IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 4 | Issue 1 | June 2017

ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Maneuver Load Computation using Static

Aeroelastic Phenomena for a Typical Subsonic
Aircraft
Veeresha G Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad
Faculty Faculty
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
New Horizon college of Engineering, Bengaluru, India New Horizon college of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

Dr. Manjunath Girish S

Faculty PG Student
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
New Horizon college of Engineering, Bengaluru, India New Horizon college of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

Abstract
Maneuver Load computation is a very important task of any design process for an aircraft industry. The field of flight loads
computation is concerned with the provision of loads due to maneuvering flight. Hereby, the underlying simulation model consists
of a model for the flexible subsonic aircraft. The analysis will be performed for a variety of flight points and load cases. It consists
of maximum structural loads over the airframe due to prescribed maneuvers like symmetric NZ The goal of the current work is it
to compute maneuver load using static aeroelastic phenomena on a typical subsonic aircraft for sizing the primary structures like
Wing, Fuselage, Horizontal and Vertical stabilizers. The FE Modeling will be done in HYPERMESH and the flight load module
of the MSC/PATRAN will be used for aero mesh generation. The static aeroelastic module of the MSC/NASTRAN is used as the
solver. The shear force and bending moment diagram will be plotted for fuselage, wing, HT, and controlling surface about their
respective elastic axis in PATRAN.
Keywords: Static Aeroelastic, Hypermesh, Patran, Nastran
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

Aeroelasticity is the branch of physics and engineering that studies the interactions between the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic
forces that occur when an elastic body is exposed to a fluid flow.
The study of Aeroelasticity may be broadly classified into two fields:
 Static Aeroelasticity: which deals with the static or steady response of an elastic body to a fluid flow; and
 Dynamic Aeroelasticity: which deals with the body’s dynamic (typically vibrational) response.
Aeroelasticity draws on the study of fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, structural and dynamic systems. The synthesis of
Aeroelasticity with thermodynamics is known as aerothermoelasticity, and its synthesis with control theory is known as
aeroservoelasticity.
Static Aeroelasticity
Static Aeroelasticity the branch of physics and engineering that deals with the static or steady response of an elastic body to a fluid
flow. In aircraft, two significant static Aeroelasticity effects may occur.
Divergence refers to a process in which the lift of a wing causes the wing itself to twist. This twisting leads to greater lift, in
which causes more twisting. The process continues until it reaches equilibrium. In order to prevent divergence, a wing must be
stiff enough to prevent twisting. If the wing is too flexible or the force of lift is too strong, divergence will occur control reversal
is a phenomenon occurring only in wings with ailerons or other control surfaces, in which these control surfaces reverse their usual
functionality (e.g., the rolling direction associated with a given aileron moment is reversed).

II. PROBLEM DEFINITIONS

In this study of aircraft and its controlling surface along with spar, ribs, skins, stringers are considered as detailed maneuver load.
Wing, Horizontal Tail & Vertical Tail consists of spar & skin with different thickness for each station, stringer with “I” section,
ribs of same thickness, and the main objective of project to perform analysis for a variety of flight points and load cases. It consists
of maximum structural loads over the airframe due to prescribed maneuvers like symmetric N z.

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 Maneuver Load Computation using Static Aeroelastic Phenomena for a Typical Subsonic Aircraft
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III. METHODOLOGY

FE Modeling will done by HYPER MESH. The flight load module of the MSC/PATRAN will be used for aero mesh generation.
The static aeroelastic module of the MSC/NASTRAN is used as the solver. The shear force and bending moment diagram will be
plotted for fuselage, wing, HT, and controlling surface about their respective elastic axis in PATRAN.

