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A PROJECT REPORT ON
'' STUDY ON DERIVATIVE MARKET IN INDIA”
By NIKITA J. BALAI
2017-18
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MM’s IMERT
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DECLARATION
I NIKITA J.BALAI student of MBA (semester 2) student of MM’s
Institute of Management, Education and Training (IMERT) hereby declare
that the project entitled ―A Study of Derivatives Market in India in NG
Rathi Investrades Pvt. Ltd., PUNE is submitted by me to PUNE University,
Pune in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the award of the degree
of ―Master of Business Administration (MBA). This project report is a
work prepared by me under the guidance of Prof. Uttam Sapate and
company guide Miss. Pranali Gaykar.
Place: Pune
Date: 15/10/2017
NIKITA J.BALAI
In general, Derivative is a contract or a product whose value is derived from value of some other
asset known as underlying. Derivatives are based on wide range of underlying assets. These
include:
Metals such as Gold, Silver, Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Tin, Lead
Energy resources such as Oil and Gas, Coal, Electricity
Agri commodities such as wheat, Sugar, Coffee, Cotton, Pulses and
Financial assets such as Shares, Bonds and Foreign Exchange.
The products in derivative market:
a. FORWARD
b. FUTURES
c. OPTIONS
d. SWAPS
e. WARRANTS
There are three major players in the financial derivatives trading:
1. Hedgers:
Hedgers are traders who use derivatives to reduce the risk that they face from potential
movements in a market variable and they want to avoid exposure to adverse movements
in the price of an asset. Majority of the participants in derivatives market belongs to this
category.
Primary and Secondary Capital Markets: A company cannot easily attract investors to
invest in their securities if the investors cannot subsequently trade these securities at will.
In other words, securities cannot have a good primary market unless it is ensured of an
active secondary market.
Primary Market
Securities generally have two stages in their lifespan. The first stage is when the company
initially issues the security directly from its treasury at a predetermined offering price.
Primary market is the market for issue of new securities. It therefore essentially consist of
the companies issuing securities, the public subscribing to these securities, the regulatory
agencies like SEBI and the Government, and the intermediaries such as brokers, merchant
bankers and banks who underwrite the issues and help in collecting subscription money from
the public. It is referred to as Initial Public offer (IPO). Investment dealers frequently buy
initial offering on the primary market and the securities on the secondary market.
Secondary Market
The second stage is when an investor or dealer makes the shares, bought from a company
treasury, available for sale to other investors on the secondary market. Secondary market is the
market for trading in existing securities, after they have been created in the primary market. It
essentially consists of the public who are buyers and sellers of securities, brokers, mutual funds,
and most importantly, the stock exchanges where the trading takes place, such as the BSE
(Bombay Stock Exchange) or NSE (National Stock Exchange).
Indian Stock Exchange
Stock Market
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A stock market or equity market is a public entity (a loose network of economic transaction, not
a physical facility or discrete entity) for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at
an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded
privately.
Stock exchange
A stock exchange provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade stocks, bonds and
other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities
and other financial instruments and capital events including the payment of income and
dividends. Securities traded on stock exchange include shares issued by companies, unit trusts,
derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds.
Equity/Share
Total equity capital of a company is divided into equal units of small denominations, each called
a share. For example, in a company the total equity capital of Rs. 2,00,00,000 is divided into
20,00,000 units of Rs 10 each. Each such unit of Rs. 10 is called a share. Thus, the company then
is said to have 20, 00,000 equity share of Rs 10 each. The holders of such shares are members of
the company and have voting rights. There are now stock markets in virtually every developed
and most developing economy, with the world‘s biggest being in the United States, UK,
Germany, France, India and Japan.
Market participants
Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors such as
mutual funds, banks, insurance companies and hedge funds, and also publically traded
corporations trading in their own shares.
Trading Participants
In the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who
can be based anywhere.
Listing
Listing means admission of securities of an issuer to trading privileges on a stock exchange
through a formal agreement. The prime objective of admission to dealing on the Exchange is to
provide liquidity and marketability to securities.
