2017-11-01 Builders Line English Edition

BuILDERS LINE
A Housing & Construction Magazine

`50
www.buildersline.in E Publication Only November 2017
reen:
Go g WHICH ARE THE
PREFERRED
Top 6 indoor plants
CRUSHERS?
for your home
Admixture
and
Chennai Construction
Chemicals
no longer
World’s first
a realty 3D-printed
hotspot? Concrete
Cycle bridge
Builders line English Monthly | November 2017 | 2
‘A New Mega Compilation of
Civil Engineering into 10 CD Pack
Available Anywhere in India.
’
PROMPT
CIVIL MASTER
Now , & 50% Discount Rate
A Basic Reference for Civil Engineering | 1400 Files | 10.5 Data | 10 Cd pack
Prepared for Civil Engineers , Site Engineers , Project Managers , Civil Students
* Important 15 Civil Softwares Available at

* 100 E -Books ,Hand Books | * 120 Construction IIBE - 2015 Building Material Exhibition
Videos Chennai Trade Center , Mob: . Ramesh , 88254 79234
( or) Prompt Publication
* 450 pdf Documents | * 300 Excel Work Books , 43/19 , Aziz Mulk First St, Thousand lights , Chennai - 6
Formulas | * 55 Civil Engineering Apps | 110 Near to Gemini Bridge , Mount road , Greams Road
Power point Shows | * Civil Question Answers | * Note :
Govt Building Rules , Acts, Regulations | * Impor- 1. 50% Discount will be Available only till Dec 31
tant Notes , * Bureau of Indian Standared Codes for 2. You can register your request to the mob nos as Message or
Call ( 88254 79234 , 98417 43850 / 51) And get 50% Discount
Building Industry Suggestions , Tips .......etc 3. Also, You can register your request to the E -mail as ( build-
ersline@gmail.com ) And get 50% Discount.
10 CD pack Original Rate: Rs.3,000 Do not forget to mention ' PROMPT CIVIL MASTER ' In
Inaugural Offer : Rs : 1,500 Subject Field. - PROMPT MGMT
This Offer valid only till Dec 31 Only
World’s first 3D-printed concrete cycle bridge
opened in the Netherlands
T
he Netherlands inaugurated the world’s first World’s first 3D printed bridge unveiled
3d-printed concrete bridge, which is primarily The institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (iAAC)
meant to be used by cyclists. The bridge, which has been claimed the new world’s first for construction – the
crosses a canalized river in the southeastern town of first bridge to be designed and built via 3d printing technology.
Gemert, is made of 800 layers of reinforced, pre-stressed The 12m bridge, which spans a waterway in the urban park
concrete with a steel cable running through it to handle of Castilla la Mancha in Madrid, was ‘printed’ in successive
tensile stress. Constructed in Eindhoven by the Techni- layers of micro-reinforced concrete from 3d printing computer
cal University of Eindhoven and the dutch construction software.
company BAM, it is 8 meters long by 3.5 meters wide and late last year, the bridge was installed in situ and a group
it took around three months to put together, while its life of volunteers from iAAC have now demonstrated the same.
cycle is estimated at 30 years at least. “The bridge is not A rival bridge project in Amsterdam, also designed by iAAC,
very big, but it was rolled out by a printer, which makes but with in-situ 3d printing of steel instead of concrete, vies
it unique,” Theo Salet, from the Eindhoven University to claim a world’s first in 3d printing but was narrowly beaten
of Technology. The new bridge is part of the Noord-Om by Madrid’s Castilla la Mancha bridge. later this year, the
project, a new section of ring road around the village of Amsterdam structure is expected to be finished. Bridges and
Gemert linking the existing routes N605 and N272, and other structures of construction using 3d printing is being
Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 8
hundreds of cyclists are expected to ride over it every heralded for its capability of producing complex parametric
day. shapes with virtually no material wasted.
Heat Resistant Terrace Tiles
Beat the Heat

with
Therma Sheild

16 Models Wall Tiles | 21 Models Floor Tiles | 3 Models Step Tiles | Paver Blocks
rajasdesign.in
Wall Tiles Step Tiles Floor Tiles Paver Blocks
145, Godavari Street, Palaniappa Nagar, Valasaravakkam, Chennai – 600 087.

Email : hindusthantiles@gmail.com / Website: www.hindusthantiles.in
Ph : 044 – 2486 2409 / 2486 3587 / Mob : +91 94440 84055 / 94440 84369
Chennai : 94440 84369 / 94440 84055 / Mumbai : 93483 91554 / Hyderabad : 040 - 6545 7642 / 93483 91554 / Vizag : 0891 - 6460157 / 81798 21876
CHENNAI NO LONGER A REALTY
hotspot? Nidhi AdlAkhA
A
recent report by Anarock Property Con- jith Navin, director, Navin’s, says the government has
sultants highlighted the top ten investment not been proactive enough to get investments, upgrade
destinations in india and listed places such as skills or improve ease of doing business. “infrastructure
Malad (Mumbai), kharghar (Navi Mumbai), Ghodbunder growth has also been slow. Be it the new airport, metro
Road and Pokhran Road (both in Thane), hinjewadi and rail, water and sewage infrastructure or laying new roads:
kharadi (both in Pune), Sarjapur Road, Varthur, kanaka- all projects have either slowed down or been stalled,” he
pura Road (all in Bengaluru) and Gachibowli (in hydera- says. Navin explains how land price inflation between
bad). Surprisingly, Chennai did not feature in the list and 2005 and 2012 has been so high that commodity inflation
there are many reasons behind this. has not caught up with it even after five years.
Multiple challenges The worst hit localities include areas beyond the
second toll gate on OMR, the Oragadam-Sriperumbuthur
The biggest factor is the overall industrial slowdown
belt, Poonamallee high Road west of Maduravoyil, to
that the city hasn’t yet recovered from. The 2015 floods,
name a few.
cyclone Vardah and the prevailing political uncertainty
have put buyers on the fence. The after-effects of policy A. Shankar, national director, Jll india, says a few se-
reforms like the demonetisation drive, RERA and GST lect micromarkets are seeing buyers but despite being a
are still being felt in the market. major education and iT hub, other factors have hit Chen-
nai's realty. The saturated supply in sub markets of OMR
But these aren’t the only reasons. Job creation in the
and GST, the poor infrastructure in certain areas, and the
city has been very slow and this coupled with the lack of
fact that the city is an end-user driven market and not an
capital investments has also led to the slowdown. Viswa-
investor-driven one, are a few of the factors.
Another factor is the improvement of the overall business scenario
to increase investments. Neighbouring states like Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana have been constantly wooing capital investment by prom-
ising and delivering fast approvals, incentives and easy acquisition of
land and physical infrastructure,
Recovery mode out that 2016 saw 6 million sq.ft. of commercial space ab-
Shankar however believes these are short to medium sorption in Chennai, which would translate to about 60,000
term challenges and the city’s market will recover soon. he white collar jobs. Apart from TCS, GE, Renault Nissan, As-
hopes initiatives such as the Metro, parking management, tra Zeneca, Amazon, and Comcast, manufacturing compa-
cycle sharing and Wi-Fi enabled public spaces will boost nies such as CEAT and MRF will play a big role in creating
prices. Compared to other cities, Chennai and Bengaluru led more jobs in the city.
the demand and supply for housing in india in the first half of Another factor is the improvement of the overall busi-
2017. ness scenario to increase investments. Neighbouring states
But why are markets like Medavakkam and Madipak- like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have been constantly
kam - that were slated for growth - now stagnant? There is wooing capital investment by promising and delivering
less scope for new and organised developments to come fast approvals, incentives and easy acquisition of land and
up here. it witnessed ‘real’ growth between 2006 and 2012 physical infrastructure, says Navin.

