LOSS CONTROL

Automatic Sprinkler Systems

Inspection, maintenance
and testing procedures guide
Introduction................................................................................. 1

Automatic Sprinkler Designs......................................................... 2

Types of Sprinkler Systems.......................................................... 3

Automatic Sprinkler Heads........................................................... 4

Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems.......................................................... 6

Dr y-Pipe Sprinkler Systems........................................................... 7

Control Valves.............................................................................. 8

Fire Depar tment Connection......................................................... 9

Fire Pumps.................................................................................. 9

Water Storage Tanks.................................................................. 10

Fire Hydrants............................................................................. 10

Standpipe and Hose Station Systems......................................... 12

Main Drain Testing Procedures................................................... 13

Impairment Procedure Guide...................................................... 14

Fire Protection Inspection Repor t................................................ 15

 Introduction
Emergencies seldom give warning before they strike. Accordingly, fire protection equipment,
including automatic sprinkler systems, must function properly at all times.

Sprinkler systems are durable and inexpensive to maintain, yet, like any mechanical device,
they can deteriorate or become impaired through neglect or improper service. With proper
inspection, testing and maintenance of sprinkler systems, lives can be saved and severe
property damage can be avoided.

This Procedures Guide, used in conjunction with an effective fire protection equipment
inspection and testing program, will provide you with the proper procedures to help keep
your sprinkler system reliable. In addition, a Hartford Loss Control Representative can
provide a guide that meets your specific system’s requirements.

It’s important to keep all of your testing, inspection and maintenance records on file for review.
For your convenience, an inspection form is included on page 15 of this Procedures Guide.

The inspection requirements for sprinkler systems may vary by state and insurance company.
This Procedures Guide represents The Hartford’s guidelines, which are compatible with
National Fire Protection Association Standard #25 Inspection, Testing and Maintenance
for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. These guidelines and standards are in addition to
the standards set forth by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) in your community.

An automatic sprinkler
Gravity/Elevated system is an integrated
Tank
Cross Main network of underground
Branch Lines
and above-ground pipes
connected to a water
supply. This water sup-
ply may include public
water, water storage
Riser
Fire Pump
tanks (gravity, suction
Street and Control or pressure tanks), or a
Main Suction Tank
Street large body of water,
Hydrant Yard Main
such as a pond, lake,
Fire Department stream or reser voir. A
Pumper Connection
Street Valve
facility may have one or
more water supplies.

Heat from a fire actuates an automatic sprinkler head, which sprays water over the area
to control or extinguish the fire. An automatic sprinkler system contains a device for
actuating an alarm when a sprinkler is activated.

1
 Automatic Sprinkler Designs
Pipe Schedule Sprinkler Systems
Prior to the 1970s automatic sprinkler systems were installed based on pipe diameters,
sprinkler head and branch line spacing. The hazard of the occupancy would dictate the
diameter spacing required to supply a certain number of sprinkler heads. Guidelines for
these piping arrangements are still outlined in NFPA 13.

Pipe schedule system layouts may be adequate information to determine acceptability for
occupancy-based hazards such as metal working, mercantile, etc. This type of system is
difficult to apply to the requirements of General (Class I-IV) storage arrangements over
12ft or High Hazard (Group A plastics, rolled paper, aerosols etc.) over 5ft.

When these types of hazards are encountered and the system is a pipe schedule (or the
hydraulic design is not known), the best course of action is to reanalyze the sprinkler
design based upon the water supply available. Your Hartford Loss Control Consultant
can help you when this situation is encountered.

Hydraulically Designed Sprinkler Systems

Automatic sprinkler systems installed since the mid 1980s are usually hydrauli-
cally calculated. Hydraulically calculated systems simply involve calculating the
friction loss of water through sprinkler piping. Hydraulically designed sprinkler
systems are required by NFPA 13 for all installations over 5000ft2.

It is easy to determine if your system is hydraulically designed by finding the

Sprinkler riser as shown below and locating the hydraulic design placard. Your
Hartford Loss Control Consultant can help you determine the sprinkler design
based upon the placard information or, when available, automatic sprinkler
plans or hydraulic calculations.

Automatic sprinkler hydraulic placards and/or sprinkler plans or hydraulic

calculations are crucial items to retain for any facility. They can save time and
money if occupancies or storage arrangements change during the life of a
facility. Always demand that your sprinkler contractor install these placards on
all risers or, if not installed, contact the installing contractor and obtain the
hydraulic information.

Automatic Sprinkler System Design Unknown

If installed between the 1970s and mid 1980s, the system is probably a mixture
of pipe schedule and hydraulically designed sprinkler systems. There are also
instances where the hydraulic design of a sprinkler system is unknown since the
placards have been lost, plans are not kept or the hydraulic placards were never
placed on the sprinkler risers. When the automatic sprinkler design is unknown and the
installing contractor is unknown, the best course of action, as stated above, is to reanalyze
the sprinkler design based upon the current water supply available. Your Hartford Loss
Control Consultant can help you when this situation is encountered.

