c ) :- duty to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
 ß Article 51 A(d) :- duty to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do
so.
ß Article 51 A(e) :- duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
ß Article 51 A(f) :- duty to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
ß Article 51 A(g) :- duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures
ß Article 51 A(h) :- duty to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform
ß Article 51 A(i) :- duty to safeguard public property and to abjure violence
ß Article 51 A(j) :- duty to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individuals and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement
ß Article 51 A(k) :- duty for the parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his
child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of 6 to 14 years.

10. PRESIDENT OF INDIA

Article 52 mandates the existence of president of India, the functions and powers of President of India are listed
below

He appoints Prime Minister of India and on his advice, the Council of Ministers.

ß He makes rules for the more convenient transaction of business of the Government and
allocates among ministries for such business.
ß He must be informed of all decisions of Council of Ministers.
ß No bill can become an Act, without the President s signature. Except money Bill, he can return
other Bills for reconsideration of the Parliament.
ß When two Houses do not agree on the provisions of a Bill, he may summon them to a joint sitting.
ß When the Parliament is not is Session, he may promulgate Ordinances.
ß When the security of India is threatened, he can proclaim emergency,. He can also promulgate the
President’s rule in States as also the Financial Emergency.
ß He appoints judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, Chief Election Commissioner Comptroller
and Auditor General, members of Union Public Service Commission. He also appoints
Ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives of India abroad, the Commissioners of SCs and
STs, Backward classes and Minorities,Governors of States and Lt. Governors, Chief
Commissioner and Administrators of Union Territories members of Finance Commission and
inter-State Council. Moreover every appointment in the
ß Union Government is made in the name of President or under his authority.
ß He is the Supreme Commander of the Indian defence forces.
ß He summons, prorogues and addresses the Parliament. He also dissolves the Lok Sabba.
ß He can grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishments.

PRESIDENTS TENURE
Dr.Rajendra Prasad (Jan. 26, 1950 - May 13, 1962)
Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (May 13, 1962 - May 13, 1967)
Dr.Zakir Husain (May 13, 1967 - May 3, 1969)
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (May 3, 1969 – July 20,1969)
(acting) (August 24, 1969 - August 24, 1974)
Justice Mohammed Hidayatullah (July 20, 1969 - August 24, 1969) (acting)
Fakhruddin Ali A (August 24, 1974 - Feb. 11, 1977)
B.D.Jatti (Feb. 12, 1977 - July 25, 1977) (acting)
Neelam Sanjeev (July 25, 1977 - July 25, 1982)
R.Venkataraman (July 25, 1987 - July 25, 1992)
Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma (July 25, 1992 - July 25, 1997)
K. R. Narayanan (July 25, 1997 - July 25, 2002)
A P J Abdul Kalam (July 25, 2002 - July 25, 2007)
Pratibha Patil (July 25, 2007 - July 25, 2012)
Pranab Mukherjee (July 25, 2007 - Jul25, 2012)
 10.1 Legislative Power of the President –

¸ When both the Houses of Parliament are not in session and if the President is satisfied that circumstances
exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate Ordinances. The
Ordinances after promulgation by President of India has the same effect as that of law.
¸ The Ordinance after promulgation is laid before both the Houses of Parliament and shall cease to operate at
the expiration of 6 weeks from the re-assembly of Parliament
¸ Before the expiration of that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the
passing of those resolutions and the ordinances may be withdrawn any time by the President.

10.2 Election of President

Article 54 deals with the election of President

¸ The president is not directly elected by the people, but by the method of indirect election.
¸ He is elected by a electoral college consisting of elected members of both the houses of parliament and
members of state legislative assemblies.
¸ As far as possible, there is uniformity in the scale of representation of the different states at the presidential
elections.
¸ All disputes regarding the election of the president are to be decided by the Supreme Court, whose decision
shall be final.
¸ The presidential and vice presidential elections act, 1952 regulates the election of president and vice
president.
¸ A candidate stands nominated when his name is nominated by 10 voters and he deposits a sum of Rs 2500.
¸ Election to presidential office must be held before the expiry of the tenure of president in office.
¸ If the office of president falls vacant by death, resignation or removal or otherwise, then the election to fill
the vacancy should be done within six months from the date of the occurring of the vacancy.

10.3 Other Conditions

¸ Before assuming his office, the president has to take a oath in the prescribed manner in in the presence of
the Chief Justice of India.
¸ In the absence of Chief Justice of India then the president shall take oath in the presence of senior most
judge of the Supreme Court.
¸ The president cannot hold any office of profit.
¸ The president cannot be a member of a house of parliament or a state legislature and if he is a member at
the time of election, he automatically vacates the office as soon as he assumes the charge of his office.
¸ The president is entitled to the free use of his official residence and also to such emoluments, allowances,
and privileges as parliament may determine.
¸ The allowances and emoluments of the President cannot be diminished during the term of office.
¸ The tenure of the president is five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, but he continues
to hold office even thereafter till his successor enters upon his office.
¸ If the president decides to resign from his office, then the letter to this regard has to be addressed to the
vice-president and the vice-president shall convey the same to the speaker of Lok-Sabha.

10.4Qualifications for Presidential Candidate

¸ Candidate should be a citizen of India.

¸ Candidate should be at least 35 years old.
¸ Candidate should be qualified to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha.
¸ President is eligible for re-election
¸ Candidate should not hold any office of profit.
 10.5 Presidential Privileges

¸ He is not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office.
¸ No court can issue any writ against him.
¸ No criminal proceeding whatsoever can be initiated against the president.
¸ No civil suit can be filed against the president for any act done by him in the capacity of president.

10.6 Impeachment of president

¸ The idea of impeachment has been borrowed from U.S.A.

¸ The president may be removed from his office before the completion of his term for “violation of
constitution” by the process of impeachment.
¸ The president can be impeached only for the violation of constitution and not for the violation of any law.
¸ The procedure for impeachment is described below
∑ A written notice sighed by not less than one fourth of the total membership must be given to the
president.
∑ After the expiry of fourteen days from the date of issue of notice, a resolution to this regard must
be passed by any one of the house of parliament.
∑ Then the investigation may be conducted by the house itself or it can direct any other agency to
do the same.
∑ If after the investigation the house come to an conclusion that the president is guilty of charges
levelled against him and passes a resolution by 2/3 members of the house of parliament. Then the
president stands impeached from the date in which the resolution is passed

11. VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA

¸ Article 63 mandates the existence of vice- president.

¸ The Vice-President is ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
¸ The Vice-President acts as President or Discharges his functions during casual vacancies or during
absence of President
¸ When Vice-President performs the duty of President in his absence, he is seizes to be ex-officio Chairman
of the Rajya Sabha.
¸ When Vice-President performs the functions of president, he enjoys the all powers and immunities enjoyed
by the president.
¸ When vacancies arises in both President and Vice-President office, then Chief Justice of Supreme Court
act as president.
¸ When vacancies arises President, Vice-President office, Chief Justice of Supreme Court office, then the
senior most judge in the Supreme Court acts as president.
¸ The Vice- President is elected by the members of electoral college of members of both Lok Sabha and
Rajya Sabha in accordance with the system of proper representations by means of single transferable secret
ballot system.
¸ The election to elect the Vice-President should be completed before the Vice-President’s office falls
vacant.
¸ All disputes regarding the election of the Vice-President are to be decided by the Supreme Court, whose
decision shall be final.
¸ The Vice-President has to subscribe to a oath from President of India or form any other authority appointed
on his behalf.
¸ In the event of resignation of Vice-President, the resignation letter must be submitted to the president.