Securities
A Security gives the holder an ownership interest in the assets of a company. For example,
when a company issues security in the form of stock, they give the purchaser an interest in the
OBJECTIVES OF SEBI
The promulgation of the SEBI ordinance in the parliament gave status to SEBI in 1992.
According to the preamble of the SEBI, the three main objectives are:
To protect the interests of the investors in securities
To promote the development of securities market
To regulate the securities market
FUNCTIONS OF SEBI
The main functions entrusted with SEBI are:
Regulating the business in stock exchange and any other securities market
Registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, share transfer agents, bankers
to the issue, trustees of trust deed, registrars to an issue, merchant bankers, underwriters,
portfolio managers, investment advisers and such other intermediaries who may be
associated with securities market in any manner.
Registering and regulating the working of collective investment schemes
including mutual funds Promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations
Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices in the securities market
Promoting investors education and training of intermediaries in securities market
Prohibiting insiders trading in securities
Regulating substantial acquisition of shares and takeover of companies
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Calling for information, undertaking inspection, conducting enquiries and audits of the
stock exchanges, intermediaries and self-regulatory organizations in the securities
market.
Since its inception SEBI has been working targeting the securities and is attending to the
fulfillment of its objectives with commendable zeal and dexterity. The improvements in the
securities markets like capitalization requirements, margining, establishment of clearing
corporations etc. reduced the risk of credit and also reduced the market.
SEBI has introduced the comprehensive regulatory measures, prescribed registration norms,
the eligibility criteria, the code of obligations and the code of conduct for different
intermediaries like, bankers to issue, merchant bankers, brokers and sub-brokers, registrars,
portfolio managers, credit rating agencies, underwriters and others. It has framed bye-laws, risk
identification and risk management systems for Clearing houses of stock exchanges, surveillance
system etc. which has made dealing in securities both safe and transparent to the end investor.
Another significant event is the approval of trading in stock indices (like S&P CNX Nifty &
Sensex) in 2000. A market Index is a convenient and effective product because of the following
reasons:
It acts as a barometer for market behavior;
It is used to benchmark portfolio performance;
It is used in derivative instruments like index futures and index options; It
Two broad approaches of SEBI is to integrate the securities market at the national level, and
also to diversify the trading products, so that there is an increase in number of traders including
banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, mutual funds, primary dealers etc. to
transact through the Exchanges. In this context the introduction of derivatives trading through
Indian Stock Exchanges permitted by SEBI in 2000 AD is a real landmark.
SEBI appointed the L. C. Gupta Committee in 1998 to recommend the regulatory framework for
derivatives trading and suggest bye-laws for Regulation and Control of Trading and Settlement
of Derivatives Contracts. The Board of SEBI in its meeting held on May 11, 1998 accepted the
recommendations of the committee and approved the phased introduction of derivatives trading
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in India beginning with Stock Index Futures. The Board also approved the "Suggestive Bye-
laws" as recommended by the Dr LC Gupta Committee for Regulation and Control of Trading
and Settlement of Derivatives Contracts. SEBI then appointed the J. R. Verma Committee to
recommend Risk Containment Measures (RCM) in the Indian Stock Index Futures Market. The
report was submitted in November1998.
However the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) required amendment to
include "derivatives" in the definition of securities to enable SEBI to introduce trading in
derivatives. The necessary amendment was then carried out by the Government in 1999. The
Securities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 1999 was introduced. In December 1999 the new framework
was approved. Derivatives have been accorded the status of `Securities'. The ban imposed on
trading in derivatives in 1969 under a notification issued by the Central Government was
revoked. Thereafter SEBI formulated the necessary regulations/bye-laws and intimated the
Stock Exchanges in the year 2000. The derivative trading started in India at NSE in 2000 and
BSE started trading in the year 2001.
The National Stock Exchange has become the first Clearing Corporation in India by the
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introduction of NSCCL in April 1995. In the same year, 1995 July, it has introduced the Investor
protection fund which is a very important function introduced by the national Stock Exchange.