2
Types of Sprinkler Systems
Each of the sprinkler systems mentioned below has specific testing and maintenance
requirements. Wet-pipe and dr y-pipe systems protect the majority of all properties, and
this Procedures Guide addresses those systems only. Below are brief descriptions of preac-
tion and deluge systems. If you have these systems, develop testing procedures for each
installation or contact a Hartford Loss Control Representative for details.

Wet-Pipe Systems have automatic sprinklers attached to pipes filled with water under pressure.
Water discharges immediately once the sprinkler heads are activated by sufficient heat.

Dry-Pipe Systems have automatic sprinklers attached to pipes containing compressed air
or nitrogen. When one or more sprinklers activate, air pressure is released, allowing the
dr y valve to open and water to flow into the pipes and out of the opened sprinklers.

Preaction Systems have closed automatic sprinklers attached to pipes containing air
that may be under pressure. A sensitive, supplemental detection system is located in the
sprinklered area. When this detection system is activated, a valve opens, admitting water
to the pipes and out of any opened sprinklers.

Deluge Systems have open sprinklers (no flushable link) attached to empty pipes that are
connected to a water supply by a valve. This valve is opened by a detection system located
in the sprinklered area. When this detection system is activated, a valve opens, admitting
water into the pipes and out of all attached sprinklers.

Anti-Freeze Systems have closed sprinkler heads that are attached to piping filled with an
anti-freeze solution. This type of system is usually attached to an internal wet pipe system and
allows sprinkler protection to be provided for smaller non heated areas such as external
loading docks without the need or expense of installing a dry pipe system.

3
 Automatic Sprinkler Heads
Standard sprinkler heads are designed to control and, if possible, extinguish a fire.

The automatic sprinkler, often called a “sprinkler head,” is a heat-sensitive device designed
to discharge water at a predetermined temperature.

Sprinkler heads consist of various parts (Figure 1-1). A common fusible-style sprinkler head
activates when solder in the fusible link melts at a predetermined temperature. The lever arms
release, and the seated valve cap pops out, permitting water to flow (Figure 1-2). The stream of
water is directed against the deflector, creating an umbrella-like spray pattern (Figure 1-3).

Deflector
Frame Arms
Fusible Link
Toggle Joint

Valve Cap

Lever Arms
Threads
FIGURE 1-1 FIGURE 1-2 FIGURE 1-3

Approved sprinkler heads are classified by design, installation method, size of the water
opening and temperature rating. There are three common styles:

Upright standard sprinklers are installed in the upright position on the sprinkler pipes. They
are commonly used in “open” ceilings or roof arrangements. An upright sprinkler is marked
“SSU” on top of the deflector, which stands for “Standard Sprinkler Upright” (Figure 1-4).

Pendent standard sprinklers are installed in the inverted or pendent position on the sprin-
kler pipes and are commonly used with a suspended ceiling. The pendent sprinkler is
marked “SSP” on its deflector, which stands for “Standard Sprinkler Pendent” (Figure 1-5).

FIGURE 1-4 Sidewall sprinklers are installed along a wall, where most of the water is discharged into
the protected area, with a small amount directed onto the wall behind the sprinkler.
Sidewall sprinklers are intended for light-hazard occupancies like offices, restaurant seating
areas and hotel rooms (Figure 1-6).

Automatic sprinkler heads have temperature ratings. The ratings for fusible, element-style
sprinklers are stamped on the soldered link, are color coded and placed on the sprinkler
frame. Most sprinkler heads fall into the following categories:

Maximum Ceiling Temp. Temperature Rating Temperature Color Code Glass Bulb
°F °C °F °C Classification Frame Colors
FIGURE 1-5
100 38 135--170 57--77 Ordinary Uncolored or Black Orange or Red
150 66 175--225 79--107 Intermediate White Yellow or Green
225 107 250--300 121--149 High Blue Blue
300 149 325--375 163 --191 Extra High Red Purple
375 191 400--475 204--246 Very Extra High Green Black
475 246 500--575 260 --302 Ultra High Orange Black
FIGURE 1-6
625 329 650 343 Ultra High Orange Black

4
 Inspection/Maintenance
• Visually inspect sprinkler heads annually. Sprinklers should be free of paint, corrosion,
physical damage and any obstructions to the water spray pattern. Replace sprinkler
heads when damaged, filled with foreign materials or manufactured prior to 1920.
• Annually inspect your supply of spare sprinklers, which are usually located in a
sprinkler cabinet. This supply should include a sprinkler wrench and the proper
number and type of sprinklers for the building.
• Maintain a minimum 18’’ clearance between the top of the storage and the sprinkler head.