11.1 Removal of Vice-President

¸ The Vice-President can be removed by the following procedure

∑ A written notice has to be served to the Vice-President
 ∑ A resolution to that regard must be passed by the Rajya Sabha.
∑ The resolution must accepted by the Lok Sabha.

11.2 Qualifications for Vice-Presidential Candidate

¸ Candidate should be a citizen of India.

¸ Candidate should be at least 35 years old.
¸ Candidate should be qualified to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
¸ Vice-President is eligible for re-election
¸ Candidate should not hold any office of profit.

12. PARLIAMENT OF INDIA

¸ India’s Parliament is bicameral. The lower house is the Lok Sabha and the upper house Rajya Sabha.
¸ The word Parliament is derived from the French word ‘parler’ which means to talk
¸ The two houses along with the president constitute the parliament.
¸ Lok Sabha meets at least twice a year and the interval between two sessions cannot be more than six
months.
¸ The first session of the parliament, whether after the general election to the Lok Sabha, or every year, the
president addresses both the houses assembled together. And commences the proceeding of parliament.
¸ The house is obliged to respond to any messages sent by the president.
¸ Every year there shall be the following sessions of the parliament
∑ 1st session February-May Budget Session
∑ 2 session
nd
July-September Monsoon Session
∑ 3rd session November –December Winter Session
¸ Only a member can vote however the following persons can take part in the proceeding of the house
∑ Every minister
∑ Attorney general
∑ A member of any parliamentary committee

12.1 Prime Minister

¸ Prime Minister heads the council of ministers.

¸ Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
¸ Prime Minister has the power to remove the minister.
¸ Prime Minister is the principle spokesman of the cabinet and its defender in the Parliament.

12.2 Council of Ministers

¸ Article 74 mandates the existence of council of ministers.

¸ The council of ministers is responsible to the house of parliament.
¸ Council of ministers shall be headed by the Prime Minister.
¸ Minister holds his office during the ‘pleasure’ of president. However the president acts under the advice of
prime minister.
¸ The advice given by the council of ministers to the president is protected from any judicial scrutiny.
¸ A minister should be a member of a house of parliament. A non member can be appointed as a member
provided he becomes a member of a house within six months.
¸ The council of ministers remains in office so long as it enjoys the confidence and support from majority of
Lok Sabha.

12.3 Lok Sabha

¸ The Lok Sabha is known as the lower house of the parliament.

¸ It cannot have more than 552 members, out of these 530 are to be elected from the states and more more
than 20 is elected from the union territory.
¸ Two anglo Indians can be appointed by the president if he feels that the community is not adequately
represented in the country.
¸ The term of the Lok Sabha is five years from the date of appointment for its first meeting.
¸ During emergency the term of the Lok Sabha may be extended by not more than one year at a time. And in
no case it can be extended beyond 6 months after the proclamation of emergency has ceased to operate.
¸ The Constitution’s 91st Amendment of 2003 mandates that the total number of ministers including the
Prime Minister in Lok Sabha shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of Lok Sabha.

Qualification

¸ The person must be citizen of India,

¸ must not be less then 25 years of age
¸ Should posses such other qualification as prescribed by the parliament.
¸ He should make and subscribe to the prescribed oath or affirmation before a person authorised for the
purpose by the election commission.
¸ He should not suffer from any disqualification prescribed either by the constitution or by a law made by the
parliament.

Disqualifications

¸ If he holds a office of profit.

¸ He is of unsound mind and the same has been declared by a competent court.
¸ He is a undercharged insolvent.
¸ He voluntarily acquires the citizenship of foreign country.
¸ He is disqualified by or under any law made by the parliament.
¸ He absents himself for 60 days (from Parliament in case he is a member of Parliament without permission
of Parliament.
¸ The matter of disqualification is decided by the President in accordance with the advice of Election
Commission of India.

12.4 Speaker of Lok Sabha

¸ G.V.Mavalankar was the 1st speaker of legislative assembly in the year 1946.
¸ The speaker is the chief office of the Lok Sabha and he presides over its proceedings.
¸ The speaker is chosen by the house among its members.
¸ The deputy speaker performs the functions of speaker in the absence of speaker.
¸ In the absence of both speaker and deputy speaker, then a member of the house is appointed by the
President for the purpose till the offices is filled by election by the house.
Powers and functions
¸ He conducts the business of the house in an orderly manner and regulates the proceeding of the house.
¸ Speaker casts his casting vote in the event of a tie.
¸ Speaker’s decision with regard to the allocation of time for each agenda is final.
¸ Speaker decides when the house is to be adjourned.
¸ Speaker can instruct the government to place any document before the house.
¸ Speaker signs the bill passed by the house as a mark of authentication before it is sent to the president for
assent.
¸ Speaker can issue summons, if a person is required to appear before the house on charge of contempt or
breach of privilege of the house.
¸ Speaker decides whether a bill is money bill or not, and his decision to that regard is final.
¸ Speaker presides over the joint session of the parliament.
¸ All resignation by the members of the house is addressed to the Speaker.
¸ All parliamentary committee function under his control and direction.
¸ Speaker appoints the Chairman of all committees.
¸ Speaker regulates the admission of visitors, press correspondents to the gallery and is also responsible for
security arrangements.
¸ Speaker decides the question of disqualification of a member on the ground of defection.

12.5 Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

¸ Deputy Speaker presides over as Speaker in the absence of Speaker.
¸ Deputy Speaker can take part in the proceeding of the house and can vote as a member.
¸ Deputy Speaker may reserve a matter for ruling by the Speaker or consult him before ruling.
¸ Deputy Speaker’s resignation letter is addressed to the Speaker.

12.6 Rajya Sabha

¸ The Raya Sabha shall not consist of more than 250 members.
¸ Out of the 250 memebrs 238 are elected representatives of state and union territories. And 12 members are
appointed by the president.
¸ The representatives of each State in the Council of States shall be elected by the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with system of proportional representation by means of
single transferable vote.
¸ The Raya Sabha ia a permanent house, and it cannot be abolished or dissolved.
¸ The term of the members is six years and 1/3rd members of the house retire every two years.
¸ Vice-President is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
¸ The deputy chairman is elected by the members of the house.

12.8 Limitation to powers of the Raya Sabha

¸ A money bill cannot originate from the Raya Sabha.

¸ The Raya Sabha can only make recommendations to the money bill.
¸ The council of ministers are responsible to Lok Sabha.
¸ The Raya Sabha has no powers to pass no confidence motion.

12. 9 GOVERNOR OF THE STATE

¸ The Governor is the Chief Executive of State.