The National stock Exchange had grown with leaps and bounds and had shown
tremendous growth mainly in all the fields and thus making it the largest stock exchange of India
by October, 1995. The concept of NSCCL was extended by the introduction of clearing and
settlement with the help of NSCCL in year 1996. The National stock Exchange has introduced
its Index for the first time in year April 1996. The index was known as the S&P CNXNifty
Index. In year June 1996, it has introduced the Settlement Guarantee Fund. The National
Securities Depositor Fund was launched by the National Stock exchange in year 1996,
November, and thus making it the first stock exchange who becomes the first depository in
India. Because of the efforts and introduction of new concept in the field of trading, the National
stock Exchange has received the BEST IT USAGE award by the computer Society of India in
the year November, 1996. It has also received an award for the TOP IT USER in the name of
―Dataquest award‖ in year December, 1996.
The National stock exchange has also introduced another index in year December 1996 in
the name of CNX Nifty Junior in year 1996. It had again received an award for the BEST IT
USAGE award by the computer Society of India in the year December, 1996. In May, 1998 it
had launched its first website. Further in October 1999, it had launched the NSE.IT LTD. Further
in year October, 2002, it had launched the Government securities index. The growth of the
National Stock Exchange has been tremendous in every field. It had introduced several
programmers and has achieved various achievements and awards while working best in the field
in which it is working. The efforts and hard work that is contributed by the National Stock
exchange has been tremendous and thus making an important and unique stock exchange in
India.
TYPES OF MARKET
Two important terms before discussing derivatives, it would be useful to be familiar with two
terminologies relating to the underlying markets. These are as follows:
Spot Market
In the context of securities, the spot market or cash market is a securities market in which securities
are sold for cash and delivered immediately. The delivery happens after the settlement period. Let
us describe this in the context of India. The NSE‘s cash market segment is known as the Capital
Market (CM) Segment. In this market, shares of SBI, Reliance, Infosys, ICICI Bank, and other
public listed companies are traded. The settlement period in this market is on a T+2
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bases i.e., the buyer of the shares receives the shares two working days after trade date and
the seller of the shares receives the money two working days after the trade date.
Index
Stock prices fluctuate continuously during any given period. Prices of some stocks might move
up while that of others may move down. In such a situation, what can we say about the stock
market as a whole? Has the market moved up or has it moved down during a given period?
Similarly, have stocks of a particular sector moved up or down? To identify the general trend in
the market (or any given sector of the market such as banking), it is important to have a
reference barometer which can be monitored. Market participants use various indices for this
purpose. An index is a basket of identified stocks, and its value is computed by taking the
weighted average of the prices of the constituent stocks of the index. A market index for
example consists of a group of top stocks traded in the market and its value changes as the prices
of its constituent stocks change. In India, Nifty Index is the most popular stock index and it is
based on the top 50 stocks traded in the market. Just as derivatives on stocks are called stock
derivatives, derivatives on indices such as Nifty are called index derivatives.
NGRIPL is a member of National Stock Exchange (NSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) as
well as the leading commodity exchange of India i.e. MCX. NGRIPL is also registered as a
Depository Participant of CDSL.
The management at NGRIPL is the CRUX of our foundation.
Mr. Nitin M Rathi a man of substance, versatile in business. He is Bachelors of Electronics but
his interest brought him to this field and now he contributes his rich experience of more than 16
years in the capital markets with a focus on the derivatives segment, to the growth of Dreams
Investrades Pvt. Ltd.. He has evolved as a catalyst in nurturing business for NG Rathi Investrades
Pvt. Ltd. He is a Director of Dreams Capital Pvt. Ltd
Mr. Girish Rathi has a rich and varied experience of more than 10 years in all aspects of the
Equity Capital Markets. Being the founder member of Dreams Group, he has nurtured the group
as his own child. He is one of the Board members of the Dreams Group. He is a former member
of Pune Stock Exchange.