Testing
Standard sprinkler heads – Replace 50-year-old sprinkler heads or submit representative
samples to a recognized testing laborator y for operational testing. If these sample sprinkler
heads fail testing, replace all comparable sprinkler heads. For sample sprinkler heads that
pass the test, repeat the lab test ever y 10 years.

Fast Response sprinkler heads – Test 20-year-old sprinkler heads or submit representative
samples to a recognized testing laborator y for operational testing. If these sample sprinkler
heads fail testing, replace all comparable sprinkler heads. For sample sprinkler heads that
pass the test, repeat the lab test ever y 10 years.

ESFR (Early Suppression Fast Response) sprinkler heads are known suppression type
heads. This means they are designed to extinguish a fire.

Frequently Asked Questions about Testing Automatic Sprinkler Heads

What is a representative sample?
A representative sample is defined as at least two sprinklers
from ever y floor, 1% of the total number of sprinklers
installed in the system, or four sprinklers, whichever is
greater. Loss Control could provide some guidance to the
customer as to the areas where sprinkler heads for testing
should be removed.
What is the cost?
The cost for the test is currently $15 per sprinkler head
with a minimum of $60. This cost does not include the
removal cost of the heads, which may require an outside
contractor.
What does the customer do in the area where the
sprinkler heads are removed for testing?
The testing procedure on a sprinkler head will destroy it.
Sprinkler heads removed for tagging and testing should be
replaced with equivalently rated sprinkler heads. Preferably
these replacements should not be 50 years old or older.
How does the customer understand the test results?
Repor ts outline the results of the tests on each sprinkler
head. Results, for the most par t, are clearly outlined and
can be reviewed and interpreted by the customer or if
needed the results can be sent to The Har tford Loss
Control Depar tment for review.
What is the next step if all sprinkler heads pass the test?
Passing the test does not buy the customer another 50-year
extension in regards to the testing of fur ther sprinkler
heads 50+ years or older. NFPA 25 recommends that a
representative sample continue to be retested at ten-year
inter vals. This timeframe is for standard sprinkler heads.
Some sprinkler heads fall into other categories, which
make them more vulnerable to failure based on age.
• Extra high temperature heads (325°F+), excluding glass
bulb types, should be tested ever y 5 years. These
types of sprinklers are usually found in ovens or other
high heat exposure occupancies.
• ESFR, residential or other quick response sprinklers
should be tested initially after 20 years in ser vice and
10 years after wards.

5
 Wet-pipe Sprinkler Systems
Wet-pipe sprinkler systems (Figure 2-1) have automatic sprinkler heads attached
to pipes containing water under pressure. When one or more sprinkler heads
operates, the water immediately discharges from each opened sprinkler and
continues until a control valve is shut off.

This type of system is usually equipped with an alarm check valve that is
installed at the base of the riser where the main feed enters the building. This
valve has a one-way check valve called a clapper. Clappers are normally in the
closed position. When a sprinkler head operates, the clapper opens and allows
water to simultaneously flow to the sprinkler head and through a retard cham-
FIGURE 2-1
ber and/or water flow device, which activates a local and/or
To System off-site alarm. The presence of a retard chamber is to prevent
false alarms due to pressure surges in the water supply. A wet
shotgun type riser may also be used instead of a riser with an
To Alarm alarm check valve. A “shotgun” type riser will be equipped
Clapper
with a vane type flow alarm in lieu of an alarm check valve.

Inspection/Maintenance
Retard The wet-pipe sprinkler system is the most reliable and simplest
Chamber
of all sprinkler systems and requires minimal inspection and
maintenance.
2" Drain • Inspect gauges monthly to ensure that they are in good
condition.
• Inspect alarm devices monthly to ensure that they are free
From Supply
of physical damage and that all electrical connections are
secure.
• Verify all sections of the building to be sure there is adequate heat [minimum 40°F
(4.4°C)]. Protect and minimize all unwarranted openings, such as broken windows.
• Check the exterior condition of the alarm check valve, alarm by-pass, retard chamber,
water-motor gong, main drain, control valves and other related components to be
sure they are free of corrosion and physical damage. Replace corroded and damaged
components.

Testing
Before and after you conduct a test of the automatic sprinkler system, notify the appropriate
parties, i.e., occupants, central station alarm company, fire department, etc.
• Alarm Tests – Test water flow alarm devices quarterly (water-motor gongs, vane-type
devices and pressure switches). To do so, open the inspector’s test connection found
at the highest and most remote point of the system. This will simulate an activated
sprinkler head.
• Drain Tests – Conduct, at a minimum, annual tests of the main drain (a drain pipe
usually 2’’ in diameter with an angle or glove valve attached to the alarm check valve),
however, quarterly drain tests are preferred. This test will determine if there is ade-
quate water supply and indicate the presence of closed valves or foreign obstructions
in the supply line.