¸ The state executive consists of the governor, the council of ministers and the Chief Minister.
¸ Governor is the link between the state and central governments and he keeps the central government
informed of all the happenings in the state.
¸ The Governor appoints Chief Minister and also other ministers of that State on the advice of the Chief
Minister.
¸ Governor is appointed by the President. And he holds office during the pleasure of the President.
¸ The Same person can be appointed by President for two or more States.
¸ The Governor holds office for a term of 5 years from the date he enters into his office.
¸ Governor cannot be a Member of Parliament or any State Assembly.
¸ The Governor can great pardons, suspend, remit or commute sentence in certain cases.
¸ The Governor of a State appoints the Advocate General for the State who holds office during the pleasure
of Governor.
¸ All executive action of a State is taken in the name of the Governor.
¸ The Governor promulgates ordinances is he thinks to take immediate action on any circumstance only
when the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council if any is/are not in session

Qualification of Governor
¸ He should be a citizen of India.
¸ He should have completed 35 years of age.
¸ The Governor has to take and subscribe to the oath in the prescribed form in the presence of Chief Justice
of High Court of that state.
¸ In the absence of Chief Justice of High Court he has to tae oath in front of the senior most judge of the
High Court.
¸ The Governor cannot be a Member of Parliament or member of any state legislature.
¸ Governor cannot hold any office of profit.
¸ The Governor is entitled to the free use of his official residence and also to such emoluments, allowances,
and privileges as parliament may determine.
¸ The allowances and emoluments of the Governor cannot be diminished during the term of office.

13. SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

¸ The Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice of India and 25 other Judges.
¸ The Chief Justice and other judges are appointed by the President of India.
¸ The judges of Supreme Court hold office upto to the age of 65 years.
¸ Supreme Court judge addresses his resignation to the President.
¸ A Judge of Supreme Court after his retirement and during his tenure in the Supreme Court cannot practice
in any Court or in any authority throughout India
¸ Law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India.
¸ A Supreme Court is the court of record and has power to punish for its own contempt.
¸ A person can directly approach the Supreme Court in the event of any fundamental rights is violated.
¸ The Supreme Court has the original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Government of India and one or
more State. And any dispute between one or more states.
¸ The president appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court.
¸ The privileges, allowances, rights in respect of leave of absence or pension cannot be varied to the
disadvantage of the Judge.
Qualification
¸ Should be a citizen of India.
¸ Must be a judge for at east 5 years in any High Court. OR
¸ Must have been an advocate for at least 10 years in any High Court. OR
¸ Must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President. However no jurist as of today has been
appointed as the judge of Supreme Court.
Powers and jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Court of record
¸ Court of record is a court in which all the proceeding are recorded in a document.
¸ Supreme Court has the following powers by being a court of record
∑ Power to determine its own jurisdiction.
∑ Power to punish for its contempt.
∑ Power to punish for contempt of High Courts and Subordinate courts.

Original Jurisdiction

¸ In the event of violation of a fundamental right, the Supreme Court can be approached directly and it can
pass suitable writs to enforce the fundamental rights.
¸ All doubts and disputes arising out of the election of the President shall be adjudicated by the Supreme
Court only.
¸ Supreme Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate any dispute between Government of India
and one or more states or between states.

Appellate Jurisdiction
¸ An appeal lies in Supreme Court from the final order from a High Court.

Removal of Judge
¸ A judge of Supreme Court can be removed by the process of impeachment.
¸ A judge may be removed from the office by the president on an address by both houses of parliament
presented in the same session for proven misbehaviour or incapacity.
¸ The address must be supported by majority of the house and 2/3rd majority of members present and voting.
¸ A judge of Supreme Court can be impeached y an order of President passed after an address by each House
of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House or by a majority of not less
than 2/3 o members of the House present and voting has been presented to President in the same session
for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity (Article 124(4))

14. HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

¸ There shall be a High Court in every state.(Article 214)

¸ Every High Court is a court of record.
¸ Every High Court has the power to punish for contempt. (Article 215)
¸ Every High Court shall consist of a chief justice and other justices decided by the President.
¸ Judge of a High Court is appointed by President of India.
¸ Judge of a High Court holds office upto the age of 62 years.
¸ Judge of a High Court addresses his resignation to the President of India (Article 217)
¸ A judge of a High Court takes oath from the Governor of that State (Article 219)
¸ A retired Judge of a High Court cannot practice in same High Court but he can practice in the other High
Courts and in the Supreme Court (Article 220)
¸ High Court has superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout its territories of that State (Article
227)
¸ The High Court has the power to issue writs for the purpose of enforcing fundamental rights.

15. LAW COMMISSION REPORTS

LAW COMMISSION REPORT CHAIRMAN / YEAR

First law commission mr.m.c.setalvad 1955-1958
Second law commission mr.justice t.l.venkatrama aiyar 1958-1961
Third law commission mr.justice j.l.kapur 1961-1964
Fourth law commission mr. Justice j.l.kanpur 1964-1968
Fifth law commission mr. K.v.k. sundaram 1968-1971
Sixth law commission mr.justice dr.p.b.gajendragadkar 1971-1974
Seventh law commission mr.justic dr.gajendragadkar 1974-1977
Eighth law commission mr.justichh.r.khanna, 1977-1979
Ninth law commission mr.justice p.v.dixit 1979-1980
Tenth law commission mr.justice k.k.mathew 1981-1985
Eleventh law commission mr.justice d.a.desai 1985-1988
Tweleth law commission mr.justic m.p. thakkar 1988-1991
Thirteenth law commission mr.justice k.n.singh 1991-1994
Fourteenth law commission mr.justice k.j.reddy 1995-1997
Fifteenth law commission mr.justice b.p.jeevan reddy 1997-2000
Sisteenth law commission mr.justice b.p.jevan reddy 2000-2001
mr.justice jagannadha rao 2002-2003
Seventeenth law commission mr.justice m.jagannadha rao 2003-2006
16. FAMOUS BOOKS AND AUTHORS

Books Author
A call to Honour Jaswant Singh
A Foreign Policy for India I.K.Gujral
Arthashatra Kautilya
Candid Corner Abhishek Singhvi
Constitution of India – Defaced and Defied N.A.Palkhivala
Constitutional Law of India H.M.Seervai
Das Kapital Karl Mark
Freedom at Midnight Larry Collins
India from Curzon to Nehru and After Durgadas
Indian Home Rule M.K.Gandhi
International Law Oppenheim
Landmarks in the Law Lord Denning
Men who Killed Gandhi Monohar Malgonkar
Mother India Katherine Mayo
Muslim Dilema in India M.R.A.Baig
My Life-Law and Other Things Motilal C.Setalved
My Own Boswell M.Hidayatullah
Roses in December M.C.Chagla
The Judgment Kuldip Mayo
The Republic Plato
We the Nation N.A.Palkhiwala
We the People N.A.Palkhiwala
Wealth of Nations Adam Smith
What Next in the Law Lord Denning

Multiple Choice Questions on Constitutional G.K

PRACTICE SET 1:

1 The Indian constitution borrowed the concept of a five-year plan from the constitution of
________________.
A) Russia
B) Japan
C) China
D) Germany

2 Maximum number of Members of Rajya Sabha is

A)232
B)540
C)244
D)250
3 How many languages initially recognised by Indian Constitution as National Languages?
A)12
B)13
C)14
D)15

4 Who will preside over the combined meetings of both houses?

A) President
B) Vice President
C) Speaker
D) Prime minister

5 What is the maximum limit for members of Lok Sabha?

A)544
B)542
C)545
D)552

6 Who elects the President of India?

A) Lok Sabha
B) Rajya Sabha
C) People of India
D) Parliament and State Assemblies

