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19.1 Impacts/Issues
It’s All About Potential

 All body parts develop from stem cells that are

Animal Tissues and Organs present in the embryo

Chapter 19  Stem cell

• A cell that can divide and create more stem cells
or differentiate to become a specialized cell type

Stem Cells Stem Cells

 Adult stem cells are specialists that differentiate

into a limited variety of cells; embryonic stem
cells – the body’s first cells – form all other cells

 Use of embryonic stem cells or of adult stem

cells made to behave like embryonic stem cells
could one day help treat diseases and disorders

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stem cell
cell type 1

or

stem stem cell

cell cell type 2

or

stem stem cell

cell cell type 3

mitosis differentiation
Fig. 19-1a, p. 388 Fig. 19-1b, p. 388

Video: ABC News: Can stem cells heal Video: Open or close the stem cell
hearts? factories?

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Video: ABC News: Stem cell breakthrough
Four Types of Tissues
 Four types of tissues occur in all vertebrates
1. Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and line
internal cavities
2. Connective tissues hold body parts together and
provide structural support
3. Muscle tissues move the body and its parts
4. Nervous tissues detect stimuli and relay
information
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19.2 Animal Structure and Function
 All animals are multicelled, and nearly all have
cells organized as tissues
 Tissue
• A collection of one or more specific cell types –
and often an extracellular matrix – that are
organized to perform a specific task
Organs and Organ Systems
 Animal tissues are usually organized into organs
 Organ
• Structural unit composed of two or more tissues
organized to carry out specific tasks
 Organ system
• Organs and other components that interact
physically and/or chemically in a common task
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The Animal Body: Levels of Organization

Cell Tissue Organ

(muscle cells) (cardiac muscle) (heart)

Organ System Organism

(circulatory system) (human)

Fig. 19-2, p. 389

Homeostasis

 All structural levels interact in processes that

keep conditions in the internal environment
within levels that cells can tolerate
Cell Tissue Organ
(muscle cells) (cardiac muscle) (heart)

 Homeostasis
• The process of maintaining favorable conditions
Organ System Organism
(circulatory system) (human) inside the body

Stepped Art
Fig. 19-2, p. 389

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Evolution of Structure and Function 19.3 Types of Animal Tissues: Epithelia

 Structural traits evolve by natural selection
• Existing structures are modified over generations
in ways that better adapt their bearers to their
environment
 New structures evolve by modifying existing ones
• Evolutionary remodeling often results in body
plans that are less than optimal
 Epithelial tissues cover external body surfaces
and line internal cavities and tubes
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
• Sheetlike animal tissue that has one free surface
exposed to some body fluid or the environment
• Cells are connected by junctions and have no
matrix between them

Structure of an Epithelium

free surface of a
simple epithelium
basement membrane
(material secreted by
epithelial cells)
underlying connective tissue

Fig. 19-3, p. 390

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Types of Simple Epithelia
Epithelium: Glands
 Gland cells and glands are derived from
epithelial tissue
 Gland
• Cluster of epithelial cells that secretes a
substance that functions outside the cell
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Simple squamous epithelium
• Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs
• Allows substances to cross by diffusion
Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, oviducts
• Absorbs, secretes, moves materials
mucus-secreting gland cell
Simple columnar epithelium
• Lines some airways, parts of the gut
• Absorbs, secretes materials Fig. 19-4, p. 391
Two Types of Glands
 Exocrine gland
• Gland that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, oil, or
some other substance through a duct
 Endocrine gland
• Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a
body fluid
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Types of Animal Tissues: Connective
 Connective tissues bind, support, strengthen,
protect, and insulate other tissues
 Connective tissue
• Animal tissue with extensive extracellular matrix
• Provides structural and functional support
Loose and Dense Connective Tissues
 Loose connective tissue
• Connective tissue with relatively few fibroblasts
and fibers scattered in its matrix
 Dense connective tissue
• Connective tissue with many fibroblasts and
collagen fibers in its matrix
• May have a regular or irregular arrangement
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Soft Connective Tissues
 Soft connective tissues hold body parts in place
• Different types differ in proportions and
arrangements of protein fibers, fibroblasts, and
other cells
 Fibroblast
• Main cell type in soft connective tissue
• Secretes collagen and other components of
extracellular matrix
Specialized Connective Tissues
 Cartilage
• Connective tissue with cells surrounded by a
rubbery matrix of glycoproteins and collagen fibers
• Cushions joints; supports ears and nose
 Bone tissue
• Connective tissue with cells surrounded by a
calcium-hardened matrix
• Supports and moves the body; produces blood cells
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Specialized Connective Tissues Some Connective Tissues

 Adipose tissue
• Connective tissue with fat-storing cells
• Stores energy, cushions and protects, insulates

 Blood
• Fluid connective tissue; a transport medium
• Cells and platelets form inside bones; transport
oxygen, help blood clot, have immune functions
• Liquid plasma transports gases, nutrients, wastes

A Loose connective tissue

D Cartilage
• Internal framework of Types of Animal Tissues: Muscle
• Underlies most epithelia ears, nose, airways; covers
• Provides elastic support, ends of bones
stores fluid • Supports soft tissues,
cushions, reduces friction
at joints
B Dense, irregular
connective tissue
E Adipose tissue  Muscle tissues help move the body or parts of it
• Under skin and around
• Deep in skin and
around intestine, in
the heart and kidneys
• Stores energy-rich
• Cells of muscle tissues contract in response to
kidney capsule •
Binds parts together,
lipids, insulates, and
cushions parts
signals from nervous tissue
provides support,
protection F Bone tissue
• Bulk of most
C Dense, regular
connective tissue
vertebrate skeletons
• Protects soft tissues,  Three types of muscle tissues:
functions in movement,
•Tendons and
ligaments
stores minerals,
produces blood cells
• Skeletal muscle
• Stretchable
attachment between
parts
G Blood
• Connective tissue with
• Cardiac muscle
fluid matrix (plasma) and
cellular components • Smooth muscle
• Transports substances,
functions in body
defenses, and helps
maintain temperature
Fig. 19-5, p. 392