6
 Dry-pipe Sprinkler Systems
Dr y-pipe sprinkler systems (Figure 3-1) have automatic sprinkler heads attached
to pipes containing compressed air or nitrogen. When one or more sprinkler
heads operates, the air or nitrogen immediately discharges from each opened
sprinkler. The drop in air pressure automatically allows the clapper valve to
open, allowing water to flow into the pipes and out of the open sprin- klers. The
water also flows into an alarm line, activating a local and/or off-site alarm.

Large, dr y-pipe systems have quick-opening devices that accelerate the opening
of the clapper valve and water to the sprinklers. There are two types of quick
opening devices: accelerators and exhausters. Accelerators
FIGURE 3-1
remove air from the system to the intermediate chamber accel-
erating the opening
of the clapper valve. Exhausters quickly expel air directly from
the system.

Air Gauge Quick — Dr y-pipe sprinkler systems are used in unheated buildings or
Opening
Device outside areas where the system could freeze, such as cold-storage
warehouses, attic spaces and loading docks.

Inspection/Maintenance
Alarm Line
• Inspect and record readings weekly to ensure that normal
Clapper Valve
air and water pressures are maintained.
This procedure can be decreased to
monthly if the air pressure is constantly
monitored.
Water Gauge
• Check the priming water level quarterly
Ball Drip Valve
to ensure that adequate levels of
Intermediate Chamber water are above the clapper valve.
• Check the velocity drip valve (located
beneath the inter mediate chamber)
to be sure it moves freely and allows FIGURE 3-2
trapped water to seep out. To do this,
use the push rod located in the valve
opening (Figure 3-2).
• Drain the drum drips (Figure 3-3) after each operation and
before the onset of freezing weather to relieve trapped
moisture in low areas of the system.
• Inspect and maintain air compressors and related equipment
annually, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Check the dr y-pipe valve room daily during freezing conditions
to ensure that the temperature is maintained at or above
40°F (4.4°C). Don’t use electrical heat tape as a substitute for
permanent heating.
• It is a good idea to do a full flow trip test of dr y pipe systems
in the spring to allow adequate time for the piping to FIGURE 3-3
completely drain.

7
 Testing
Before and after you conduct any test of the automatic sprinkler system, notify the appro-
priate parties, i.e., occupants, central station alarm company, fire department, etc.
• Alarms – Test water flow alarm devices quarterly* [ i.e., water motor gong (Figure 3-4),
electric bells] by opening the alarm by-pass connection. This connection allows water
to flow to the alarm line without opening the system. Test low air pressure alarms quar-
terly, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Drain Tests – Conduct a main drain test annually** to ensure that there is adequate
water supply and to indicate the presence of closed valves or other foreign obstructions
FIGURE 3-4
in the supply line.
• Partial Trip Test – Trip test the dry pipe valve annually by tripping the clapper valve in
the open position. No water should flow into the pipes.
• Full-Flow Trip Test – Perform a full-flow trip test of the dry pipe valve at least once
every three years. This procedure trips the clapper valve in the open position and
allows water to flow throughout the pipes through the inspector’s test connection.

Quick-opening Devices (Q.O.D.)

Test accelerators and exhausters quarterly, preferably in the spring and fall.

Internal Examination
Dry-pipe systems are susceptible to pipe scale, rust, sand, stone, and other foreign material.
When conditions, like heavy discoloration or discharge of foreign material, exist during
routine water tests, perform an internal examination. The two methods for examining
pipes are hydraulic and hydropneumatic. Qualified personnel should perform these tests
every five years or as necessary.

Control Valves
A control valve is used to turn water on and off. All control valves should be fully open for
a sprinkler system to properly operate. Unfortunately, closed control valves are a major
cause for automatic sprinkler system failures. Various types of valves are illus-
trated in Figures 4-1 through 4-4.
FIGURE 4-1
Inspection/Maintenance
Conduct visual inspections weekly when sealed or monthly when the control
valves are locked or electronically monitored. During your inspection, verify
that the valves are:
• In the normal open position
• Properly sealed, locked or supervised
• Accessible
FIGURE 4-2 • Free from external leaks
• Identified appropriately

Testing
Exercise and lubricate all control valves annually. Exercise valves through
their full range and return them to their normal position.

A two inch drain test should be performed on any sprinkler system where
FIGURE 4-3 FIGURE 4-4 the valve has been closed and then opened to assure the valve has opened.

* NFPA 25 (2002 Edition) does list some instances where semi-annual alarm tests are recommended.
** NFPA 25 (2002 Edition) does list some instances where quarterly drain tests are recommended.