7 The Fundamental Duties were incorporated in the Constitution of India by the

A) Tenth Amendment
B) Forty-second Amendment
C) Thirty-second Amendment
D) Thirty-eighth Amendment

8 The constitution Bill regarding delinking of Religion from politics was

A) 76th Amendment Bill
B) 80th Amendment Bill
C) 77th Amendment Bill
D) 79th Amendment Bill

9 The Planning Commission was constituted in

A) 1959
B) 1952
C) 1954
D) 1950

10 How much time did it take to draft the Constitution of India?

A) Two years, Eight months and Eight days
B) Two years, Eleven months and Eighteen days
C) Two years, ten months and Fifteen days
D) Three years

11 Imposing President's rule in case of emergency is given in which article of the Constitution?
A) Article 356
B) Article 352
 C) Article 392
D) Article 392

12 The maximum limit for members of assembly in a state is

A)294
B)300
C)325
D)350

13 Which of the following is the largest Committee of the Parliament?

A) The Public Accounts Committee
B) The Estimates Committee
C) The Committee on Public Undertakings
D) The Committee on Petitions

14 When was the Protection of Human Rights Act passed?

A) 1995
B) 1989
C) 1993
D) 1984

15 Who was Chairman the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution in set up on 27th
August 1947?
A) Mahatma Gandhi
B) Jawaharlal Nehru
C) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
D)Wyomesh Chandra Banerjee

16 Holding of elections in the Panchayats is decided by?

A) the Election Commission
B) the State Government
C) the District Magistrate
D) the Union Government

17 In which part of the constitution are Emergency Provisions provided?

A) Part XVIII
B) Part XIX
C) Part XX
D) Part XXI

18 An Inter-state council was set up in 1990 under Article 263 of the constitution by the
recommendation of ?
A) Sarkaria Commison
B) Mandal Commission
C) Nanavati Commission
D) Kalelkar Commission

19 Which constitutional Amendment provides for reservation in admissions in private unaided

institutions for members of scheduled castes/tribes and other backward classes?
A) 92nd Constitutional Amendment
B) 93rd Constitutional Amendment
C) 91st Constitutional Amendment
 D) 90th Constitutional Amendment

20 With the enactment of 92nd Constitution Amendment) Act, 2003, how many Indian
languages figure in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India?
A) 21
B) 18
C) 22
D) 19

21 In the Indian Constitution, opportunities for the development of scientific temper,

humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform are found in the:
A) Fundamental Rights
B) Fundamental Duties
C) Directive Principles of State Policy
D) Preamble

22 Article 32 of constitution is related to

A)Fundamental Duties
B)Fundamental Rights
C)Center state relation
D)Legislation

23 How many schedules were there in original Constitution

A) 8
B) 7
C)5
D) 12

24 Which of following can be abolished but not dissolved?

A) Rajya Sabha
B) Muncipal bodies
C) State legislative Council
D) None of the Above

25 The draft of Five Year Plans in India is approved by the

A) National Development Council
B) Planning Commission
C) National Productivity Council
D) Minisrty of Finance

26 Under which constitutional amendment 30% seats in village panchyats have been reserved
for women in India?
A) 70
B) 71
C) 73
D) 74

27 Which of the following is not related to the constitution?

A) Lok Sabha
B) Rajya Sabha
C) President
D) Planning Commission
28 Which article of the Indian Constitution provides special safeguards for the welfare of
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes?
A) Article 339
B) Article 312
C) Article 289
D) Article 316

29 When was the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution adopted?

A) 1970
B) 1972
C) 1974
D) 1976

30 Who elects the Vice President of India?

A) Members of Parliament
B) Members of Lok Sabha
C) Only b
D) Both a and b

Answers:
1 Ans) Russia
2 Ans) 250
3 Ans)12
4 Ans) Speaker
5 Ans) 545
6 Ans) Parliament and State Assemblies
7 Ans) Forty-second Amendment
8 Ans) 80th Amendment Bill
9 Ans) 1950
10 Ans) Two years, Eleven months and Eighteen days
11 Ans) Article 356
12 Ans) 350
13 Ans) The Estimates Committee
14 Ans) 1993
15 Ans) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
16 Ans) The State Government
17 Ans) Part XVIII
18 Ans) Sarkaria Commison
19 Ans) 93rd Constitutional Amendment
20 Ans) 22
21 Ans) Fundamental Duties
22 Ans) Fundamental Rights
23 Ans) 8
24 Ans) State legislative Council
25 Ans) National Development Council
26 Ans) 73
27 Ans) Rajya Sabha
28 Ans) Article 339
29 Ans) 1976
30 Ans) Both a and b
PRACTICE SET 2:

31 For those Union Territories, which have no Legislative Councils of their own, laws are passed
by
A) Parliament
B) Appointed Administrator
C) Union Ministry
D) President

32 The Rajya Sabha can be dissolved by

A) Constitutional amendement
B) President
C) None of these
D) Lok Sabha

33 First actress nominated/elected to the Rajya Sabha was

A) Nargis Dutt
B) Jayalalitha
C) Vijayanthimala
D) Hema Malini

34 Which of the following bills cannot be introduced first in the Rajya Sabha ?
A) Bills pertaining to the removal of the President by impeachment
B) Bills pertaining to the powers of the Supreme Court ot State Judiciary
C) Bills bringing a state under the President's Rule.
D) Money Bills

35 Collective responsibility of the Cabinet was introduced in India by the

A) Minto-Morley Reforms
B) Independence Act, 1947
C) Constitution of India
D) Government of India Act, 1935

36 In which of the following systems of Government, can the Government be removed through
no-confidence motion passed by the Parliament ?
A) Federal
B) Unitary
C) Parliamentry
D) Presidential

37 The President can promulgated an ordinance

A) When there is a conflict between the two Houses regarding a particular bill
B) When a bill passed by the Lok Sabha is not passed by the Rajya Sabha
C) When both the Houses of the Parliament are not in session.
D) When the Lok Sabha has been dissolved

38 If a Minister of a state wants to resign, to whom he should address the letter of resignation ?
A) Governor of the State
B) Leader of his political party
C) Chief Minister
 D) Speaker of Vidhan Sabha

39 Amongst the following for whose removal Parliament's resolution is not needed ?
A) Judge of Supreme Court
B) Comptroller and Auditor General
C) Chief Election Commissioner
D) Governor of a State

40 When the Governor receives a Bill passed by the State Legislative Assembly, which of the
following courses would be most appropriate for the Governor as an agent of the Centre?
A) Exercise veto over the Bill
B) Refer the Bill to the President
C) Give assent to the Bill
D) Keep the Bill pending

41 To which of the following Bills the President must accord his sanction without sending it
back for fresh consideration ?
A) Finance Bills
B) Bill seeking Amendment to the Constitution
C) Ordinary Bills
D) Bills passed by both the Houses of the Parliament

42 Who is the highest Law Officer of a state ?

A) Attorney General
B) Secretary General Law Department
C) Solicitor General
D) Advocate General

43 What is zero hour?

A) When a Money Bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha
B) When matters of utmost importance are raised
C) When the proposals of the opposition are considered
D) Interval between the morning and afternoon sessions

44 The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha can be removed by a resolution

_________________.
A) None of these
B) Passed by a simple majority of its total member present
C) Passed by 2/3rd majority of its total members present
D) Moved by Rajya Sabha but passed by Lok Sabha