Mrs. Neha Rathi has done her Masters in Commerce. She is a multifaceted personality with a
rich experience of more than 10 years in the capital markets. She gives credit for her knowledge
in the markets to her husband, Mr. Nitin Rathi.
MM’s IMERT, Pune Page 20
Gopal Subhash Kalantri (Director)
Mr. Gopal Kalantri, a conceptually strong man with strong principal and ethics. He, too has a
rich and varied experience of 18 plus years in the Capital Markets. He has fundamentally
sound knowledge of all the companies listed on the Exchange. USP OF NG RATHI
INVESTRADES ARE:
Personalised service
Expert's advice
Dedicated research team
Experienced promoters
Training platform
Products and Services delivered by them for Wealth creation of their investors and traders:
1. Equity market-
WEALTH CREATION” a motive of each individual. NG Rathi Investrades Pvt. Ltd. Provides
support for this motive of yours. In true sense, Equity markets in India are very volatile but
undoubtedly the best source for WEATLH CREATION. Just with a little bit of guidance from
an expert at NGRIPL you can successfully achieve your motive. Make the most out of it, help us
serve you the best.
2. Derivative market-
Higher the risk better the returns, that is what a risk to return model suggests. Have the appetite for
higher risk, trade in the F&O segment. NGRIPL offers you the best platforms for trading in F&O
with the largest exchange in the country, NSE (National Stock exchange of India).
With SEBI permitting delivery in F&O segment now the segment has become all the more
alluring. Today you can, to lower your risk Hedge your open position in Cash (spot) market or
F&O market using Derivative Instruments, traders can speculate, if you prefer playing safe
you can take advantage of the arbitrage opportunities.
3. Online Trading-
When the world we get on the Internet why not WEALTH? At your finger tips, with the comfort
of your home/office or on the move, stay in touch with the market. Buy or Sell, keep trading,
CREATE WEALTH, NG Rathi Investrades Pvt. Ltd. will always be there for you. Login and
Want to get the best, first? NGRIPL covers the market at its entirety, let it be the Primary
market or the Secondary market, when it is Equity it means all. We also provide you with IPO
services at all our branches at Aurangabad and Nashik.
The other diversified business that the company is dealing into is construction, under the
name N.G.Rathi and Associates.
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
DERIVATIVES MARKET
May 11, 1998 L.C. Gupta committee submits its report on the policy Framework
August 31, 2009 Interest rate derivatives trading commences on the NSE
Warrants:
Options generally have lives of up to one year; the majority of options traded on options
exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longer-dated options are called warrants
and are generally traded over-the-counter.
Swaps:
Swaps are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in the future
according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. The
two commonly used swaps are:
• Interest rate swaps:
These entail swapping only the interest related cash flows between the parties in the
same currency.
• Currency swaps:
These entail swapping both principal and interest between the parties, with the cash flows in
one direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction.
Market Participants must understand that derivatives, being leveraged instruments, have
risks like
Counterparty Risk (default by counterparty),
Price Risk (loss on position because of price move),
Liquidity Risk (inability to exit from a position),
Legal Or Regulatory Risk (enforceability of contracts),
Operational Risk (fraud, inadequate documentation, improper execution, etc.) and may
not be an appropriate avenue for someone of limited resources, trading experience and
low risk tolerance.
A market participant should therefore carefully consider whether such trading is suitable for
him/her based on these parameters. Market participants, who trade in derivatives are advised to
carefully read the
Model Risk Disclosure Document, given by the broker to his clients at the time of signing
agreement.
Model Risk Disclosure Document is issued by the members of Exchanges and contains
important information on trading in Equities and F&O Segments of exchanges.
All prospective participants should read this document before trading on Capital
Market/Cash Segment or F&O segment of the Exchanges.
Current market capitalization = Sum of (current market price * outstanding shares) of all
securities in the index.
Base market capitalization = Sum of (market price * issue size) of all securities as
on base date.
Price weighted index:
In a price weighted index each stock is given a weight proportional to its stock price. A stock
index in which each stock influences the index in proportion to its price. Stocks with a higher
price will be given more weight and therefore, will have a greater influence over the performance
of the index.