8
 Fire Department Connection
A fire department connection is an outlet used by firefighters to add water volume and
pressure to an automatic sprinkler system. This connection can also provide water to a
standpipe or hose station system. Generally, these systems have two, 2-1/2’’ connections.
The fire department connection is either building-mounted (Figure 5-1) or located away
from a building (Figure 5-2).
FIGURE 5-1

Inspection/Maintenance
The fire department connection should be inspected monthly to verify that:
• Connections are visible and accessible
• Couplings or swivels rotate smoothly and are not damaged
• Caps are in place and threads are in good condition
• Gaskets are in place and in good condition
• The check valve is not leaking
• The automatic drain valve is in place and operating properly
FIGURE 5-2 • Identification signs are in place

Fire Pumps
Fire pumps are used to enhance the water supply pressure from public mains, suction
tanks, reservoirs and other sources. The two most common types of fire pumps are the
horizontal-shaft centrifugal pump (Figure 6-1) and the vertical-shaft turbine pump
(Figure 6-2). These pumps can be driven by electric motor, internal combustion engines
or steam turbine.

Inspection/Maintenance
• Visually inspect the suction, discharge and by-pass connection control valves to ensure
FIGURE 6-1
that they are in the “open” position.
• Verify available supply of electrical power, steam and fuel, crank case oil and coolant.
Verify that batteries are charged.
• Assure that the pump controller is in the “on” position.
• Check the pump house to ensure that it maintains a minimum temperature of 40°F
(4.4°C); diesel engines 70°F. Also check to be sure the pump house is clean, dry and
accessible.

Testing
• Conduct a weekly churn test (run pump without water flowing) by allowing the pump
to automatically start up. To do this, open the fire pump controller test connection.
FIGURE 6-2
This simulates a pressure drop in the system which causes the pump to operate. Electric
motor-driven pumps should run at rated speeds for at least 10 minutes. Internal
combustion engine-driven pumps should run at rated speeds for at least 30 minutes.

• Conduct a full-flow performance test once a year to ensure that the pump is operating
properly and that there are no obstructions in the suction line or pump casement.
The fire pump must meet three performance requirements
1. Develop no more than 140% of the rated pump pressure when running at churn
2. Produce at least rated pressure and flow
3. Develop at least 65% of rated pressure while delivering 150% of the rated flow

9
 Water Storage Tanks
Water storage tanks serve as the primary and/or sec-
ondary water supply for automatic sprinkler systems.
Water storage tanks include pressure tanks (Figure 7-1),
suction tanks (Figure 7-2), and gravity or elevated stor-
age tanks (Figure 7-3). Tanks are made of steel or wood
and have capacity sizes from 5,000 to one million gallons.
FIGURE 7-1

Inspection/Maintenance/Testing
• Record water levels and air pressure, and test low-
temperature alarms monthly.
• Check the water temperature and the tanks’ heating
systems daily during cold weather.
FIGURE 7-2 FIGURE 7-3 • Inspect sealed control valves weekly (monthly when
they are locked or electrically monitored).
• Check the tank and supports annually for structural integrity.
• Check the area surrounding the tank. It should be free of overgrown shrubs, trees or
other material that could present a fire exposure.

Fire Hydrants
A fire hydrant is connected to a public or private water main to supply water to hose lines
or a pumping apparatus.

There are two types of fire hydrants: dry-barrel (Figure 8-1) and wet-barrel (Figure 8-2).
The wet-barrel hydrant is used when the temperature remains above freezing. Each outlet
has a compression valve to control the water supply. A dry-barrel hydrant is used when the
temperature drops below freezing. The compression valve and water supply are installed
below the frost line.
FIGURE 8-1
Inspection/Maintenance
• Check for evidence of leaks in the valve stem, compression valve or in the water main
near the hydrant.
• Inspect dry-barrel hydrants for water or ice, which could indicate a faulty drain, a
leaking hydrant valve or a high ground-water table.
• Lubricate the valve stem, caps and outlet threads as needed.
• Replace missing caps and chains.
• Repair damaged or worn outlet threads.
• Make fire hydrants accessible and strictly prohibit parking near them. Remove snow
and visibly mark hydrants.
• Make sure a hydrant wrench is available.
FIGURE 8-2

Testing
A fire hydrant should be opened and closed annually to ensure that:
• Water flows adequately
• Foreign objects are flushed out of the main
• Fire hydrant components are operating properly

Take care to avoid personal injury or damage to grass, shrubs, vehicles and other property.

1
Hydrant Water Flow Test Procedures
Automatic sprinkler systems have proven to be the most efficient means to suppress a
fire. The efficiency depends on the proper design, adequate water supply and proper
maintenance. A water system should be able to supply adequate water to meet the system
demand. The hydrant flow test provides the most reliable information on the available
water supply at a specific location.

How to Conduct a Hydrant Flow Test

This test is done using at least two hydrants. A water test can also be done with one yard
hydrant (does not belong to a public entity) and the gauge on the sprin-
kler riser. One is called as Pressure or Test Hydrant, and the other is
called a Flow Hydrant.

The Flow Hydrant is the one from which water will actually flow during
the test. Flow hydrant is next to Test Hydrant and located in line of the
normal water flow in the main. Normal flow will always be from large
mains to the smaller mains in a circulating system because the water
takes the path of least resistance. Large main offers less resistance to the
flow of water than the smaller main.