when OMR was in the development stage. “Today, these if developers complete pending projects, keep their
areas are dominated by builder floor developments and timelines in check, offer realistic pricing and better con-
driven by small-scale players. After RERA, the participation struction quality, it could improve Chennai's standing in the
of these players has reduced considerably,” says Shankar. residential realty sector.
Sivaramakrishnan adds that with the city’s urban centre
Chennai real estate market may see oversupply in 2
saturated, we are seeing a growing interest in upcoming
years
suburbs. These markets saw a slowdown earlier due to lack
of social and physical infrastructure, but things are changing The Chennai property market may see an oversupply
now. “We are seeing an up-tick in ready-to-move-in proper- situation over the next two years, primarily due to several
ties in the price bracket of `45 lakh and `80 lakh,” he says. large projects nearing completion around the same time,
which may put downward pressure on rentals.
What’s next?
According to Cushman and Wakefield, Chennai will
For the market to fully recover, experts say job creation
witness a total supply of 10.4 million sq ft that will hit the
should be the government’s priority. “in Tamil Nadu, each
market until 2018.
year, about 8 lakh students complete Class 12 and after
adjusting for roughly 2 lakh retirees, i am not certain if 6 lakh “There is a slowdown in iT iTES space takeup already
new jobs are being created each year (in both formal and . The average annual absorption is also 2.5-3 million sq ft
informal sectors combined), says Navin. only,“ said VS Sridhar, managing director (Chennai), Cush-
man and Wakefield.
Shankar, however, sounds more optimistic. he points
Several large developers from across
the country like Brigade Group, RMZ,
dlF and Embassy Group have proposed
large-scale greenfield grade A commercial
developments of over one million sq ft
each across the micro-markets of Chen-
nai. A majority of these developments are
in various stages of construction and are
expected to be completed between 2018
and 2019.Most of these developments fall
under special economic zone (SEZ).
“There will be some equilibrium be-
tween demand and supply, but good proj-
ects may not face issue of leasing. There
will be marginal risk as large projects take
a year’s time to be completely occupied from the date of chief executive, Prestige Group.
receiving the occu pancy certificate,“ Vishal Mirchandani, While 2017 year-to-date supply was down 59% across
CEO (retail and commercial), Brigade Group, said. Brigade the top seven cities, compared with 2016 additions, these
is setting up a 1.8 million sq ft commercial complex World South india cities registered an average fall of 75%, said the
Trade Centre, which is set to be completed by 2019-end. report.
The commercial market in Chennai has seen absorption The National Capital Region (NCR), on the other hand,
drop by 24% quarter-on-quarter in the third quarter of 2017 has witnessed a 3-5% decrease in average per sq ft property
due to lower interest from corporates. prices over the past one year between the fourth quarter of
“The overall absorption across india witnessed an annual 2016 and third quarter of 2017, showed the data.
dip, primarily due to a marginal dip in absorption among key According to Puri, there are many reasons for the price
metros across india.Similar to other metros, Chennai has decrease in NCR. To begin with, excessive delay in project
also seen a marginal dip in absorption on an annual basis,“ construction and possession has hurt buyers’ sentiments
said Ram Chandnani, Md (advisory and transaction services and led to subdued demand. Also, many projects have been
india), CBRE. stalled due to agitations and litigations.
Recovery visible in south India’s residential real developers expect the scenario to see a steady change
estate market with increased focus on deliveries and customer experience.
The residential market in south india is seeing some ““Customer confidence has and will come back with proj-
green shoots with the unsold property inventory there de- ect deliveries and enhanced focus on overall customer ex-
clining rapidly compared to other parts of the country. perience. We have been witnessing this with our revamped
According to Anarock Property Consultants, unsold efforts to expedite construction and project delivery that has
inventory during the third quarter declined by 21%, 20% and led to receipt of occupancy certificates for 2,600 units in the
15% in hyderabad, Chennai and Bengaluru, respectively, last 15 months, and application for OC of another 3,000 units.
from the 2016 year-end stock, which was mainly attributed Consequently, we have seen a revival in consumer sentiment
the restricted supply of fresh projects in these cities. and increased sales in 2017,” said Sanjay Malhotra, CEO,
Emaar india.
“With an overall unsold inventory decline of only 8% in
the top seven cities, South indian cities have surely bucked According to him, the secondary transactions in the com-
the trend,” said Anuj Puri, chairman of Anarock Property pany’s projects have seen an increase, indicating consumer
Consultants. interest in these projects due to focus on faster completion,
as it aims to deliver 11,000 units by the end of 2018-19 fiscal.
The southern cities saw a steep drop in new launches Prices are likely to remain stagnant for a few more quarters.
helping builders to drive sales. According to the report, re-
stricting new launches and focusing on clearing unsold stock Factors such as the huge unsold inventory, recent cases
in the predominantly end-user driven markets has been a of developers’ bankruptcy or insolvency and the huge num-
defining factor in South india “despite no new launches and ber of stalled projects have made buyers sceptical about the
and implementation of RERA and GST, we had clicked sales market. Also, delay in execution and dilution of RERA has
of ?800 crore in the second quarter,” said Venkat k Narayan, dented buyers’ confidence, said Puri.
Anand
Mosquito Networks h«ÎÞÙðW¸lèêÙÄWóÞn»ð_
Mob : 97909 81010 Ph : 044 - 2476 6010
hÄÞ?W«Ù§»{-]½ê÷CW½æWGðèâÞn¬Þn»ð_
Anand Mosquito Net Works