45 A Bill refferred to a joint sitting of the two Houses of the Parliament is to be passed by?
A) 3/4th majority
B) Absolute majority of total membership
C) A simple majority
D) 2/3rd majority

46 Which of the following Bills was discussed in the Lok Sabha but was withdraw before it could
be discussed in the Rajya Sabha?
A) Benami Transaction Bill
B) Hill Council Bill
C) Newspaper Employees Bill
 D) Defamation Bill

47 Which of the following has benned floor crossing by the members elected on a party ticket
to the legislature?
A) National Security Act
B) Maintenance of Internal Security Act
C) 52nd Constitution Amendment Act
D) People's Representation Act

48 The maximum strength of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha respectively is?
A) 500 and 250
B) 537 and 275
C) 525 and 238
D) 545 and 250

49 The question of disqualification of a member of the State Legislature shall be decided by?
A) The Governor in consultation with the Election Commission
B) State Legislative Assembly
C) The Governor in consultation with the President
D) State Legislative Council

50 Who among the following has the final power to maintain order within the House of People?
A) Speaker
B) Chief of Security Staff
C) Prime Minister
D) Marshal of the House

51 Who among the following fixes the salaries and the allowances of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
A) Council of Ministers
B) Cabinet
C) Parliament
D) President

52 When the Lok Sabha is dissolved, the Speaker continues in office till a new
A) Government is formed
B) Speaker is elected when the new House meets
C) Lok Sabha is formed
D) Speaker is appointed by the President

53 If a member of Parliament voluntarily acquires the citizenship of a foreign country,

____________
A) He will be penalized
B) He will have a choice of renouncing either
C) He will continue to be a member of Parliament
D) He will be disqualified from membership

54 Which of the following is also called the House of Elders?

A) Lok Sabha
B) Vidhan Sabha
C) Rajya Sabha
D) Gram Sabha
55 The Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament is appointed by?
A) Speaker of Lok Sabha
B) Finance Minister
C) Prime Minister
D) President

56 Who among the following is a legal advisor of the State Government as provided by the
Constitution?
A) Attorney General
B) Public Prosecutor
C) Solicitor General
D) Advocate General

57 The rank of the different Ministers in the Union Council of Ministers is determined by the
A) Speaker of Lok Sabha
B) President
C) Prime Minister
D) Cabinet Secretary

58 The Legislative Council in a state can be created or disbanded by the

A) State Legislative Assembly alone
B) President on recommendation of the Governor
C) Parliament alone
D) Parliament on recommendation of the State Legislature

59 The maximum number of Anglo Indians who can be nominated to the Lok Sabha are
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 2

60 In the case of disagreement on a Bill, in the two Houses of Parliament

A) A special Parliamentary Committee is formed to resolve the situation.
B) The President casts a deciding vote.
C) The Prime Minister intervenes.
D) A joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament is convened

Answers:
31 Ans) Parliament
32 Ans) None of these
33 Ans) Nargis Dutt
34 Ans) Money Bills
35 Ans) Constitution of India
36 Ans) Parliamentry
37 Ans) When both the Houses of the Parliament are not in session.
38 Ans) Chief Minister
39 Ans) Judge of Supreme Court
40 Ans) Refer the Bill to the President
41 Ans) Finance Bills
42 Ans) Advocate General
43 Ans) When matters of utmost importance are raised
44 Ans) Passed by a simple majority of its total member present
45 Ans) A simple majority
46 Ans) Defamation Bill
47 Ans) 52nd Constitution Amendment Act
48 Ans) 545 and 250
49 Ans) The Governor in consultation with the Election Commission
50 Ans) Speaker
51 Ans) Parliament
52 Ans) Speaker is elected when the new House meets
53 Ans) He will be disqualified from membership
54 Ans) Lok Sabha
55 Ans) Speaker of Lok Sabha
56 Ans) Public Prosecutor
57 Ans) President
58 Ans) State Legislative Assembly alone
59 Ans) 2
60 Ans) A joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament is convened

PRACTICE SET 3:

61 What is the maximum number of elected members in a State Assembly ?

A) 500
B) 600
C) 250
D) 300

62 Which parliamentary committee in India is normally chaired by a prominent member of the

Opposition ?
A) Estimates Committee
B) Privileges Committee
C) Public Accounts Committee
D) Committee on Government Assurances

63 Who presides over the Lok Sabha if neither the Speaker nor the Deputy Speaker is available?
A) A member of the House of People appointed by the President
B) The senior most member of the Rajya Sabha.
C) A member chosen by Council of Ministers.
D) The senior most member of the Lok Sabha.

64 Who is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha?

A) President
B) Leader of Opposition
C) Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
D) Vice- President

65 When a bill passed by Parliament is sent to the President for his assent, which option is not
true to him?
A) He may return it to Parliament for reconsideration .
B) He may amend it.
C) He may decline to sign it
D) He may sign it

66 The Union Territories get representation in

 A) Rajya Sabha
B) None of these
C) Both Houses of Parliament
D) Lok Sabha

67 The Secretary General of the Lok Sabha Who is the Chief of its Secretariat is
_________________.
A) Elected by both Houses of Parliament
B) Appointed by the President
C) Appointed by the Speaker
D) Elected by the Lok Sabha

68 The Joint Parliament Committee to examine irregularities and fraudulent manipulations of

the Securities Scam consists of
A) 15 members of Lok Sabha and 15 of Rajya Sabha
B) 30 members of Lok Sabha and 30 of Rajya Sabha
C) 20 members of Lok Sabha and 10 of Rajya Sabha
D) 25 members of Lok Sabha and 15 of Rajya Sabha

69 How many members of the Rajya Sabha are nominated by the President of India?
A) 13
B) 12
C) 10
D) 11

70 The Speaker of the Lok Sabha may be removed from his office, if the House of the People
passes a resolution to this effect by ____________
A) Absolute majority of all the then members of the House
B) Simple majority of members present and voting and absolute majority of all the then
members of the House
C) 2/3rd majority of members present and voting.
D) Simple majority of members present and voting

71 In the case of a deadlock between the two Houses of the Parliament, the joint sitting is
presided over by the ___________.
A) Member of the Lok Sabha specifically elected for the purpose
B) Speaker of Lok Sabha
C) President
D) Vice- President

72 The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is?

A) Nominated by the President
B) Elected by Parliament and State Legislatures jointly
C) Elected by members of both Houses of Parliament
D) Elected by the members of Rajya Sabha

73 The time gap between two sessions of the Parliament should not exceed ________
A) 3 months
B) 1 year
C) 9 months
D) 6 months
74 Joint sittings of the two Houses of Parliament are held to ___________
A) Elect the President of India
B) Adopt a Constitution amending Bill
C) Elect the Vice President of India
D) Consider and pass a bill on which two Houses disagree

75 One third of the members of the Rajya Sabha retire after every _________
A) Second year
B) Fifth year
C) One year
D) Third year

76 A money bill passed by the Lok Sabha has to be passed by Rajya Sabha within __________.
A) 3 months
B) 14 days
C) 21 days
D) 1 month

77 Which of the following is not a Standing Committee of the Parliament?

A) Estimates Committee
B) Committee on Public Undertakings
C) Committee on Welfare of SC's and ST's
D) Committee on Public Accounts