5.9 MAJOR INDICES IN INDIA
These are few popular indices in India.
•BSE Sensex
•BSEMidcap
•BSE-100
•BSE-200
•BSE-500
S&P CNX Nifty
•CNX Nifty Junior
•S&P CNX Defty
•CNX Midcap
•S&P CNX 500
5.10 APPLICATION OF INDICES
Traditionally, indices were used as a measure to understand the overall direction of stock market.
However, few applications on index have emerged in the investment field.
Few of the applications are explained below:
Index Funds
These types of funds invest in a specific index with an objective to generate returns equivalent to
the return on index. These funds invest in index stocks in the proportions in which these stocks
exist in the index. For instance, Sensex index fund would get the similar returns as that of Sensex
D. FUTURES TERMINOLOGIES
a) Spot Price: The price at which an asset trades in the cash market. This is the underlying
value of Nifty on August 9, 2010 which is 5486.15.
b) Futures Price: The price of the futures contract in the futures market. The closing
price of Nifty in futures trading is Rs. 5482. Thus Rs. 5482 is the future price of Nifty,
on a closing basis.
d) Expiration Day: The day on which a derivative contract ceases to exist. It is last trading
day of the contract. It is the last Thursday of the expiry month. If the last Thursday is a
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trading holiday, the contracts expire on the previous trading day. On expiry date, all the
contracts are compulsorily settled. If a contract is to be continued then it must be rolled to
the near future contract. For a long position, this means selling the expiring contract and
buying the next contract. Both the sides of a roll over should be executed at the same
time. Currently, all equity derivatives contracts (both on indices and individual stocks) on
NSE are cash settled whereas on BSE, derivative contracts on indices are cash settled
while the contracts on individual stocks are delivery settled.
e) Tick Size: It is minimum move allowed in the price quotations. Exchanges decide the
tick sizes on traded contracts as part of contract specification. Tick size for Nifty
futures is 5
Contract Size and contract value: Futures contracts are traded in lots and to arrive at the
contract value we have to multiply the price with contract multiplier or lot size or
contract size. For S&P CNX Nifty, lot size is 50 and for Sensex Index futures contract, it
is 15.
f) Basis: The difference between the spot price and the futures price is called basis
g) Cost of Carry: Cost of Carry is the relationship between futures prices and spot prices.
h) Margin Account: As exchange guarantees the settlement of all the trades, to protect
itself against default by either counterparty, it charges various margins from brokers.
Brokers in turn charge margins from their customers.
i) Initial Margin: The amount one needs to deposit in the margin account at the time
entering a futures contract is known as the initial margin. Let us take an example -On
August 7, 2010 a person decided to enter into a futures contract. He expects the market to
go up so he takes a long Nifty Futures position for August expiry. On August 7, 2010
Nifty closes at 5439.25.
The contract value = Nifty futures price * lot size
= 5439.25 * 50 = Rs.2, 71,962.50. Therefore, Rs 2, 71,962.50 is the contract value of one
Nifty Future contract expiring on August 26, 2010.
Assuming that the broker charges 10% of the contract value as initial margin, the person
j) Marking to Market (MTM): In futures market, while contracts have maturity of several
months, profits and losses are settled on day-to-day basis –called mark to market (MTM)
settlement. The exchange collects these margins (MTM margins) from the loss making
participants and pays to the gainers on day-to-day basis.
l) Open Position: Outstanding/ unsettled either long (buy) or short (sell) position in
2) Stock option: These options have individual stocks as the underlying asset. For
example, option on ONGC, NTPC etc.
4) Writer of an option: The writer of an option is one who receives the option premium and
is thereby obliged to sell/buy the asset if the buyer of option exercises his right.
5) American option: The owner of such option can exercise his right at any time on or before
the expiry date/day of the contract.
6) European option: The owner of such option can exercise his right only on the
expiry date/day of the contract. In India, Index options are European.
7) Option price/Premium: It is the price which the option buyer pays to the option seller.