UXÐ%Y LN%°ÊÍÐ?ÈL
(Safest & Simplest way to Keep Mosquito Away)
ÙÅ\è«m` uð¢E yÃÿC]W« X¯l«»ðÔ_
Ï\ÆW« ©»ðº\ h«ÎÞ ]ýÿã½§W Ùæã
Anand Mosquito Net Works ÏíÃý d»ðèâ¦E d»ð_ {}EÄÞ^«è¬¦E
(Safest & Simplest way to Keep
ÙðW¸Ãðº§uóÎnE ]vÆMosquito Away)
°àFðº§uóÎnE
ÄWnðWÃ{E
lèðm`Ü\«`ð_]v¯Eð?¢ðÔÃ{Þ½?èlCW«
©`êWt?]W«ÙðW¸lèêðèâuðàFÆÎ?yèÆmLE
#9, 5th Street, Senthil?¬]W«?Wð¢EÙÅGn?óÿ½ÆWE/
Nagar, Porur, Chennai - 600116.
Ph: 044- 2476 6010 , Mob : 97909 81010
¹`§íðÔÃ{
W: www.mosquitonetworks.com E: anandmosquitonetworks@gmail.com Anand
Mosquito Networks
31& ¾ýð¢öã
#9, 5th Street, Senthil Nagar, Porur, Chennai - 600116.
Visit us : www.mosquitonetworks.com Email : anandmosquitonetworks@gmail.com

GO GREEN:
Top 6 indoor plants for your home
looking for functional decor for your home? Why not try 2. Areca Palm
setting up indoor plants in different areas of your house?
This plant tends to grow to 30 feet when planted out-
indoor air quality has taken a turn for the worst and doors, but indoors it grows to a maximum height of 6 feet.
who knows what toxins may be lurking in various corners

Just be sure to plant it in a small pot, so the roots are
of your house? And since most of us spend 80% of our time
restricted from spreading out too much.
indoors, we are constantly exposed to these harmful pollut-
ants. This useful plant is effective in filtering two main pol-
lutants - xylene and toluene - from the air. it also plays an
The best way to purify the air while adding a decora-
important role in keeping your house cool by acting as a
tive spin to your home would be to introduce some indoor
humidifier.
plants into the house. here are a few you can try out.
3. English ivy
1. Aloe Vera
NASA claims that this tiny plant is perhaps the most
Aloe vera is one of the most well-known plants in the
effective air purifier you can invest in because it effectively
indian home. The gel of this plant contains medicinal prop-
removes formaldehyde from the air.
erties and is used to treat a variety of skin conditions.
it is also incredibly easy to grow and can be set up from
it is a highly-effective air purifier and cleans the air
a hanging pot or on the floor. Just be sure that the English
of chemicals and toxins released by household cleaning
ivy receives lots of sunlight as it tends to get infested by
products. The aloe plant can also be used to check the toxin
pests in the absence of sunlight. Also, avoid watering it too
levels in your home as it starts to display brown spots when
often; only water it when the soil looks quite dry.
indoor air quality is poor.
4. dracaena
This easy-to-grow plant does not require too much sun-
light to grow and can grow to a height of 12 feet. So be sure
you have adequate space for this plant!
Of course, you will have to trim it now and then to en-
sure it does not grow all over the place.
This plant helps to remove toxins like xylene, trichloro-
ethylene, and formaldehyde, keeping the air in your home
clean.
5. Snake Plant
This plant has a very strange nickname - mother-in-
law’s tongue.
its hardy and upright look will add a unique spin to the
setting in your home, and what’s more? it is super easy to
maintain. it does not require much water and can make do
with indirect sunlight.
The snake plant is on NASA’s list of top air purifying
plants and can work wonders on the air quality inside your
home.
if you are placing this plant in front of a window, just be
sure to rotate it by half a turn every week.
6. Spider Plant
This is perhaps one of the most commonly seen house-
plants, and one of the easiest to maintain. Spider plants
can survive even if not watered regularly (although it’s not
recommended) and require moderate light.
by its location. Then opt for the accumulation, you will
The only thing you have to keep in mind is to fertilise create the volume, and have a very nice curiosity cabinet ef-
this plant twice a month during the spring and the summer fect. As a small indoor garden, the idea will be to mix plants,
because that is when it tends to use maximum nutrients. sizes and pots on the contrary, to dwell on one type of plant:
This plant removes benzene, formaldehyde, xylene, and a jungle of cactus with terracotta pots makes me dream
carbon monoxide from the air, making it the ideal air purifier for example. At the Urban Jungle, do not be afraid to bring