78 For raising Half-an-Hour discussion in a House of Parliament, a notice in writing has to be

given to the__________.
A) Secretary of Department of Parliamentary Affairs
B) Minister concerned
C) Secretary General of the House
D) Presiding Officer of the House

79 What is the minimum age for election / appointment as member of the Rajya Sabha?
A) 25 years
B) 40 years
C) 30 years
D) 35 years

80 Parliament of India is composed of __________.

A) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President
B) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
C) Lok Sabha only
D) Rajya Sabha only

81 Maximum number of M.P.s from backward communities are elected from which state?
A) Rajasthan
B) Bihar
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Nagaland

82 In Parliamentary government, Ministers remain in office so long as they enjoy __________.

A) Confidence of the popular chamber of legislature
B) Popular support
 C) Confidence of the upper house of the legislature
D) Support of the armed forces

83 A bill for alteration of boundaries of states shall not be introduced in the Parliament without
the recommendation of __________.
A) The legislatures of the states concerned
B) President
C) The presiding officers of both Houses of Parliament
D) Supreme Court

84 What type of Party system has been evolved in India?

A) Single Party
B) Party less
C) Bi- party
D) Multi - Party

85 Amongst the questions allowed by the Speaker, which one is regarded as the most
important?
A) Starred
B) Supplementary
C) Short Notice
D) Unstarred

86 When can the Speaker exercise his right to vote in the House?
A) Whenever the House desires
B) Whenever his party directs
C) Only in the event of equality of votes
D) Whenever he desires

87 According to the Constitution of India the maximum number of members representing the
Union Territories in the Lok Sabha cannot exceed __________.
A) 20
B) 25
C) 10
D) 15

88 In the absence of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, who presides over the deliberations
of the Lok Sabha?
A) Oldest members of the House
B) One of the members of the House out of a panel of six persons nominated by the Speaker
C) Prime Minister
D) Home Minister

89 Which of the following non-members of Parliament has the right to address it?
A) Chief Election Commissioner
B) Comptroller and Auditor General
C) Attorney General of India
D) Solicitor- General of India

90 How many members of the Lok Sabha must support a motion of no confidence in the
government, before it can be admitted by the Speaker?
A) 50
 B) 35
C) 20
D) 25

Answers:
61 Ans) 500
62 Ans) Public Accounts Committee
63 Ans) The senior most member of the Lok Sabha.
64 Ans) Vice- President
65 Ans) He may decline to sign it
66 Ans) Both Houses of Parliament
67 Ans) Appointed by the Speaker
68 Ans) 20 members of Lok Sabha and 10 of Rajya Sabha
69 Ans) 12
70 Ans) Absolute majority of all the then members of the House
71 Ans) Speaker of Lok Sabha
72 Ans) Elected by members of both Houses of Parliament
73 Ans) 6 months
74 Ans) Consider and pass a bill on which two Houses disagree
75 Ans) Second year
76 Ans) 14 days
77 Ans) Committee on Public Accounts
78 Ans) Secretary General of the House
79 Ans) 30 years
80 Ans) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President
81 Ans) Bihar
82 Ans) Confidence of the popular chamber of legislature
83 Ans) The legislatures of the states concerned
84 Ans) Multi - Party
85 Ans) Short Notice
86 Ans) Only in the event of equality of votes
87 Ans) 20
88 Ans) One of the members of the House out of a panel of six persons nominated by the
Speaker
89 Ans) Attorney General of India
90 Ans) 50

PRACTICE SET 4:
91 The Constitution of India does not mentioned the post of __________.
A) The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
B) The Deputy Speaker of the State Legislative Assemblies.
C) The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
D) The Deputy Prime Minister

92 Minimum age criteria of a Lok Sobha Member __________.

A) 25 years
B) 21 years
C) 27 years
D) 30 years
93 Appointment of the members of the Council of Ministers is made by the President
__________.
A) In his own discretion
B) On the advice of the Chief Justice of Supreme Court
C) On the advice of the Vice- President
D) On the advice of the Prime Minister

94 Who administers the oath of office to the President?

A) Speaker of Lok Sabha
B) Vice President
C) Prime Minister
D) Chief Justice of India

95 The members of the State Legislative Assembly are elected for what period?
A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 6 years
D) 5 years

96 Criterion for a regional party to be recognised as a national party is __________.

A) To get 1/10th of the seats in the Parliament
B) To be recognised in at least 4 states
C) To be recognised in at least 3 states
D) To get 1/10th of the seats in Lok Sabha

97 Money Bill can be introduced in __________.

A) Either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha
B) None of these
C) Lok Sabha only
D) Rajya Sabha only

98 Who among the following decides whether particular bill is a Money Bill or not?
A) Finance Minister
B) Speaker of Lok Sabha
C) President
D) Chairman of Rajya Sabha

99 Which of the following states does not have a bicameral legislature?

A) Karnataka
B) Maharashtra
C) Rajasthan
D) Bihar

100 Parliament or a State Legislature can declare a seat vacant if a member absents himself
without permission from the session for __________.
A) 60 days
B) 120 days
C) 30 days
D) 90 days

101 Who presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha?

 A) President
B) Speaker
C) Prime Minister
D) Vice - President

102 Minimum Age criteria to become a member of the Rajya Sabha?

A) 25 years
B) 35 years
C) 30 years
D) 21 years

103 Public Accounts Committee is a _________.

A) Select Committee of Lok Sabha
B) Joint Committee of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
C) Standing Committee of Rajya Sabha
D) Sub Committee

104 The Rajya Sabha has a life of _________.

A) 7 years
B) Permanency
C) 2 years
D) 6 years

105 The Governor is appointed by the _________.

A) Chief Minister
B) Chief Justice
C) President
D) Prime Minister

106 Normally The budget is presented to the Parliament on _________.

A) The last day of March
B) 1st April
C) The last day of February
D) 15th March

107 The term of Lok Sabha is normally _________.

A) 5 years
B) 2 years
C) 4 years
D) 6 years

108 The legislative powers are vested in the _________.

A) President
B) Governor
C) Prime Minister
D) Parliament

109 Which authority recommends the principles governing the grants-in-aid of the revenues of
the states out of the Consolidated Fund of India?
A) Public Accounts Committee
B) Inter State Council
C) Union Ministry of Finance
 D) Finance Commission

110 Which are the two States (other than U.P.) having maximum representation in Lok Sabha?
A) Bihar and Madhya Pradesh
B) Bihar and Tamil Nadu
C) Bihar and Andhra Pradesh
D) Bihar and Maharashtra

111 The term of the Lok Sabha _________.

A) Can be extended for another full term of 5 years.
B) Can be extended for an unlimited period
C) Can be extended by 1 year at a time
D) Cannot be extended

112 Vote on Account means legislative vote _________.

A) On the Appropriation Bill
B) On the Finance Bill
C) Authorising expenditure in respect of demands for grants pending the passing of the
Appropriation Act
D) In respect of the report of audit and accounts submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor
General

113 Which of the following committees does not consist of any member from the Rajya Sabha?
A) Estimates Committee
B) Committee on Public Undertakings
C) Public Accounts Committee
D) Public Grievances Committee