In our examples, option price for call option is Rs. 221.20 and for put option is Rs. 88.75.
8) Premium traded is for single unit of nifty and to arrive at the total premium in a contract, we
need to multiply this premium with the lot size.
9) Lot size: Lot size is the number of units of underlying asset in a contract. Lot size of Nifty
option contracts is 50. Accordingly, in our examples, total premium for call option contract
would be Rs. 221.20*50= 11060 and total premium for put option contract would be Rs.
88.75*50 = 4437.5.
10) Expiration Day: The day on which a derivative contract ceases to exist. It is the last
trading date/day of the contract. In our example, the expiration day of contracts is the last
Thursday of October month i.e. 28 October, 2010.
11) Spot price (S): It is the price at which the underlying asset trades in the spot market. In our
examples, it is the value of underlying viz. 6029.95.
12) Strike price or Exercise price (X): Strike price is the price per share for which the
underlying security may be purchased or sold by the option holder. In our examples,
strike price for both call and put options is 5900.
14) At the money (ATM) option: At the money option would lead to zero cash-flow if it were
exercised immediately. Therefore, for both call and put ATM options, strike price is equal to
spot price.
Note:
MONEYNESS: Concept that refers to the potential profit or loss from the exercise of the
option. An option maybe in the money, out of the money, or at the money
Call Option Put Option
In the money Spot price > strike Spot price< strike price
Out of the money Spot price < strike Spot price > strike
15) Out of the money (OTM) option: Out of the money option is one with strike price worse
than the spot price for the holder of option. In other words, this option would give the holder
a negative cash flow if it were exercised immediately. A call option is said to be OTM,
when spot price is lower than strike price. And a put option is said to be OTM when spot
price is higher than strike price. In our examples, put option is out of the money.
16) Intrinsic value: Option premium, defined above, consists of two components -
intrinsic value and time value.
17) Time value: It is the difference between premium and intrinsic value, if any, of an option.
ATM and OTM options will have only time value because the intrinsic value of such
options is zero.
19) Exercise of Options: In case of American option, buyers can exercise their option any time
before the maturity of contract. All these options are exercised with respect to the settlement
value/ closing price of the stock on the day of exercise of option.
20) Assignment of Options: Assignment of options means the allocation of exercised options to
one or more option sellers. The issue of assignment of options arises only in case of
American options because a buyer can exercise his options at any point of time.
21) Opening Position: An opening transaction is one that adds to, or creates a new trading
position. It can be either a purchase or a sale. With respect to an option transaction, we will
consider both:
Opening purchase (Long on option) –A transaction in which the purchaser’s
intention is to create or increase a long position in a given series of options.
Opening sale (Short on option) – A transaction in which the seller’s intention is to
create or increase a short position in a given series of options.
22) Closing Position: A closing transaction is one that reduces or eliminates an existing
position by an appropriate offsetting purchase or sale. This is also known as “squaring off”
your position. With respect to an option transaction:
Closing purchase – A transaction in which the purchaser’s intention is to reduce or
eliminate a short position in a given series of options. This transaction is frequently referred
to as “covering” a short position.
Closing sale –A transaction in which the seller’s intention is to reduce or eliminate a
long position in a given series of options.
Note: An investor does not close out a long call position by purchasing a put (or any
other similar transaction). A closing transaction for an option involves the purchase or
sale of an option contract with the same terms.
23) Leverage: An option buyer pays a relatively small premium for market exposure in relation
MM’s IMERT, Pune Page 40
to the contract value. This is known as leverage.
c) PRICE DISCOVERY
One of the primary functions of derivatives markets is price discovery. They provide
valuable information about the prices and expected price fluctuations of the underlying assets
in two ways:
First, many of these assets are traded in markets in different geographical locations. Because
of this, assets may be traded at different prices in different markets. In derivatives markets, the
price of the contract often serves as a proxy for the price of the underlying asset. For example,
gold may trade at different prices in Mumbai and Delhi but a derivatives contract on gold would
have one value and so traders in Mumbai and Delhi can validate the prices of spot markets in
their respective location to see if it is cheap or expensive and trade accordingly.