The Pressure Hydrant is the hydrant, which is nearest to the property

being inspected.

Equipment needed to do a hydrant test include:

Pitot tube, calibrated 100psi gauge, calibrated 200psi gauge, hydraulic calculator, hydrant
cap with petcock and bleeder to assure more accurate readings and to relieve hydrant
pressures and protect those doing the test.

Static Pressure: Ideally, the Static Pressure is water pressure when no water is flowing or
moving in the main. In practice, some water is always being drawn from the city mains.
Absolutely true static pressure can be obtained when plant is closed or over a weekend
when the water use is greatly reduced in the community.

Residual Pressure: When the water is flowing from the mains during a flow test, the static
pressure drops or reduces to a figure lower than the Static Pressure. The static pressure
and residual pressures are read from the same pressure gauge.

Pitot pressure of the flowing stream of water: When the Pitot tube is placed at the center of
the water flow stream, it is designed to measure the velocity of the water stream coming out
of the flow hydrant “butt.” The pressure gauge installed in the Pitot tube reads the pressure
as psi (pounds per square inch). It is converted to the flow in gpm (gallons per minute),
using the Flow Tables in the yellow slide rule we have, titled, “Hydraulic Calculator.”
Alternatively the Flow Tables are also available in Fire Protection Handbook, etc.

11
 Standpipe and Hose Station Systems
Standpipe systems are used in large buildings or in multiple-floor buildings. These systems
are strategically located on each floor and possibly on rooftops. There are three classes of
standpipe systems:
Class I systems have 2-1/2’’ hose connection and are used by fire departments and those
trained in handling heavy fire streams (Figure 9-1).
Class II systems have a 1-1/2’’ hose, a nozzle and a hose rack, and are generally used by
fire brigades and building occupants until the fire department arrives.
FIGURE 9-1
Class III systems have 1-1/2’’ and 2-1/2’’ hose connections or hose stations and are intend-
ed for use by fire departments, fire brigades and building occupants.

Inspection/Maintenance
• Visually inspect standpipe and hose station components (hose, nozzles, couplings, caps
and gaskets, threads, valve handles, racks, cabinets, etc.) monthly to ensure that all
equipment is in place and in good operating condition.
• Remove the hose from the rack or reel annually and inspect for damage and deterioration.

Testing
• Test pressure-reducing or regulating valves annually according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
• Have qualified personnel conduct a flow test every five years. To do this, flow the
required volume of water at the design pressures to the hydraulically most remote,
highest or dead-end hose connection.

Automatic Sprinkler Maintenance and

Impairment Handling
Testing and Maintenance
Automatic sprinkler systems and the associated equipment need to be routinely tested and
properly maintained to assure they are in working order if called upon in a fire situation.
The table on page 15 outlines the types and frequencies of testing based on types of sprin-
kler devices that should be performed as part of your regular maintenance schedule.

Impairment Handling Procedures

NAME
FILE It is critical that automatic sprinkler systems be kept in proper work-
LOCATION ing order at all times. At times, routine maintenance, additions/
VALVE NO. CONTROLLING
SEALED BY DATE renovations or unplanned breaks will require that the entire sprin-
kler system, or parts thereof, be shut off and drained in order to
CAUTION
BEFORE VALVE IS CLOSED OR SEAL BROKEN FOR ANY REASON affect repairs or make connections.
PHONE: DAY NIGHT
ASK FOR
When these types of events occur, they need to be properly coordi-
Then fill out remainder of tag and file for review by Hartford Financial Service Group, Loss Control.
DATE CLOSED nated to assure that protection is kept out of service for the littlest
DATE REOPENED
REASON FOR CLOSING
SIGNED TITLE time possible and restoration of the system is made promptly once
SRE-766-0 Printed in U.S.A. wwww.thehartford.com/corporate/losscontrol
the work has been completed. In order to assist facility managers
and others responsible for facility maintenance, The Hartford has
FIGURE 10-1
developed an Impairment Handling TIP (Technical Information Paper) and, upon request,
will also provide free of charge impairment-handling tags for use when system impairments
occur. A sample of the tag is shown (figure 10-1) and a small supply is provided in the back
cover. The Impairment Handling TIP starts on page 14.

1
Main Drain Testing Procedures
Perform a main drain test annually* to ensure that the water supply to the sprinkler system
has not changed since the previous test. Before conducting this test, check the location
where the main drain discharges to ensure that water doesn’t cause physical damage or
personal injury. Also, if the system is supervised, i.e., central station, fire department, etc.,
be sure to notify the appropriate authorities before the test and confirm that they actually
received the alarm after the test.

Follow these procedures when performing a main drain test:

STEP 1
Open the main drain valve slowly until it is wide open. Make sure that a steady flow of
water is discharging from the main drain pipe.