for homes set up near busy roads. a green touch to your home and do not hesitate to create
different levels.
look for variety
Small indoor plantsimage Source By My
When shopping for indoor plants, it is best to
lovely Things
get a variety of species with which to deco-
rate your home. This will give your house a indoor plant decoration ideasimage
unique look and clear the air of a variety of Source By Restored
different pollutants. hanging Plants
By setting up potted plants in different i think this is one of the ideas and trends
areas, you can rid the air of toxins and stay that i prefer. This gives a lot of poetry, and
healthy inside your own home. it’s the most a somewhat bohemian side. To hanging,
natural form of air purification! drooping plants and plants that do not require
7 Different Way to Indoor Plants much maintenance, to avoid a defeat each
Decoration Ideas in Living Room time.
Accumulate Plants hanging plants ideasimage Soure By Pinterest
it’s stupid but a single plant will seem sad Single hanging Plantimage Source Cleo
unless it is impressive and is distinguishes itself have Pretty Pots, Customize Them
Use Branches
Rather than using the whole plant, it takes just a branch
or shoot to put in a vase, it can give a mini-tree side that i
love in an interior. Both perfect for a modern or bohemian
interior.
Scandinavian interior home decor With Plantsimage
Source By Studio Ruig
growing plants in waterimage Source By heimelig Shop
Use A Bench
i speak bench but it could be a serving, a beautiful chair
or any other surface capable of accommodating your plants
and here again we follow the first advice we accumulate
them. This will create a plant wall, a mini jungle to embellish
as decorative objects.
creative wall hallway with plants decorationimage
Source By dadaa
ransparent Frames With Plants and Feathersimage
Source By Froken
On A Shelf
it is a bit the same principle as a bench, but here, the
plants should not be too large, and you can completely go
on droopy plants. On the edge of a window it is also very
pretty, or in the kitchen we can opt for aromatic plants.
grey glass scandinavian cabinet for plant decorimage
Source By Not On The high Street
it’s very simple and it brings a touch of poetry. This living Room Wall Shelves design With mall plantsimage
is a real way to integrate decoration in plants and vice Source By Morganours
versa. You can choose beautiful pots, brands that you like,
ceramic pots made by artists or you can create your pots A large Plants decoration Next To The Sofa
yourself or customize existing pots by painting them. The idea here, as i said above, is to bet on a plant in
height. Beside the sofa, because it is often an area that can
pretty small pots decor at windowimage Source By

happy interior Blog be neglected or even in a corner a little bit empty. A large
plant dresses and makes the space living.
coffee table trays silver With Plantsimage Source By i
Want That
Rebound of cement demand delayed to 2018

As cement offtake remained weak in the first half ring the first five months of the fiscal year 2017, ce-
of the current fiscal ending September, ratings agency ment production reported a de-growth of 3.2% to 117.3
iCRABSE 1.87 % forecasts demand to bounce back from million tonne as compared to 121.2 million tonne during
the last quarter, pinning hopes on housing and infra- the same period last year.
structure to revive demand. While sand shortage and labour unavailability ef-
As the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) affected offtake in the North, RERA negatively impacted
fected real estate activity, with sand shortage and GST construction activity in the west with southern states like
implementation compounding problems for the cement Tamil Nadu and kerala grappling with issues like drought
sector, the ratings agency has revised its earlier esti- (which impacted rural offtake) and weak housing activity,
mate that demand will be back by Q3. a release by the agency said.
®
SREE MURUGAN TILE WORKS

GOPURAM Manufacturers of High Quality GOPURAM Brand Clay Tiles
Single Groove 12x12 10x10 9x9 8x8 6x6 Two Curve
•Roof Tiles •Flooring Tiles •Roof Tiles

Smooth Surface • High Durability • Least Water Absorption • Thermal Insulation • High Strength
Suitable for Indoor & Outdoor • Weather Resistant • Estd: 1958
•Weathering Course •Wire-cut Bricks •Decorative Tiles

www.tileworks.in kla@tileworks.in +91-9442250847 +91-4633-250847
10/710, Surandai Road, Pavoorchatram 627808, Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India.
DEALERSHIP ENQUIRY SOLICITED.
SAKTHI
TARPAULIN COMPANY
KERALA
Marketed By Builders line English Monthly | November 2017 | 17

Alvina
Agency
Ðêíð_½?èl
LDPE
Plastic Mobile: 94870 81620
E.mail: benedmond1@gmail.com
Tarpaulin
Ph: 044 - 4355 8345

H.O: A3/21, Tri Star Residency, 6th Main Road, Eri Scheme, Mugappari West, Chennai - 600 037.
B.O : No.153, Park Road, East Ramanputhoor, Kanyakumari Dist., Nagercoil - 629 004.
Home of your dreams
What should youngsters keep in mind while inking the deal? Ashwinder Raj Singh has the answers
T
hirty years ago, the typical indian home buyer knowledge, it has unfortunately also added several levels
was invariably aged above 50 and cashed in his of contamination from innumerable marketing channels. So
or her provident fund to finally make the dream of much for finding the ‘perfect location’ for your ‘dream home’
home ownership come true. Today, home buyers in india are online — according to Google AdWords, literally everything
younger than ever, with the age group of 34-38 populating a is perfect and ideal. You still need to be able to separate the
majority of sale deeds. wheat from the chaff on the basis of your own knowledge of
With dual-income nuclear families having become the the market.
new norm, young married couples are the preferred cus- likewise, the decision to buy a home should not be influ-
tomer ‘configuration’ for banks and home loan companies. enced by other people’s thoughts and opinions. At the end of
Their combined creditworthiness is boosted by the very the day, this is a very personal decision which does not lend
healthy risk profile which banks see in people who have two itself too well to ‘one-size-fits-all’ investment philosophies.
decades or more of active professional life ahead of them. While one young couple with a certain degree of financial
The result? The ability to buy a sizeable home in a good loca- agility may see a lot of sense in buying a home as soon as
tion today, locking in its value and capital appreciation po- possible, another of comparable fiscal ability could be con-
tential. tent to live out their lives in rental homes and invest their
surplus money elsewhere.
Realty fundamentals
There is also no shortage of fence-sitting real estate ag-
That said, youthful home buying enthusiasm should ide- nostics who are perpetually waiting for changing market
ally be tempered with sound investment advice. While the dynamics, rather than their own innate desires, to convince
internet has certainly opened up the domain of real estate them of home purchase.
not be to immediately buy the big-
gest, flashiest home on the block.
Buy or rent?
For a considerable segment of
young married couples in india today,
the purchase of a home is definitely
still a priority because it frees the fam-
ily of empty rental expenses which
reap no returns and instead secures
a performing asset which will appre-
ciate in value. With the predictable
expense of monthly EMis on a home
loan factored in, one gets a clear view
of other available investment options.
Also, a self-owned home in india has
a singular power to provide not only
Young aspiring buyers should keep in mind accommodation but also a sense of
security and comfort.
their current and future finances and balance
For others, it makes more sense
these with their current needs. to stay in rental homes and invest into
other instruments like mutual funds or
For now, let us consider the first set their combined credit-worthiness can even more adventurous speculation
— young married couples who have certainly permit. herein lies a primary on the stock market. While it is obvi-
firmly decided to buy a home. fact of the market — a budget for home ously a challenge to judge how many
The ‘starter home’ purchase is not always only a function young couples in india lean towards
definitely, young aspiring buyers of financial ability, but often also of per- one philosophy or the other, what can
should keep in mind their current and sonal choice. be said is that home purchase has be-
future finances and balance these with deciding the budget come a far more attractive option in
their current needs. When it comes to deciding on how india than ever before.
The concept of ‘starter homes’ is a much to spend on buying a home, much Current market
very valid one in india — the kind of depends on whether the newly-baked Over the past couple of years, we
homes that a majority of young couples family comprises of a single income have seen significant property price
prefer or able to buy in the initial stag- earner or whether it is a dual-income rationalisation in many cities. As a re-
es of their careers and/or married life. scenario. if it is a single-income house-