Second, the prices of the futures contracts serve as prices that can be used to get a sense of the
market expectation of future prices. For example, say there is a company that produces sugar and
As per Indian tax laws, incomes are reported under five heads—salary, house property,
capital gains, business and profession and other sources (any residual income that cannot
be classified in other heads). F&O trade is reported under the head ‘businesses in your tax
return.
*Your total income (from all five heads) continues to be taxed at slab rates.
Businesses may be speculative or non-speculative, and the tax treatment is different. The
income tax Act says that F&O trade is considered as a non-speculative business. Intra-day
stock trades are treated as a speculative business.
Remember that cost indexation and capital gains exemptions are only allowed on sale of
capital assets such as equity shares, mutual funds, land, house, and others. Since F&O
trades are considered a business, tax rules of capital gains rules do not apply.
Calculate gross income from F&O trades; take your transaction statement for the whole
year. Look at your receipts; these may be a positive or a negative value. Sum these up for the
whole year. Expenses can be deducted from your gross income. Some expenses that you can
deduct include rent or maintenance expenses of premises used for the business; mobile or
telephone; internet charges; demat account charges; broker commission; depreciation on
laptop used for trading; and any other expense directly related to your work.Business income
MM’s IMERT, Pune Page 46
is calculated for the financial year for which you are filing your return. You will also have
to prepare a balance sheet which is reported in ITR-4. It is basically a statement of your
assets and liabilities.
Many people get confused when they have more than one type of dealing in the stock
market. Some do intra-day stock transactions along with F&O trades. Some may hold stocks
as long-term investments and also invest in mutual funds. In such a situation, you should
calculate your business income from all of these separately.
F&O trade income and intra-day stock trading will have separate expenses. Don’t worry if
you have consolidated expenses; for example, you use the same premises to trade in both,
or use a single phone. Simply bifurcate these expenses on a reasonable basis. You can
allocate them using a ratio based on time spent.
If you invest in stocks for the longer run, you can treat them as capital assets. These will not
be reported as business if you don’t trade in them often.
There is an element of judgments involved and the main criteria are your intent. So,
choose carefully.
If you have some stocks that you trade often and some that you hold for longer, you can
separate them into business and capital assets.
Remember to choose on a fair basis and apply your choice consistently. You have to report
gains from capital assets under the head ‘capital gains’, which has different tax rules.
You will end up paying higher tax if you do not report your losses since losses have
tax benefits and reduce your total taxable income.
Losses from F&O can be set off from income from other heads (except salary income). Say,
your loss from F&O business is Rs.1 lakh, salary income is Rs.5 lakh, income from rent is Rs.2
lakh, and interest income is Rs.50, 000. Your total taxable income shall be Rs.6.5 lakh.
If losses are not fully set off in the same year, you can carry them forward for 8 years.
However, in the following 8 years, it can only be set off from non-speculative
business income.
The due date of filing of tax returns for financial year 2015-16, where audit is mandatory,
is 30 September 2016.
Primary Data- Primary research consists of a collection of original primary data collected by
the researcher. It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the
issue by reviewing secondary research or by analyzing previously collected primary data.
Secondary Data- Under Secondary sources, information was collected from internal & external
sources. I made use of Internet sources.
SAMPLING DESIGN
Sampling Size: 50
Sampling Method: Convenience Sampling
The report is based on primary data. One of the most important uses of research methodology is
that it helps in identifying the problem, collecting, analyzing, the required information and
providing alternative solution to the problem. It also helps in collecting the vital information that
is required by the investors to assist them for better decision making and help them
understanding how equity derivative market work.
The survey which have been evaluated for this study are randomly selected open ended
questionnaire survey on investment in equity derivative market restricted to people working in
NG Rathi, faculty, friends and family around me were selected as a sample which was around 50
samples and also the secondary data of equity market and equity derivative products on NSE and
BSE.