STEP 2
Allow the water to flow until it is clear of any foreign debris and the lower pressure gauge
drops and stabilizes. Record this pressure reading; it is referred to a residual pressure.

STEP 3
Close the main drain valve slowly to minimize water hammer.

STEP 4
Record the reading of the lower pressure gauge; this reading is referred to as static pressure.

STEP 5
Compare both the static and residual pressure readings with previous test readings. If the
pressure readings vary (20 psi or more), investigate to determine the cause.

If the present test results differ from the previous test results (20 psi or more) it may be an
indication of a problem in the incoming water supply to the sprinkler system. The follow-
ing are some other problems that you might encounter:

If the residual pressure drops abnormally low (20 psi or more), this could indicate one of
the following:
• The gauges aren’t accurately reading pressures.
• The control valve on the sprinkler system is partially closed. (Check the sprinkler
control valves to assure they are all in open position.)
• The municipality may be working in the area and has shut some valves. (Call the water
department.)
• There is a leak in the underground main. (Call the sprinkler company or the water
department.)

If the residual pressure goes to zero and stays there (no water feeding the system) this
could indicate the following:
• The control valve on the sprinkler system or municipal valve is totally closed. (Check
the valve or call the water department.)
• A total blockage in the underground main. (Call the sprinkler company or the water
department.)
• The water department may be working in the area. (Call the water department.)

* or quarterly if required by NFPA 25

13
 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System
Impairment Procedure Guide
Fire protection impairment handling is a critical aspect
of any loss control program. In today’s business
environment, many companies operate with fewer
employees and those employees have taken on numer-
ous job responsibilities. A written procedure outlining
impairment handling is critical to ongoing operations.
Fire protection impairments can include routine
maintenance, facility additions, losses or other events.
Impairments occur when any protective equipment is
taken either totally or partially out of service. When this
happens, property is left unprotected and exposed to a
potentially severe loss. Many large fire losses occur dur-
ing periods of impaired protection based on the fact
that the protection has no chance of functioning as
designed. It becomes extremely important to develop
proper impairment handling procedures to help
ensure the continued normal operation of the facility.
Impairment handling tags, which serve as a visual
reminder of the impairment can be obtained from
your local Loss Control Office or Consultant.
Written fire protection impairments procedures
should include the following for both business and
non-business hours:
Impairment of Fire Protection Systems
• Know the length of time the fire protection
impairment will last.
• Fire sprinkler installation repair or tie-in work
should be continuous.
• Provide a fire watch equipped with radios or cell
phones.
• Properly rated fire extinguishers should be readily
available.
• Stop all hazardous operations in the area of the
sprinkler impairment.
• Institute a hot work permit system (if needed) and
restrict smoking.
• Remove or protect all combustible materials in the
area of the impairment.
• Notify all department heads and other tenants of
the impairment and the must call “911” telephone
alert status.
• Contact the alarm service if applicable and the local
fire department.
14
• Notify your insurance agent if the impairment is
MORE than 8 hours.
• Institute your “Lock out and Tag-out” program per
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147
Restoration of Fire Protection Systems
• (As needed) Blow-test, then air test all new sprinkler
pipe and attachments.
• (As needed) Hydrostatically test and document all
sprinkler pipe and attachments.
• Confirm the full restoration of fire sprinkler systems,
fire alarm evacuation systems, and alarm service
before the end of the workday or that proper pre-
cautions are in place if the impairment goes past
normal working hours.
• Conduct a documented full flow 2-inch drain test;
tamper test, and alarm test on all previously
impaired fire sprinkler systems.
• Notify Fire Department of restoration of fire
sprinkler and fire alarm service.
• (If needed) Notify your insurance agent of restoration
of sprinkler protection.
The following are examples of steps that could be
taken to reduce either the frequency or severity of an
impairment:
• New piping should be laid out to the greatest extent
possible before impairing any protection.
• Isolate as little fire protection as needed to complete
the work.
• Sprinkler systems can be back fed from yard
hydrants through the 2 in. drain piping.
• Work efficiently and continuously.
• Work on only one fire protection system at a time.
• Have a confirmation of restoration or pre-emer-
gency plan in place before the end of the shift or
workday.
Proper impairment handling procedures are crucial to
the ongoing business operations at any facility. These
rare events can have devastating effects if not properly
handled.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems:
Inspection, Maintenance and Testing
Sprinkler System
Component Inspection and Maintenance Testing Frequency
SPRINKLER HEADS Visual. Ensure that they are free of Annually
paint, corrosion, damage, and obstructions
Inspect spare heads. Have available a wrench Annually
and correct type and number of heads
Sprinklers Replace at 50 Years or submit Repeat every 10 years
sample to lab for testing.
Fast Response Heads 20 Years Repeat every 10 years
Extra High Temp Heads 5 Years
WET PIPE SYSTEMS Visual. Inspect gauges to ensure good condition Monthly
Visual. Ensure that alarm devices are free of Quarterly
damage and that electrical components are secure
Verify that all areas of the building are above Ongoing
40°F (4.4°C)
Visual. Ensure that exterior of riser and trim is Quarterly
free of corrosion and damage
Test water flow alarm devices Quarterly
Conduct main drain test Quarterly
DRY PIPE SYSTEMS Visual. Record air and water pressure Weekly; may be reduced
to monthly if electrically
monitored
Check priming water level Quarterly
Check velocity drip valve Quarterly
Drain drum drips to relieve trapped After each operation and
moisture in low areas of the system before freezing weather
Inspect and maintain air compressors Follow manufacturer’s
instructions
Check dry valve room to ensure Daily in cold weather,
temperatures are above 40°F (4.4°C) Weekly if equipped with
Low Temperature Alarm
Test water flow alarm devices Quarterly
Conduct main drain test Annually
Conduct partial trip test Annually
Conduct full trip test Every 3 years
Test quick opening devices Quarterly
Examine internal condition Every 5 years or as needed
of pipes for corrosion
CONTROL VALVES Visual. Ensure that all are: Weekly; if sealed
• In normal or open position
• Properly locked, supervised Monthly; if electrically
• Accessible monitored or locked
• Free from external leaks
• Properly identified
Exercise and lubricate Annually
continued on back