sult, many more properties have now
Such homes are generally only as big hold, a starter home in a good project become affordable for a much larger
as they need to be but are in well-con- by a reputed developer is the way to cross-section of aspiring buyers. Also,
nected locations which allow for easy go. in the case of a dual-income situ- thanks to more ready inventory, the
transit to and from work. ation, a couple can set its sights a little wait for possession has ended.
The idea of buying a starter home is higher — but it is important not to over-
We will not see any further low-
to secure a property within one’s exist- reach.
ering of prices, especially now that
ing means, and then upgrade to a larg- The main focus at this point in one’s RERA is cleaning up the market of
er home as the family as well as finan- family life should be to secure home fly-by-night operators and causing
cial capability grows. Ensuring that the while simultaneously retaining the abil- supply to slow down. however, as
starter home, though compact, is in a ity to enjoy the first years of married of now, residential property in india
good project with good amenities, and life in reasonable style. Travel and en- has become more affordable than it
in a well-connected location, will enable tertainment will and should be on the has been in several years. Simultane-
the couple to sell it off more quickly and cards. later, they also need to factor in ously, home loan interest rates have
at a better price when the time to up- the financial pressures of parenthood, declined to further boost the logic of
grade to a larger flat finally comes. and these eventualities should be pre- home ownership in the country.
This is by no means the default pared for in advance. The objective for
As the economy gathers further
choice for all young couples — many a newly-married couple — unless they
impetus and the real estate market
prefer to invest in larger homes, which come from wealthy families — should
The housing market of 2017: know be-
fore you buy
The residential real estate market has
been witnessing a prolonged period of
churning with sales slowing down and ab-
sorption rate of unsold inventory crashing
to a new low. While the first half of the year
witnessed a dip in sales, the tide seems to
be turning in favor of affordable housing.
With the implementation of the Real
Estate Regulatory Act (RERA), developers
have been steering clear of new launches
and instead focusing heavily on sales of
their ready possession stock. This has
resulted in an uptick in user demand for
such properties or those nearing comple-
recovers faster, bringing with it inevitable price escalations, tion. here’s a look at the major trends that
locking into the currently prevailing low rates is the best pos- dominated the residential real estate market and their impact
sible investment choice for those who have decided on buy- on housing sales:
ing a home. Even the extended suburbs of our larger cities Shadow of demonetisation
will get denser over the coming years, adding better social The year began with consumers and the industry as a
infrastructure while simultaneously bringing forth a dearth of whole grappling with the aftermath of demonetisation.
supply due to depleting land.
According to a real estate report released by estate re-
As our cities expand, today’s extended suburbs will be- search firm knight Frank, the first half of the year witnessed
come more central locations. Buying a property in such loca- an 11% decline in sales over that of the previous year across
tions now will lock in their future potential the eight major markets, including Mumbai, Bengaluru,
investment rationale Chennai, NCR and Pune.
While the internet, as well as advisory columns in finan- Even as housing sales in h1 2017 were the lowest in the
cial dailies, continue to offer conflicting advice, one immu- past five years, new residential project launches plummeted
table fact of the property market remains — property always by 41% in the first half of the year to hit a seven-year low.
appreciates in the long run. All over the world, real estate despite weak demand, property prices remain stagnant
as an asset class provides excellent risk-adjusted returns in turning end-users into fence-sitters in most micro markets.
the long term. This is not to say that investment in other in-
Genuine buyers appear to be delaying their purchase
struments does not reap comparable or even better returns;

plans in the hope that interest rates would plunge further.
what it largely boils down to is one’s own outlook.
Secondary market takes a hit
The intrinsic value that a self-owned home holds for an
end-user differs a lot from that which it conveys to a pure in- Worst hit by demonetisation, the secondary or resale
vestor. The pride and security of home ownership in a coun- market has been under tremendous pressure.
try like india is a rather unique phenomenon which cannot be due to a cash crunch, many buyers went off the second-
replicated by other asset classes. Real estate is a performing ary market, leaving sellers high and dry. Except some inter-
asset in the truest sense since it can either generate rental in- est shown for select properties, there were hardly any trans-
come or provide freedom from rental outgo even as it gains actions recorded in this segment.
in value. Experts believe that for secondary sales to improve, they
Finally, we do know that RERA will significantly crimp the will have to be converted into primary sales and transactions
supply pipeline going forward, and reduced supply has a di- must happen through banking channels. The secondary mar-
rect implication on prices. losing out on the best opportuni- ket will have to migrate to a system where cheque payments
ties today in the hope of further price corrections can imply will comprise a large share of their dealings.
a significant loss to those who defer their decision too long. Fall in new launches
The best strategy for youngsters who are firmly decided on The compliance needs driven by the implementation of
buying a home today is to negotiate the best possible price RERA in May 2017 has impacted fresh launches in the mar-
and go in for purchase. ket.
a part of their festive season deals. Going forward, demand is
in view of RERA, builders are now focusing on complet- expected to surge for housing stock in areas with good con-
ing existing projects rather than launching new ones. nectivity and social infrastructure, especially in the affordable
According to research reports, except Chennai, new and mid-segment housing.
projects have dried up in all the eight major cities. NCR and Centre unveils new scheme for unapproved layouts in Pu-
Ahmedabad have been the worst hit with launches plunging ducherry, karaikal
by 73% and 79%, respectively.
Sites registered on or before January 30, 2017 will be
Shift to affordable housing regularised
Over the last year, the government has announced a The Centre has come out with a new scheme to regularise
slew of measures to revive interest in the affordable housing all unapproved layouts outside the areas coming under the
market. comprehensive development plan in Puducherry and karai-
With the government’s impetus towards affordable hous- kal regions.
ing, the residential property market is witnessing a shift to- The regularisation scheme will cover sites in unapproved
wards such projects. The share of this segment stood at 52% layouts sold through registered sale deeds on or before Janu-
in the same period in 2016. ary 30, 2017. Even if a portion of the layout has been sold
NCR, kolkata, Pune and Ahmedabad are at the forefront through a registered sale deed, the entire layout becomes
of this revival and account for around 80% of launches in the eligible for regularisation.
affordable housing segment. Not exempt
Revival in demand According to a top government official, if any plot or sub-
While the first quarter of the year remained tepid for the division or layout, partially or wholly, is located on public wa-
housing market, the second quarter has seen a small but sig- ter bodies such as channels, canals, tanks, lakes, rivers and
nificant surge in end-user demand. government “poromboke land”, it would not be eligible for
The shortage of liquidity post-demonetization has driven regularisation.
out the investor-led demand, turning the market into an end- Regularisation fee
user one. Enquiry levels have also risen after the implementa- All individual plot owners and layout promoters eligible
tion of RERA, as consumers are feeling more secure about under the scheme will have to apply online to the authorities
venturing into the housing market. concerned in six months. Applicants will have to pay regu-
The market sentiment has also improved due to bottoming larisation charges at the rate of `30 per sq.m. to the Town
of prices in some markets, decline in interest rates and avail- and Country Planning department. The land use conversion
ability of ready-to-move-in projects. charge will be charged at the rate of `100 per sq.m.
developers are betting big on the festive season and are in the case of development charge, the rate will be fixed by
going all out to woo buyers with freebies and discounts. They the respective local bodies. For OSR charges, the rate as per
may not be slashing prices yet, but they are offering subsi-

