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–Stearic (18:0) Lauric cow butter and palm oil Cerotic traces in most vegetable
fats
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more resistant to
Radical formation is accelerated by light, oxygen and heat
oxidation
Keep polyunsaturated fats in dark glass bottle in the fridge
Avoid high temperature cooking
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Cis & Trans Fatty Acid Structure Cis & Trans Fatty Acid
• In cis-form the hydrogen Characteristics
atoms of double bonded • Cis-fatty acids are generally found naturally while
carbon atom oriented on trans-fatty acids are rare
same side • Trans-fatty acids are found in manufactured fats.
• In trans-form they oriented They are created at high temperatures such as
in opposite direction. those reached during frying, deep frying and
• The differences in hydrogenation.
geometry play an • Hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
important role in biological stabilizes them and prevents them from becoming
processes. rancid and keeps them solid at room temperature.
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Esterification Hydrolysis
• The -OH (red) bond • Lipases hydrolyse triglycerides to fatty
on the acid is broken acids and glycerol.
and the -H (red)
bond on the alcohol
is also broken. Both
join to make HOH, a
water molecule.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vche
mbook/552triglycerides.html
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Triglyceride Metabolism
• Adipocytes acquire fatty acids from
circulating lipoproteins by an enzyme
lipoprotein lipase, which releases free fatty
acids and glycerol from the lipoproteins and
allows them to be taken up by the cell
• When there is a demand for energy from
f ats, triglycerides are mobilised from
adipocytes by an enzyme hormone-
sensitive lipase and released into the blood
© Centre for Nutrition Education & Lifestyle Management Fig 24.20(b) from Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora and Derrickson 11th
Edition pub John Wiley & Sons 2006
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Triglyceride Metabolism
• Lipolysis is stimulated by:
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline
CND/S 412 Biochemistry – Lipids
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Thyroxine Part 5: Phospholipids &
Glucagon
•
• Growth hormone
Glycolipids
Jess Keane BSc PG Cert mNTOI
jess@cnelm.co.uk
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Phospholipid Characteristics
• Membrane fluidity: The interior of a lipid bilayer is
normally highly fluid - the hydrocarbon chains of
phospholipids are disordered and in constant motion.
Glycolipid Structure
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Cholesterol Characteristics
• Interaction with the
relatively rigid
cholesterol
decreases the
mobility of
hydrocarbon tails of
phospholipids,
decreasing the
fluidity of the
membrane
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Part 7: Eicosanoids
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elongase
molecules derived from the C20 fatty acid, COX-1 & COX-2
enzyme
DHA
Docosahexaenoic acid
• To do with inflammation
• Consider an injury
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Eicosanoid Metabolism
• Fatty acid membrane composition
determines which prostaglandins will
predominate
• Membrane composition is determined by the
diet and the desaturation/elongation
reactions
• More AA, LA in the diet - more PGE2; more
ALA/EPA in the diet-more PGE3, more GLA
in the diet-more PGE1
• (Garrow et al 2004)
Eicosanoids Functions
Potent hormone like action.
• Prostaglandins
– Constrict smooth muscle: uterus
– Mediate inflammation
• Thromboxanes
– Encourage clotting and restrict blood flow to
wound
• Leukotrienes
– Chemotactic agent, bronchoconstrictors-allergy.
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(Kumar 2005)
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