ME44001-17-18-S2-Chapter 1

ME44001
Air Conditioning for Indoor Thermal and

Environmental Quality
AN Liang (安亮)
Office: FG 623
Tel: 2766 7820
Email: liang.an@polyu.edu.hk
TAs:
Mr. Su Xiangyu (蘇翔宇):
Office: CF305 Email: xiangyu.su@connect.polyu.hk
Mr. Pan Zhefei(潘哲飛):
Office: EF313 Email: jeff.pan@connect.polyu.hk
1
Timetable
Lecture Week (date) Time Classroom Instructor
Lecture #1 1 (16-01-2018) 18:30-21:20 FJ303 AN Liang
Test (#1) 6 (27-02-2018) 19:00-20:00 FJ303 AN Liang
Test (#2) 12 (10-04-2018) 19:00-20:00 FJ303 AN Liang
Review & Tutorials 13 (17-04-2018) 18:30-21:20 FJ303 AN Liang
Final 14 & 15 TBD TBD AN Liang
2
Timetable
Lab Week (date) Time Venue Instructor
Session #1 7 (10-03-2018) 09:00-11:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #2 7 (10-03-2018) 11:00-13:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #3 7 (10-03-2018) 14:00-16:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #4 7 (10-03-2018) 16:00-18:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #5 8 (17-03-2018) 09:00-11:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #6 8 (17-03-2018) 11:00-13:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #7 8 (17-03-2018) 14:00-16:00 FJ004 TAs
Session #8 8 (17-03-2018) 16:00-18:00 FJ004 TAs
Experiments to be conducted (20% of CA):
(1) Observation of Refrigeration Cycle and Calculation of Coefficient of Performance.
Attentions:
(1) You may choose your preferred time slot via Blackboard (up to 10 students per session)
in the first three weeks; For the students who did not do so, I will do the arrangement for
them. (No reschedule)
(2) Individual report (please submit the report sheet before you leave the lab)
3
Teaching plan
Lecture Topics Learning Outcomes Assessment
Lectures Moist Air Properties and Air • Apply the knowledge of Test #1 &
moist air properties and
#1, #2 & Conditioning Processes conditioning processes.
Final
#3 • Heat rejection form human body
• Human comfort
• Scope of air conditioning
• Basic components of air conditioning system
• Air properties concerning air conditioning
• Psychrometrics
• Process lines on Psychrometric chart
• Sensible cooling load and latent cooling load
Lecture Space Heating and Cooling Load • Apply the knowledge of
• Space heating load heating and cooling
#4 load required for a
• Transmission heat loss
• Infiltration building.
• Crack method
• Heat loss from air duct
• Space cooling load
• Internal heat gains
• Convection from surface
• Convection from internal heat gains
• Heat gain from infiltration
• System heat transfer
• Zone air heat balance formulation 4
Teaching plan
Lectures Refrigeration Cycles • Apply the knowledge of Test #2 &

• Concept of refrigeration refrigeration systems
#5, #6 & and cycles.
Final
• Refrigerants
#7 • Refrigeration cycles
• Mechanical vapor compression cycles
• Gas refrigeration cycles
• Pressure-Enthalpy diagrams of refrigerant
• Absorption refrigeration cycles
• Thermoelectric refrigeration cycles
Lectures Cooling systems • Appreciate and

• Cooling systems of air-conditioning system understand the
#8 & #9 concepts and
• Cooling coils
• Chillers components of air
• Cooling towers conditioning and
• Heat exchangers refrigeration systems
• Performance evaluation and design of heat and applications.
exchangers
5
Teaching plan
Lecture Indoor Air Quality • Apply the general Final
• Our atmosphere knowledge of indoor
#10 thermal comfort and
• Principal air pollutants
• Effects of air pollution environmental health.
• Sources of air pollution
• Air pollution standards
• Basic concerns of indoor air quality
• Control of air pollution
• Control of indoor air quality
6
Assessment Method
• The subject will be assessed by:
50% Examination + 50% Continuous Assessment
• The 100% of continuous assessment will be a

combination of the following tasks:
– One Test (on Chapters 1 and 2) – 40% (Week #6)
– One Test (on Chapters 3 and 4) – 40% (Week #12)
– Homework + Solution – 0%
– Laboratory – 20% (Weeks #7 & #8)
7
Reading List and References
• Faye C. McQuiston, Jerald D. Parker, J.D. Spitler,
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis
and Design, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
• J.W. Mitchell, J.E. Braun, Principles of Heating,

Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings, 1st
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• John Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein, Bill Whitman, Bill

Johnson, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Technology, 8th Edition, 2016.
8
Chapter 1
Moist Air Properties and Air
Conditioning Processes
9
1.1 Heat rejection from human body
(D) Evaporation
10
1.2 Human Comfort
• ASHRAE: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
• ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 gives the
conditions for an acceptable thermal
environment.
11
1.2 Human Comfort
• Parameters of the ambient air
– Air temperature
– Surrounding temperature
– Air humidity
– Air movement
– Suitable clothing
In general, a combination of suitable temperature,

relative humidity and movement of the ambient air will
lead to human comfort.
12
1.3 Scope of Air Conditioning
• Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system
– Control of air temperature
– Control of air humidity
– Control of air movement
– Introduction of fresh air
– Control of indoor air quality (IAQ)
– Control of noise
13
A typical HVAC Ventilation system
14
1.4 Basic Components of Air
Conditioning System
• Basic components
– Heating/cooling source
– Distribution system
– Driving system
– Heat transfer device
– Others……
15
An all-water cooling system
16
An all-air heating/cooling system
17
A typical HVAC system using both air and
water as working fluid
18
1.5 Air properties concerning air
conditioning
• Air (atmospheric air) is a mixture of several gases
such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc. and water vapor.
• Although the percentage of water vapor in the

air is small, its effect on the evaporation rate
from a human body to the ambient air is
significant.
19
1.5 Air properties concerning air
conditioning
• Dry bulb temperature (Tdb)
• Wet bulb temperature (Twb)
• Dew point temperature (Tdp)
• Humidity ratio (ω)
• Relative humidity (RH/φ)
• Specific volume (v)
• Specific enthalpy (h/i)
20
Tdb vs. Twb
• Dry-bulb temperature: It is the temperature of
air recorded by a thermometer, when it is not
affected by the moisture present in the air.
The dry bulb temperature is generally
demoted by td or tdb.
• Wet-bulb temperature: It is the temperature
of air recorded by a thermometer, when its
bulb is surrounded by a wet cloth exposed to
the air. Such a thermometer is called wet bulb
thermometer. The wet bulb temperature is
generally demoted by tw or twb.
21
Dew point temperature
• Dew point temperature: It is the temperature
of the air, at which the water vapor in the air
begins to condense if the air is cooling at
constant pressure. The dew point temperature
is generally denoted by Tdp.
22
Humidity ratio
• Humidity ratio: It is the measure of the
amount of water vapor in the air. It is also
called the specific humidity (or simply
humidity), and defined as the ratio of the
mass of water vapor (mw) to the mass of dry
air (ma).
23
Relative humidity
• Relative humidity: It is the measure of the
degree of superheat of water vapor in the air
and has a maximum value of unity. It is
defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of
water vapor (Pw) to the saturated pressure at
the same temperature (Ps).
24
Specific volume and enthalpy
• Specific volume: It is the volume of a unit
mass of the air (v).
• Specific enthalpy: It is the heat content of a
unit mass of the air (h/i).
25
1.6 Psychometrics
• It is the study of air-water-vapor mixture.
Properties of the air-water-vapor mixture can
change because of the varying water contents
in the mixture. They are given in graphical
form on the Psychrometric chart. It uses the
dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) as the x-coordinate
and the humidity ratio (ω) as the y-coordinate
of the plot. The chart is constructed at a total
pressure of 1 bar.
• per kg of dry air…..
26
Psychrometric chart
27
Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit
• To convert a Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit
– ºF = (1.8 x ºC) + 32º
• Example: Convert Celsius temperature of 20ºC
– ºF = (1.8 x ºC) + 32º
– ºF = (1.8 x 20ºC) + 32º
– ºF = 36º + 32º
– ºF = 68º
– So, 20ºC = 68ºF
28
Units
• Energy: 1 Btu = 1055 J
• Force: 1 lbf = 4.4482 N
• Mass: 1 lbm = 0.45359237 kg
• Length: 1 ft = 12 inch = 0.3048 m
29
Example #1
30
Example #2
A tank contains saturated air at a specified
temperature and pressure. The mass of dry air, the
specific humidity, and the enthalpy of the air are
to be determined.
31
Example #3
A room contains air at specified conditions and
relative humidity. The partial pressure of air, the
specific humidity, and the enthalpy per unit mass
of dry air are to be determined.
32
Example #4
A house contains air at a specified temperature and
relative humidity. It is to be determined whether any
moisture will condense on the inner surfaces of the
windows when the temperature of the window drops to a
specified value.
33
Example #5
A person wearing glasses enters a warm room at a
specified temperature and relative humidity from the cold
outdoors. It is to be determined whether the glasses will
get fogged.
34
1.7 Process lines on Psychrometric chart
• Function of the air conditioning equipment is to change the
condition of the incoming air to a new and desirable condition,
for example, lowering the air temperature by removing heat
from the air-water-vapor mixture.
• A process to change the air condition can usually be shown by