requirement would be collected as per the guideline value. A
dised payment plans and assured rentals on their projects as senior official pointed out that most of the unapproved layouts
had been developed with-
out adequate infrastruc-
ture. Regularisation of the
unapproved layouts was
necessary to mobilise fi-
nancial resources to pro-
vide basic infrastructure.
Besides, egularisation
of plots which were sold
alone without considering
the layout would result in
discontinguous pockets
of development, causing
hardship to the local bod-
ies to provide services to
the regularised plots alone
in isolation, he said.
Sonal Sachdev
How politics hits home

Political scenarios have a significant bearing on
property value, says Sonal Sachdev
T
he demise of J Jayalalithaa, the former Chief Minister of
Tamil Nadu, has thrust the State administration into a
political quagmire. The internal tussle in the now multi-faction
What this does, is hit supply of new inventory in the market,
thus limiting consumer choice.
ruling political party in the State has created an air of uncer- in other words, if there is a slew of new project launches,
tainty on policy-making, and delayed the notification of the Real the prospective buyer has more options to choose from.
Estate Regulation Act (RERA). But the other side of the story is with limited options to raise
A direct fallout of this has been a sharp 50% drop in new funds through new launches, builders are focusing on making
project launches in Chennai in the January-September period the existing inventory more attractive for home buyers this
this year, vis-à-vis the same period last year. The total new festive season.
homes brought to market was a paltry 2,700 in the 9-month The effect of politics on the real estate industry
period, as per a study by Cushman & Wakefield. And while
there was a general decline in new home launches across The construction industry accounts for about five per cent
the country, by about 33% year-on-year (partly due to slower of the country’s gross domestic product (GdP), so a boom-
clearances under RERA), the decline in Chennai was far ing industry is an indication of a healthy economy. This is an
steeper. election year and with a political showdown between the ruling
coalition and the opposition looming, it is important to know
Political uncertainty seeps into business sentiment and hurts the impact of politics on the construction industry. Mr John
the local economy. While business with a national and global Wainaina, a construction manager with in house ideas ltd, lists
market scope may not get unduly frazzled by local develop- some factors below.
ments, a majority of small and medium businesses feel the
impact of indecisiveness in government. housing and construc- INFRASTRUCTURE
tion being a largely localised industry, significantly dependent Mr Wainaina says the construction industry is highly de-
on local authorities for a plethora of approvals and clearances, pendent on the government’s willingness to build and main-
faces the brunt of paralysis in decision-making in government. tain infrastructure such as railways, roads, power, and water
supply. “No one wants to put up a building where there is no
power, water supply or where the
road network is poor. it is the work of
the government to build and maintain

the existing infrastructure,” says Mr
Wainaina.
REGULATION
it is the government that lays
down policies that govern the
construction industry and regulate
bodies that register professionals in
the sector. For instance, Mr Wain-
aina says, thanks to the National
Construction Authority (NCA), there
has been an increase in health and
safety considerations in and around
construction sites. “By enforcing
rules on the safety of workers at
construction projects and ensuring
hoarding and netting of buildings
under construction.
Precast Concrete Stairs
for Easy Construction
T hose intending to have long lasting and tempting staircases
may opt for precast concrete spiral stairs. These stairs not only
attract others but also help to enhance the value of any property in a
big way. Following advantages of these stairs make them different than
others:
Long lasting – Stairs made by mixing concrete, steel and other hard
materials last for years to come. Those interested to have durable stairs
must opt for concrete as the core material for making these stairs. The
building owners need not spend or repair these stairs time and again.
One time investment for theses stairs is enough to enjoy life long enjoy-
ment and convenience.
Little maintenance – Those having concrete staircases need not
maintain them with vigorous efforts. Simple cleaning is enough to
maintain these stairs in effective and positive manners.
Attraction – Building owners that have installed concrete stairs;
especially the precast concrete spiral stairs take pride as these stairs
tempt the onlookers to much extent. Nicely painted concrete stairs at-
tract the visitors that appreciate the same.
Multiple Designs and colors – Beautiful designs and colors of con-
crete stairs please and make the owners take pride. Those desirous of
having them in their buildings are advised to select the most attractive
and enchanting colors and designs of the stairs.
Ease of cleansing and painting – Smooth structure of the concrete
staircases eases the owners as far as cleansing and painting is con-
cerned. You need not bother about the same as the experienced paint-
ers and cleaners are available. If feasible, the house owners can ac-
complish these two tasks at their own too.
Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal
Shear walls
force resisting system.
The figure shows a typical shear wall. Shear walls
are typically wood frame stud walls covered with a struc-
tural sheathing material like plywood.
Shear walls have four parts:
Framing members
Sheathing
Nails
Hold-downs
The length of a shear wall is determined by the loca-
tion of the hold-downs
When the sheathing is properly fastened to the stud
wall framing, the shear wall can resist forces directed
along the length of the wall. When designed and con-
structed properly, shear walls will have the strength and
stiffness to resist the horizontal forces.
Green Concrete
Making cement for concrete involves heating pul-