15
 Inspection, Maintenance and Testing (continued)
Sprinkler System
Component Inspection and Maintenance Testing Frequency
FIRE DEPARTMENT Ensure that connections are visible and accessible Monthly
CONNECTIONS
Couplings or swivels rotate and are not damaged Monthly
Caps are in place and threads are in good condition Monthly
Gaskets are in place and are in good condition Monthly
Check valve is not leaking Monthly
Identification signs are in place Monthly
FIRE PUMPS Visual. Ensure that suction, discharge and Weekly; if sealed. Monthly; if
by-pass control valves are in the open position electrically monitored or locked
Verify the available supply of power (electrical, Weekly
steam, and fuel), crank case oil, and coolant.
Verify that the batteries are charged
Verify that pump controller is in the "on" position Weekly
Check pump house. Ensure that it is clean, dry, Weekly
and accessible. Interior temperature is above
40°F (4.4°C) for an electric pump, and 70°F
(21.1°C) for a diesel pump
Conduct churn test by Weekly
automatic start up
(10 minutes for electric,
30 minutes for diesel)
Conduct full flow Annually
performance test
WATER STORAGE TANKS Record water levels and air pressure Monthly
Quarterly if electrically monitored
Check water temperature and heating systems Daily
during cold weather Weekly if electrically monitored
Inspect control valves Weekly; if sealed
Monthly; if electrically monitored
Check tank supports for structural integrity Quarterly
Check the area around the tank. Ensure area is free of Quarterly
brush or material that would present a fire exposure
FIRE HYDRANTS Check for evidence of leaks in the valve stem or Annually and after each operation
in the water main near the hydrant
Inspect hydrant for water or ice buildup Annually and after each operation
Lubricate the valve stem, caps and outlet threads Annually and after each operation
Replace missing caps and chains Annually and after each operation
Ensure accessibility. Prohibit parking nearby Annually and after each operation
Mark visibly
Conduct water flow test Annually
and record results
STANDPIPE SYSTEMS Pressure regulating device, piping, hose Quarterly
connections and alarm device
Cabinet, hose and hose rack Annually
Test pressure-reducing or Every 5 years
regulating valves
Have a qualified person Every 5 years
conduct a flow test
Fire Protection Inspection Report

Company Location Date

All sections of this report may not apply to your location. Used in conjunction with the “Automatic Sprinkler Systems Inspection, Maintenance and Testing Procedures Guide,” this report will assist you with your
periodic testing and maintenance procedures. Tear out this form, make copies, and use them to document your inspections. Keep these reports on file. Once you’ve identified problems, take corrective action.
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The information provided in these materials is intended to be general

and advisor y in nature. It shall not be considered legal advice. The
Har tford does not warrant that the implementation of any view or
recommendation contained herein will: (i) result in the elimination of
any unsafe conditions at your business locations or with respect to
your business operations; or (ii) will be an appropriate legal or
business practice. The Har tford assumes
no responsibility for the control or correction of hazards or legal
compliance with respect to your business practices, and the views and
recommendations contained herein shall not constitute our under
taking, on your behalf or for the benefit of others, to determine or
warrant that your business premises, locations or operations are
safe or healthful, or are in compliance with any law, rule or
regulation. Readers seeking to resolve specific safety, legal or
business issues or concerns related to the information provided in
these materials should consult their safety consultant, attorney or
business advisors.

13897 Rev Printed in U.S.A. © Februar y 2012 The Har tford Financial Ser vices Group, Inc., Har tford, CT 06115 All Rights Reser ved