114 Recognition to a political party is accorded by _________.

A) The Election Commission
B) A Committee of Whips
C) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha in the legislative assemblies in the case of regional parties
D) The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs

115 The Chairman of Public Accounts Committee is _________.

A) Appointed by Speaker
B) Elected by members of PAC
C) Elected by Union Cabinet
D) Appointed by President

116 A Party in India in order to be recognised as official opposition in the Indian Parliament
should have least how many seats?
A) 1/6th
B) 1/10th
C) 1/3rd
D) 1/4th

117 When was the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution adopted?

A) 1970
B) 1972
C) 1974
D) 1976
118 What does the third schedule in the Constitution of India list?
A) Emoluments for High-Level Officials
B) The oaths of offices for elected officials and judges
C) States and Union Territories
D) The Official Languages

119 Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of India?
A) The Prime Minister
B) The Vice President
C) The President
D) The members of the Rajya Sabha

120 What does the third schedule in the Constitution of India list?
A) Emoluments for High-Level Officials
B) The oaths of offices for elected officials and judges
C) States and Union Territories
D) The Official Languages

Answers:
91 Ans) The Deputy Prime Minister
92 Ans) 25 years
93 Ans) On the advice of the Prime Minister
94 Ans) Chief Justice of India
95 Ans) 5 years
96 Ans) To be recognised in at least 4 states
97 Ans) Lok Sabha only
98 Ans) Speaker of Lok Sabha
99 Ans) Rajasthan
100 Ans) 60 days
101 Ans) Vice - President
102 Ans) 30 years
103 Ans) Standing Committee of Rajya Sabha
104 Ans) Permanency
105 Ans) President
106 Ans) The last day of February
107 Ans) 5 years
108 Ans) Parliament
109 Ans) Finance Commission
110 Ans) Bihar and Maharashtra
111 Ans) Can be extended by 1 year at a time
112 Ans) Authorising expenditure in respect of demands for grants pending the passing of the
Appropriation Act
113 Ans) Estimates Committee
114 Ans) The Election Commission
115 Ans) Appointed by Speaker
116 Ans) 1/10th
117 Ans) 1976
118 Ans) The oaths of offices for elected officials and judges
119 Ans) The President
120 Ans) The oaths of offices for elected officials and judges
PRACTICE SET 5:
121 The term of the Rajya Sabha members is _________.
A) Six
B) Four
C) Five
D) Seve

122 Who is the chairman of the planning commission?

A) Prime Minister
B) President
C) Vice-President
D) Finance Minister

123 Who is/are the presiding officer/s of the Lok Sabha?

A) Speaker
B) Deputy Speaker
C) Speaker and Deputy Speaker
D) The President and Vice President

124 Who among the following has been given the power to declare National Emergency?
A) The President
B) The Prime Minister
C) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
D) The Vice President

125 The President of India addresses both the Houses of Parliament assembled together
_________.
A) Any Session
B) Every Session
C) Emergency session
D) First session after general elections and first session of each year

126 How many schedules are there in the constitution of India?

A) 12
B) 18
C) 24
D) 25

127 In the Parliamentary form of Government "He is the first among equals". Who is he?
A) President
B) Prime Minister
C) Leader of Opposition
D) Speaker of Lower House

128 The Veerapa Moily Commission in its report on Administrative Reforms has suggested doing
away with which pairs of Articles of the Constitution of India?
A) Articles 305 and 306
B) Articles 307 and 308
C) Articles 308 and 309
 D) Articles 310 and 311

129 Which of the following Articles provides for securing for all citizens a uniform civil code
throughout the territory of India?
A) Article 44
B) Article 45
C) Article 46
D) Article 47

130 Which of the following words was not added to the Preamble of the Constitution of India by
the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976?
A) Sovereign
B) Socialist
C) Secular
D) Integrity

131 Who among the following was the advisor to the Drafting Committee of the Constituent
Assembly?
A) B. Shiva Rao
B) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
C) Sachidananda Sinha
D) B. N. Rau

132 The Provision of Contingency Fund of India has been made under - _________.
A) Article 266
B) Article 265
C) Article 267
D) Article 268

133 The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the _________.
A) Elected members of the legislative assembly
B) Prime Minister
C) President
D) Elected members of the legislative council

134 The constitution of India is divided in how many parts _________.

A) 22
B) 25
C) 21
D) 23

135 Which article of the Indian constitution declares Hindi as the official language?
A) Article 344
B) Article 341
C) Article 343(1)
D) Article 351

136 What is the minimum age to become a member of the Lok Sabha?
A) 35
B) 21
C) 30
D) 25
137 Which was made the 25th state of the Indian republic as per the constitution act 1987?
A) Tamil Nadu
B) Mizoram
C) Goa
D) Punjab

138 Which is the union territory of India that has a legislature?

A) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
B) Daman and Diu
C) Lakshadweep
D) Pondicherry

139 Which state was formed as the 24th state of India as per the constitution 55th amendment
act, 1987?
A) Himachal Pradesh
B) Uttar Pradesh
C) Arunachal Pradesh
D) Madhya Pradesh

140 Which amendment act of the Indian Constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
years?
A) (60th amendment) Act,1988
B) (61st amendment) Act,1989
C) (50th amendment) Act,1987
D) (65th amendment) Act,1990

141 How many fundamental rights are guaranteed under the constitution of India?
A) 6
B) 9
C) 7
D) 5

142 The total strength of the Rajya Sabha is

A) 545
B) 540
C) 525
D) 250

143 Which of the following words does NOT appear in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
A) Justice
B) Opportunity
C) Peace
D) Faith

144 When was the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly held?
A) August 1947
B) September 1947
C) December 1946
D) August 1950

145 The number of the Rajya Sabha members elected by the President is _________.
 A) 14
B) 10
C) 12
D) 11

146 How many (number) fundamental duties have been enumerated in the Constitution of
India?
A) 11
B) 12
C) 13
D) 14

147 The 55th Constitutional Amendment Act was passed by Lok Sabha on December 8,1986, to
grant statehood to _________.
A) Arunachal Pradesh
B) Mizoram
C) Meghalaya
D) Manipur

148 When was the first Constitution Amendment Act passed?

A) 1950
B) 1956
C) 1951
D) 1952

149 Which of the following is not a fundamental right of an Indian citizen as per the
Constitution?
A) Right to property
B) Right to equality
C) Right against exploitation
D) Right to constitutional remedies

150 How many articles are there in the constitution of India?

A) 359
B) 395
C) 400
D) 399

Answers:
121 Ans) Six
122 Ans) Prime Minister
123 Ans) Speaker and Deputy Speaker
124 Ans) The President
125 Ans) First session after general elections and first session of each year
126 Ans) 12
127 Ans) President
128 Ans) Articles 310 and 311
129 Ans) Article 44
130 Ans) Sovereign
131 Ans) B. N. Rau
132 Ans) Article 267
133 Ans) Elected members of the legislative assembly
134 Ans) 22
135 Ans) Article 343(1)
136 Ans) 25
137 Ans) Goa
138 Ans) Pondicherry
139 Ans) Arunachal Pradesh
140 Ans) (61st amendment) Act,1989
141 Ans) 6
142 Ans) 250
143 Ans) Peace
144 Ans) December 1946
145 Ans) 12
146 Ans) 11
147 Ans) Arunachal Pradesh
148 Ans) 1951
149 Ans) Right to property
150 Ans) 395