verized limestone, clay, and sand to 1,450 °C with a fuel
such as coal or natural gas. The process generates a lot
of carbon dioxide: making one metric ton of commonly
used Portland cement releases 650 to 920 kilograms of it.
The 2.8 billion metric tons of cement produced worldwide
in 2009 contributed about 5 percent of all carbon diox-
ide emissions. Nikolaos Vlasopoulos, chief scientist at
London-based startup Novacem, is trying to elimi-
nate those emissions with a cement that absorbs
more carbon dioxide than is released during its
manufacture. It locks away as much as 100 ki-
lograms of the greenhouse gas per ton
ER. B. ARUNkUMAR,
Admixture
and
construction
chemicals
A
dmixtures and construction chemicals are added
to improve the quality of construction. like human
beings cannot sustain without medicines, all buildings
reactivity reduction, workability enhancement, bonding,
damp proofing, and colouring. Air-entraining admixtures,
which are used to purposely place microscopic air bubbles
have to use admixture and chemicals for achieving better into the concrete. Classification of admixtures is as follows:
durability, high strength and quality construction. The field 1. Air-entraining and Air-detraining admixtures.
of construction admixtures and chemicals have improved 2. Water-reducing admixtures
over the decades and have become a part of construction
3. Plasticizers and Super plasticizers
material for all big constructions.
4. Accelerator and Accelerating admixtures/plasticiz-
Admixtures are the ingredients in concrete other than
ers.
Portland cement, water, and aggregate that are added to
the mix immediately before or during mixing. Additive is 5. Retarders/Retarding admixtures/plasticizers.
a material which is added at the time of grinding cement 6. hydration-control admixtures.

clinker at the cement factory. Producers use admixtures 7. Corrosion inhibiting admixtures.
primarily to reduce the cost of concrete construction; to
8. Shrinkage reducers.
modify the properties of hardened concrete more effec-
tively than by other means; to ensure the quality of con- 9. Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors.
crete during mixing, transporting, placing, and curing; and 10. Pozzolanic or Mineral Admixtures
to overcome certain emergencies during concrete 11. Colouring admixtures
operations. Chemical admixtures (1-2% by 12. Miscellaneous admixtures for: workability,
weight of cement) and mineral admixtures (> bonding, damp proofing, permeability reducing,
15% by weight of cement) are added. grouting, gas-forming, Fungicidal, Germicidal,
Admixtures are classified according to insecticidal and pumping admixtures.
its functions. There are five distinct classes Construction Chemicals, as the name
of chemical admixtures: air-entraining, suggests, are the chemical compounds used
water-reducing, retarding, accelerating, and in construction activities to enhance the
plasticizers (super plasticizers). All other performance of concrete, or used in concrete
varieties of admixtures fall into the specialty related activities in the field of construction.
category whose functions include corrosion These compounds belong to a niche special-
inhibition, shrinkage reduction, alkali-silica ty segment of the chemical industry and can
be used either in existing construction projects to speed up
the work or in new construction projects to impart durabil-
ity and strengthen the structures. Construction chemicals
comprises of a number of different products such as ce-
mentation, cement admixture, cold applied products, hot
applied products, membranes, acrylic, epoxy, resin, and
sealant adhesive.
The following are some of the construction chemi-
cals commonly used.
(a) Concrete Curing Compounds
(b) Polymer Bonding Agents with Starch Admixture
(c) Flooring Compound: Epoxy Coatings and Polyure- Concrete structures according to Baroghel-Bouny et
thane Coating. al. (2009) should be able to serve the purposes for which
(d) Polymer Modified Mortar for Repair and Mainte- they were built throughout their service life. Baroghel-
nance: Mould Releasing Agents, installation Aids. Floor Bouny et al. (2009) noted that safety, economy and
hardeners and dust proofers, Non-Shrink high Strength environmental factors are major issues in the long-term
Grout, Surface Retarders, Bond-aid for plastering, Ready durability of structures. Achieving durability in concrete
to use Plaster, Guniting Aid, Sealants, Protective Coatings therefore should be a very significant factor in the design
and Resins, Grouts, Adhesives, Cementatious Repair Mor- and construction of new structures and in the evalua-
tars, Epoxy Based Resin Mortars, Construction Chemicals tion of the condition of existing structures (Merretz et al.
for Waterproofing. 2009).
How to make a ductile RCC structure According to Folić and Zenunović (2010), the mode
A building constructed with ductile material can un- of interaction of concrete with its environment will influ-
dergo large strains while resisting loads. ductility implies ence the likely mechanisms of deterioration. The ability of
the ability to sustain significant inelastic deformations prior concrete to resist chemical attack, abrasion, weathering
to collapse. action and other deterioration effects is very important
A linked chain made of brittle material will break during the service life of the structure. Materials used in
suddenly when the load exceeds its capacity. At the construction play a major role in the durability of con-
same time, ductile chain will yield to certain length before crete. however, Gjørv (2011) pointed out that design,
it breaks. The same concept is applied to RCC structure materials used and workmanship are very important
to enhance ductile behavior of its beam-column joints. if factors in achieving good quality construction which will
ductility of building is increased then it will not collapse enhance durability of concrete. deterioration mechanisms
suddenly due to over loading by seismic forces or other- in concrete structures are influenced by interaction with