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

 Skeletal muscle tissue

nucleus
• Striated, voluntary muscle that attaches to bones
to move body parts

A Skeletal muscle
• Interacts with bone to bring about movement,
maintain posture
• Reflex activated, but also voluntarily controlled
Fig. 19-6a, p. 393

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

 Cardiac muscle tissue

adjoining
• Striated, involuntary muscle of the heart wall ends of
abutting
cells

B Cardiac muscle
• Occurs only in the heart wall
• Contraction is not under voluntary control
Fig. 19-6b, p. 393

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Smooth Muscle Tissue nucleus

 Smooth muscle tissue

• Involuntary muscle that lines blood vessels and
other hollow organs; not striated

C Smooth muscle
• Walls of digestive tract, arteries, reproductive
tract, the bladder, other hollow organs
• Contraction is not under voluntary control
Fig. 19-6c, p. 393

Types of Animal Tissues: Nervous Nervous Tissue

 Nervous tissue allows a body to detect and  Nervous tissue

respond to internal and external changes • Animal tissue composed of neurons and
• Detects stimuli supporting cells (neuroglia)
• Integrates information • Detects stimuli and controls responses to them
• Controls actions of muscles and glands
 Neuron
 Nervous tissue includes two cell types • Transmits electrical signals along its plasma
• Neurons (excitable cells) membrane; sends and receives chemical signals
• Neuroglia

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A Motor Neuron cytoplasmic extension nucleus in cell body

Fig. 19-7, p. 394

Animation: Functional zones of a motor

Animation: Animal cell junctions neuron

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Animation: Differences between cell and

Animation: Muscle tissues tissue types

Animation: Specialized connective

Animation: Soft connective tissues tissues

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Animation: Structure of an epithelium 19.4 Organs and Organ Systems

 An organ is a structural unit of different tissues

combined in definite proportions and patterns
that allow them to perform a common task
• Examples: heart, stomach, liver, eyes, kidneys,
lungs, and skin

 Most organs include all four tissue types

Organs in Body Cavities

cranial cavity
 Many human organs are located in body cavities
spinal cavity

thoracic cavity

diaphragm

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity
Fig. 19-8, p. 394

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Skin – Your Largest Organ Structure of Human Skin

 Epidermis
 Functions of skin • Outermost, epithelial skin layer; contains melanin
• Protects the body
 Dermis
• Helps make vitamin D
• Deep layer of skin consisting of connective tissue
• Detects changes in the outside environment with nerves and blood vessels running through it
• Helps maintain body temperature
 Hypodermis
 Skin contains all four tissue types • Layer of loose connective tissue and adipose
tissue below skin, containing larger blood vessels

Structure of Human Skin

hair
epidermis 1
(stratified
squamous duct of sweat
epithelium) gland

blood vessel

dermis pressure-
mainly 2
sensitive
dense sensory
connective receptor
tissue
smooth
muscle
sweat gland

hair follicle
hypodermis
mainly 3
adipose
tissue and oil gland
loose
connective
tissue

Fig. 19-9, p. 395

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Animation: Structure of human skin Organ Systems

 An organ system consists of two or more organs

interacting in tasks that keep individual cells and
the whole body functioning

 Survival and reproduction depend on

interactions among all organ systems

 All vertebrates have the same types of organ

systems

Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems

Fig. 19-10a, p. 396

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Integumentary Nervous Muscular Skeletal Circulatory Endocrine

System System System System System System
Protects body from Detects external Moves body Supports and Rapidly Hormonally
injury, dehydration, and internal and its protects body transports controls body
and some stimuli; controls internal parts; parts; provides many materials functioning;
pathogens; and coordinates maintains muscle to and from with nervous
controls its responses to posture; attachment cells; helps system
temperature; stimuli; generates sites; produces stabilize integrates short-
excretes certain integrates all heat by red blood cells; internal pH and and long-term
wastes; receives organ system increases in stores calcium, temperature. activities. (Male
some external activities. metabolic phosphorus. testes added.)
stimuli. activity. Fig. 19-10a, p. 396 Fig. 19-10b, p. 396

Animation: Human organ systems

Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

System System System System System Male:
Collects and Rapidly delivers Ingests food and Maintains the Produces and transfers
returns some oxygen to the water; volume and sperm to the female.
tissue fluid to the tissue fluid that mechanically, solute Hormones of both
bloodstream; bathes all living chemically breaks composition of systems also influence
defends against cells; removes down food and internal fluids; other organ systems.
infection and carbon dioxide absorbs small excretes excess Female: Produces eggs;
tissue damage. wastes of cells; molecules into fluid, solutes, after fertilization, affords
helps regulate internal and dissolved a protected, nutritive
pH. environment; wastes. environment for the
eliminates food development of a new
residues. individual.

Fig. 19-10b, p. 396

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Some Interactions food, water intake oxygen inhaled

Among Organ Systems
carbon
Digestive Respiratory
dioxide
System System
exhaled
nutrients,
carbon
water, oxygen
dioxide
solutes

Urinary
Circulatory System
System
water,
solutes
excretion transport of elimination of soluble
of food materials to wastes, excess water,
residues and from cells and salts
Fig. 19-11, p. 397

Animation: Directional terms and planes

of symmetry Animation: Human body cavities

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