DURATION OF STUDY
The study was carried out for a period of 60 days that is from 17.05.2017 to 16.07.2017.The
actual practical experience at office were only for 2 months in which I completed my NISM
DERIVATIVE Certification , to understand the equity derivative.
2. To analyze how many people basically invest in stock market and the comparison
chart of the same; through primary data by taking sample size of 50 people.
3. To analysis the equity derivatives market growth over the period of time.
5. The awareness to be developed among people related to derivative market among various
types of individual and the concepts related to derivatives like futures, option, swaps, etc.
SCOPE OF STUDY
According to the analysis made, three parameters are the study has been done to know the
different types of derivatives and also to know the derivative market in India.
This study also covers the recent developments in the derivative market taking into
account the trading in past years.
Through this study I came to know the trading done in derivatives and their use in
the stock markets.
The scope of my research survey is restricted to students, house-wives and the people
who were trading at the work place. They were self trading member, dealer, analyst.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
The project covers the derivatives market and its instruments. For better understanding
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Due to wider range of equity derivative market only the basic knowledge related to
various terms such as limit, options, future, stop loss open position and so on were
studied by me. Time is critical factor limiting the study as it was only around 60 days.
While comparing the investment in stock market I was able to find that many people
invested in banks, real estate as compared to minor investment in derivative market. The
survey is restricted to sample size of 50.
Interpretation: From the questionnaire it is observed that 74.1%of the respondents are Male
and 25.9% of them are Female.
2. Occupation of the respondents
Interpretation: It seems that many people invest in share market nowadays as the percentage
indicates that 59.3% invest in NSE and only 14.8%invest in BSE, these are the people who
invest in fixed deposits, mutual funds, insurance for 25.9% in aggregate. The people here, who
invest in BSE, NSE mostly trade in cash market as compared to derivate.
4. In which securities you make investments
Interpretation: 14.8%of the respondents have annual income between 1,00,000 – 2,00,000/-
were as respondents having income above 3,00,000/-are 25.9%, between 2,00,001/- -
3,00,000/- are 11.1% and no income group are around 22.2%.
Interpretation: 17.4% of the respondents feel that system risk is the major risk they perceive
while investing in Derivative Market, were as 17.4% of the respondents feel legal risk in Market
and 39.1% of the respondents feel that fear of settlement risk is the risk they perceive while
investing in Derivatives.
8. Purpose of Investing in Derivatives Market
Interpretation: From the above chart we find that 18.2% of the respondent would like to
participate in Index Options were as 18.2% of the respondents’ would like to invest in
Stock Options, Stock Futures and Index Futures attract 18.2% and 31.8% respectively.
10. Interest of investment in terms of time frame.
Interpretation: Majority of the respondents 34.8% of them expect between 14-17% times a
year in Derivatives, were as 21.7% respondents expects the returns between 10-14%, many
respondents feel that they get returns around 5-10% and 13% respondents feel that they get
more than 25% return, these are the investors who have taken large amount of portfolio for
Interpretation: From the above graph, it can be seen that respondents have invested
in derivative segment. The table given below gives proper explanation to graph:
5,00,000.00
4,00,000.00
Equity market
3,00,000.00 Index futures
Stock futures
2,00,000.00
Index option
1,00,000.00 Stock option
0.00
Traded volume
markets are increasing rapidly and it plays a major role in whole securities market.
* Required
1. Email address *
2. Name of investors/traders *
3. Gender *
Female
Male
MM’s IMERT, Pune Page 68
4. Kind of investors
or traders.
Business
Salaried person
House wife
Students
Other:
100000-200000
200000-300000
300000-500000
No income
Flexibility
Ease in transactions
Availability of differentiate contract
Margin money
Index future
Stock future
Index option
Stock option
5%-10%10%-14%
14%-17%
17%-25%
Above 25%
Short term
Long term
Medium term
System risk
Legal risk
Counter party default risk
Settlement risk
10%-30%
30%-50%
MM’s IMERT, Pune Page 70
50-75%
Above 75%
Less than 10%