PRACTICE SET 6:
151 The constitution of India is regarded as _________.
A) Federal in form and unitary in spirit
B) Federal
C) Parliamentary
D) Unitary

152 What does the third schedule in the Constitution of India list?
A) Emoluments for High-Level Officials
B) The oaths of offices for elected officials and judges
C) States and Union Territories
D) The Official Languages

153 These words have been added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution after the 42nd
Amendment. What are they?
A) Socialist, secular
B) Sovereign, independent
C) Justice, liberty
D) Democratic, fraternity

154 The work of General Purpose Committee is to advise:

A) The members of the Rajya Sabha.
B) The members of the Lok Sabha.
C) The Speaker
D) The Vice President

155 Who among the following has been given the power to declare National Emergency?
A) The President
B) The Prime Minister
C) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
D) The Vice President

156 Who is/are the presiding officer/s of the Lok Sabha?

 A) Speaker
B) Deputy Speaker
C) Speaker and Deputy Speaker
D) The President and Vice President

157 The President of India is elected by?

A) The elected members of the Vidhan Sabhas, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
B) The elected members of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
C) The elected members of the Rajya Sabha.
D) The elected members of the Vidhan Sabhas.

158 In which schedule of the Constitution is the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha contained?
A) Fourth Schedule
B) Fifth schedule
C) Sixth schedule
D) Second schedule

159 A judge of the Supreme Court retires at the age of___________.

A) 62
B) 65
C) 64
D) 58

160 The Governor of a state in India is appointed by?

A) Vice President
B) Mayor
C) Chief Minister
D) President

161 Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of India?
A) The Prime Minister
B) The Vice President
C) The President
D) The members of the Rajya Sabha

162 What system of government does the Constitution of India provide?

A) Bicameral System of Government
B) Parliamentary System
C) Cabinet System of Government
D) Presidential form of Government

163 When the two houses of parliament differ regarding a Bill, then the deadlock is resolved by?
A) A joint sitting of the two houses
B) The president of India
C) The speaker of the Lok Sabha
D) A special committee formed for the purpose

164 Who among the following had moved the objectives resolution which formed the basis of
the Preamble of the Constitution of India in the Constituent Assembly on Dec. 13, 1946?
A) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
B) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
C) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
 D) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

165 Which of the following nonmembers of Parliament has the right to address it?
A) AttorneyGeneral of India
B) SolicitorGeneral of India
C) Chief Justice of India
D) Chief Election Commissioner

166 Rajya Sabha enjoys more powers than the Lok Sabha in the case of _________.
A) Money Bills
B) Nonmoney bills
C) Setting up of new All India Services
D) Amendment of the Constitution

167 A Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha has to be passed and returned by Rajya Sabha within
_________.
A) 21 days
B) 14 days
C) 1 month
D) 3 month

168 The Inter-State Council in India is chaired by the?

A) President
B) Prime Minister
C) Chief Justice of Supreme Court
D) Union Home Minister

169 In India, the planning commission of a state, is chaired by?

A) Prime Minister
B) Governor of the state
C) President
D) Chief Minister of the state

170 The Joint Sitting of both Upper and Lower houses is presided over by which person?
A) Prime Minister of India
B) President of India
C) Rajya Sabha Speaker
D) Lok Sabha Speaker

171 Members of state election commission are appointed by?

A) Prime Minister
B) President of India
C) Chief Election Commission
D) Governor of the State

172 Which Constitutional amendment was used to reduce the voting age from 21 to 18?
A) 62nd Amendment
B) 61st Amendment
C) 60th Amendment
D) 63rd Amendment
173 Within how many days of receiving a money bill in the Rajya Sabha, it has to be returned to
the Lok Sabha?
A) 12
B) 21
C) 14
D) 18

174 The first hour of every sitting of the Lok Sabha is termed as?
A) First Hour
B) Question Hour
C) Zero Hour
D) Discussion Hour

175 A judge of the Supreme Court retires at the age of___________.

A) 62
B) 65
C) 64
D) 58

176 The draft of Five Year Plans in India is approved by the

A) National Development Council
B) Planning Commission
C) National Productivity Council
D) Minisrty of Finance

177 The administration and management of India Railways is under the control of
A) Union Government
B) Railway Board
C) Railway Ministry
D) All of the above

178 Which of the following sectors allows for 100% foreign direct investment
A) Banking
B) Insurance
C) Telecom
D) Tourism

179 CVC holds office for

A) 3 years
B) 4 years
C) 5 years
D) 6 years

180 Retirement age of a High Court Judge is

A) 60 years
B) 62 years
C) 65 years
D) No age limit

Answers:
151 Ans) Federal in form and unitary in spirit
152 Ans) The oaths of offices for elected officials and judges
153 Ans) Socialist, secular
154 Ans) The Speaker
155 Ans) The President
156 Ans) Speaker and Deputy Speaker
157 Ans) The elected members of the Vidhan Sabhas, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
158 Ans) Fourth Schedule
159 Ans) 65
160 Ans) President
161 Ans) The President
162 Ans) Cabinet System of Government
163 Ans) A joint sitting of the two houses
164 Ans) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
165 Ans) Attorney General of India
166 Ans) Amendment of the Constitution
167 Ans) 14 days
168 Ans) Prime Minister
169 Ans) Chief Minister of the state
170 Ans) Lok Sabha Speaker
171 Ans) Governor of the State
172 Ans) 61st Amendment
173 Ans) 14
174 Ans) Question Hour
175 Ans) 65
176 Ans) National Development Council
177 Ans) Railway Board
178 Ans) Tourism
179 Ans) 4 years
180 Ans) 65 years
ABBREVIATIONS:

1. Govt. Bodies/Programmes

Abbreviation Expanded Form

APEDA Agricultural and Processed Food Products Exports Development Authority
CII Confederation of Indian Industry
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
FASAL Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro meteorological and Land based
observations
FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics
IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative Limited
ISOPOM Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize
KRIBHCO Krishak Bharti Co-operative Limited
MPLADS Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
NABARD National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development
NAFED National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation
NeGP National e-Governance Plan
NDDB National Dairy Development Board
NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
SGSY Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
TRIFED Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Limited
GANDHI Green Action for National Dandi Heritage Initiative
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation
JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
CAPART Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology
RNTCP Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
PYKKA Panchayat Yuva Krida aur Khel Abhiyan
INSPIRE Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research

2. Commerce

Abbreviation Expanded Form

ASSOCHAM Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India
BSR Basic Statistical Return
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CII Confederation of Indian Industries
CPI Consumer Price Index
DICGC Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
ECB External Commercial Borrowing
FCCB Foreign Currency Convertible Bond
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FII Foreign Institutional Investors
FPO Follow-on Public Offer
GATT General Agreement for Trade and Tariff
GDR Global Depositary Receipt
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPO Initial Public Offering
NASDAQ National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
NAV Net Asset Value
NSDL National Securities Depository Limited
NYSE New York Stock Exchange
OLTAS On Line Tax Accounting System
PAN Permanent Account Number
RTP Reverse Tranche Position
SDR Special Drawing Rights
STT Securities Transaction Tax
TAN Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number
TIN Tax Information Network
TDS Tax Deduction at Source
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
VAT Value Added Tax