IV. CALCULATIONS

 Wing area = 76.88e6 mm2

 Wing span length = 12493.376mm
 Wing chord length = 4040mm
 Horizontal tail area = 13.632 mm2
 HT span length = 4163.847mm
 HT chord length = 2162.850mm
 Vertical tail area = 6.816e6 mm2
 VT span length = 4136.847mm
 VT chord length = 2162.850mm
 Mach number = 0.5 @ 171.5e3 mm/sec
 Dynamic pressure (q) = 176 N/ mm2
 Mach number = 0.8 @ 274.4e3 mm/sec
 Dynamic pressure (q) = 450.57N/mm2
 (Air density @ sea level) = 1.22e-9 kg/ mm3

V. FE MODELING

For modeling a Wing of an aircraft NACA 2412 is considered, and for HT & VT NACA 0012 airfoil is symmetrical with a different
thickness of spar & skin

Fig. 1: Horizontal Tail Fig. 2: Vertical Tail

Fig. 3: Wing Fig. 4: Aircraft

Steps Involved in Modelling & Analysis

 Creating airfoils shape of Wing, HT, VT Mesh Generation
 Exporting to Nastran

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 Maneuver Load Computation using Static Aeroelastic Phenomena for a Typical Subsonic Aircraft
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 Importing BDF file to FLDS

 Finding mode shape & Natural frequency Applying loads/boundary conditions
 Creating splines
 Analysis setup & Run Importing Results
Airfoils shapes
Airfoil shape can be generated by using XY coordinates which of 4-digits series of NACA2412 and NACA0012, After completing
the wing root translation & scale option need to be used for creating the wing tip

Fig. 5: Wing Airfoil

Mesh generation
By using manual mesh upper skin and lower skin will be created. Different thickness will be giving for skin while creating the
properties simultaneously spar, stringer & ribs properties will be assigned.
By using 1D & 2D elements mesh will be created, 1D element are used for creating Actuators rods, hinge rods & stringers. 1D
element are meshed manually using bar elements, Skin, Ribs, and Spar etc., as QUAD elements.

VI. RESULTS

Mode shape & Natural frequency

A mode shape is a specific pattern of vibration executed by a mechanical system at a specific frequency. Different mode shapes
will be associated with different frequencies. The experimental technique of modal analysis discovers these mode shapes and the
frequencies.

Fig. 6: Mode Shape-7 Fig. 7: Mode Shape-8

Fig. 8: Mode Shape-9 Fig. 9: Mode Shape-10

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 Maneuver Load Computation using Static Aeroelastic Phenomena for a Typical Subsonic Aircraft
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Fig. 10: Mode Shape-11 Fig. 11: Mode Shape-12

Nz Symmetric
Maximum structural loads over the airframe due to prescribed maneuvers of NZ (symmetric), The shear force, bending moment
& twisting force is plotted for wing, horizontal tail & fuselage with span-wise in X-axis & force and moment in the Y-axis.
Trim Condition
Table - 1
Trim Condition
Sl. No Velocity (m/s) M. No Nz Altitude (m) Q2 (kg/m)
1 0.344 0
2.5
2 0.74 12496.8
116.98 854.41
3 0.344 0
1.0
4 0.74 12496.8
5 0.403 0
2.5
6 0.74 12496.8
137.23 1175.73
7 0.403 0
1.0
8 0.74 12496.8
9 0.504 0
2.5
10 0.81 12496.8
171.53 1837.08
11 0
1.0
12 12496.8
Wing

Fig. 12: Shear Force Fig. 13: Bending Moment

Horizontal Tail Fuselage

Fig. 14: Shear Force Fig. 15: Bending Moment

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 Maneuver Load Computation using Static Aeroelastic Phenomena for a Typical Subsonic Aircraft
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Elevator

Fig. 16: Shear Force Fig. 17: Bending Moment

Fuselage

Fig. 18: Shear Force Fig. 19: Bending Moment

VII. CONCLUSION

Maximum structural loads as been prescribed for Nz maneuvers for a different load cases. Nz Maneuvers (normal acceleration)
defines as a ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight. A load factor can be referred as g. As if the load factor is equal to one it
represents condition is in straight or level flight. If the load factor goes greater or lesser than one it results in the Maneuvers.

VIII. FUTURE SCOPE

Further the remaining Pitching and unsymmetrical (Rolling and Yawing) Maneuvers can be obtained for the different element size
of mesh & element thickness to achieve the exact results with replacing the composite materials instead of Aluminum materials.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The support of this research by NHCE, Bengaluru is very much appreciated. The author also wants to thank Dr. Manjunath,
Principal of NHCE, Bengaluru and Department of Mechanical Engineering, NHCE for their support and guidance.

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