drawing a line from the initial to the final air conditions on a
psychrometric chart. The usual air conditioning processes will
be discussed here together with their corresponding process
lines as shown on the psychrometric chart.
35
Constant Property Lines on a
Psychrometric Chart
36
Constant Property Lines on a
Psychrometric Chart
37
Sensible heat
• Heat transfer that results in a change in

temperature of a substance
• Sensible heat transfers can be measured with a
thermometer
• Example of a sensible heat transfer:
– Changing the temperature of a sample of water
from 68°F to 69°F
38
(1) Sensible cooling/heating process
39
Heating/cooling of moist air
Energy balance:
40
Heating/cooling of moist air
41
Example #1
Air enters a heating section at a specified state and
relative humidity. The rate of heat transfer in the
heating section and the relative humidity of the air
at the exit are to be determined.
V1=6 m3/min
42
V1=6 m3/min
43
Example #2
Air enters a 40-cm-diameter cooling section at a specified
pressure, temperature, velocity, and relative humidity. The
exit temperature, the exit relative humidity of the air, and
the exit velocity are to be determined.
Heat is removed from the air at a rate of
44
Heat is removed from the air at a rate of
45
(2) Latent cooling/heating process
46
Latent heat
• Latent heat transfers result in a change of state

of a substance with no change in temperature
– Also referred to as hidden heat
– Latent heat transfers cannot be measured with a
thermometer
– Example of a latent heat transfer:
• Changing 1 pound of ice at 32°F to 1 pound of water at
32°F
47
(3) Combined
48
Cooling and dehumidifying of moist air
Energy balance:
Mass balance for water:
49
Cooling and dehumidifying of moist air
50
Heating and humidifying of moist air
Energy balance:
51
Example #1
Air is first heated and then humidified by water vapor. The
amount of steam added to the air and the amount of heat
transfer to the air are to be determined.
52
Example #2
Air is cooled and dehumidified by a window air-
conditioner. The rates of heat and moisture removal from
the air are to be determined.
53
54
(4) Adiabatic mixing process
55
Adiabatic mixing of two steams of
moist air
Energy balance:
Mass balance for the dry air:
56
Adiabatic mixing of two steams of
moist air
57
Example #1
Two airstreams are mixed steadily. The temperature, the
specific humidity, and the relative humidity of the mixture
are to be determined.
58
59
Example #2
Two airstreams are mixed steadily. The specific humidity,
the relative humidity, the dry-bulb temperature, and the
volume flow rate of the mixture are to be determined.
60
61
(5) Cooling to achieve condensation
62
Example #1
63
64
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66

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ME44001

Air Conditioning for Indoor Thermal and

Lectures Refrigeration Cycles • Apply the knowledge of Test #2 &

Lectures Cooling systems • Appreciate and

• The 100% of continuous assessment will be a

• J.W. Mitchell, J.E. Braun, Principles of Heating,

• John Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein, Bill Whitman, Bill

In general, a combination of suitable temperature,

• Although the percentage of water vapor in the

• A process to change the air condition can usually be shown by

• Heat transfer that results in a change in

Heat is removed from the air at a rate of

• Latent heat transfers result in a change of state

Mass balance for water:

Mass balance for water:

Mass balance for the dry air:

Mass balance for water:

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