wise. By ensuring the following, a building can be made to the environment.
behave as a ductile structure:- The system design of concrete and civil engineer-
The above rebar ductile detailing technique will en- ing structures that involve materials selection, structural
sure all the joints to yield (give warning for the occupants shape, construction work and maintenance should be
to leave the premises during collapse of building) before it carried out in a manner that is environmentally friendly
collapses and save the valuable human lives by allowing because this will contribute to environmental sustainability
them to get out of the building premises. (Foli 2009). The durability of concrete may be affected by
physical, chemical and biological factors.
Engineers working at sites need to remember certain
points only for discharging their duties effectively and
efficiently. Most of the points have been covered in this
article. Many more points have to be learnt while working
in the site and sharing experience with their Senior Engi-
neers. innovations and adoption of new techniques have
to be inculcated by the young Engineers while working
at the site. All Engineers have to be keep their ears and
eyes open and apply simple basic concepts and common
sense to create effective and efficient constructions.s
Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete
The use of organic admixtures
including starch and its derivatives to
modify different properties of cement
and concrete has been reported by
various authors such as: luke and luke
(2000); Peschard et al. (2004); Crépy
et al. (2011); Akindahunsi et al. (2011),
(2012); lasheras-Zubiate et al. (2012)
among others. Cassava (CA) and maize
These factors may be due to weathering conditions (MS) are abundant in sub-Saharan
(temperature, and moisture changes), abrasion, attack Africa and good sources of starch which is generally
by natural or industrial effluents and gases, or bio- known to have a wide variety of industrial applica-
logical agents (Nagesh 2012). increased knowledge of tions. izaguirre et al. (2010) noted that the thickening
materials properties is vital in durability considerations action of starches and their derivatives can be studied
for concrete structures. According to Chidiac (2009) by considering the relationship between amylose and
durability of concrete depends on the qualities of the amylopectin molecules, units of starch consisting of the
materials, construction, design and exposure conditions. two macromolecule types. The chemical structure of the
The importance of materials quality cannot be over- two macromolecules of starch is shown in Fig. 1. The
emphasized in concrete durability. Elahi et al. (2010) amylose builds a helix while the amylopectin exhibits a
examined the mechanical and durability properties of tree structure consisting of numerous connected linear
high performance concretes containing supplementary glucose units. Amylose properties are these of thicken-
cementitious materials and concluded that the combina- er, water binder, emulsion stabilizer, and gelling agent
tion of different cementitious materials and the precise while Amylopectin is what makes up a larger percent-
choice combinations should be on the basis of the physi- age of starch and is highly soluble.
cal properties relevant to the durability and performance The prolonged setting times of the cement pastes
expected from the concrete, as well as the exposure with starch additions may be attributed to retardation of
conditions. hydration of some cement compounds such as trical-
Chemical admixtures are used in the production of cium silicate (C3S) and tricalcium aluminate (C3A) (Ra-
concrete in order to achieve various durability proper- machandran 1995). According to Brooks et al. (2000) it
ties. khayat (1998) reviewed the use of viscosity-en- may also be due to adsorption of the admixture onto the
hancing admixtures such as water soluble synthetic and cement grain surfaces. it should however, be pointed
natural organic polymers. Polymers used as admixtures out that though admixtures may delay setting times in
are said to enhance the joining of the mixing constituents concrete, mechanical properties of the concrete is not
as a result of intertwining polymer film which, according negatively affected. Bishop and Barron (2006) found
to Chung (2004), produces concrete of better mechanical that though tartaric acid retarded hydration of cementi-
and durability characteristics. tious systems yet the strength was enhanced. The small
Chemical admixtures are used as high range water smooth and spherical nature of CA starch (Fig. 8) gran-
reducer admixtures (hRWRA) and have impacted on the ules coupled with the larger specific surface area (Figs.
rheological and mechanical behaviour of cement-based 5) in comparison to that of MS starch (Fig. 6) would
systems. This allows for a latent time that permits cast- result in adsorption of more CA starch onto the surfaces
ing of concrete in excellent condition. These chemical of cement grains and covering of the cement grains.
admixtures are oil based, non-renewable products such
as polynaphthalene sulphonate (PNS), polycarboxylate
(PC) and polyacrylate (PA). They contain formaldehyde
which when accidentally or intentionally released into
the environment may result in undesirable environmen-
tal toxic effects (Crépy et al. 2011; Akindahunsi et al.
2013). Recently, interest has been developing in the use
of organic admixtures to modify various properties in
concrete because they are available in abundance; their
preparation is not so sophisticated. They are renewable
materials, therefore contributing to sustainable green
construction.
Ben
t-up
Bar
s
T he performance of bent-up bars in shear is illustrated in Fig. 7. As seen in this figure, large stresses
concentrate in the region of such bars, leading to splitting of concrete when spaced far apart or when
placed asymmetrically with reference to the vertical axis of cross-section.
Several disadvantages of bent-up bars include
(a) They are widely spaced, and are few in number. due to this a crack may not be intercepted by more
than one bar, thus resulting in wider cracks than those in beams with stirrups.
(b) When some of the bars at a section are bent-up, the remaining flexural bars are subjected to higher
stresses, as also possible shifting up of neutral axis resulting in wider flexural cracks.
(c) Concrete at the bends may be subjected to splitting forces, resulting in possible web cracking.
(d) They d not confine the concrete in the shear region.
(e) They are less efficient in tying the compression flange and web together.
due to the above and also due to the fact that lent-up bars do not contribute to reversal of shear force (as may
occur during earthquakes), iS 456 discourages the use of bent-up bars only (SP:24-1983).
however, clause 40.4 of iS 456 recommends bent-up bars and stirrups together, by specifying that the design
capacity of bent-up bars should not exceed half that of total shear reinforcement. Most designers prefer to de-
sign vertical stirrups to take up all the shear requirements, and bent-up bars, if any, to provide additional safety
against diagonal tension failure.
Inclined Stirrups
inclined stirrups are similar to vertical stirrups, except
that they are placed at an angle of about 45° to the longi-
tudinal axis of the beam. Their behavior is similar to the
bent-up bars. however, they have the following advan-
tages over bent-up bars.
(a) They can be closely spaced, and hence the cracks
may be intercepted by more than one bar, resulting in less
wider cracks than those in beams with bent-up bars.
(b) They confine the concrete in the shear region.
(c) They as efficient as vertical stirrups in tying the
compression flange and web together.
Moreover, as they are nearly perpendicular to the
cracks, they are more efficient than all other shear rein- Sand mining bans in states like Ma-
forcement (see Fig. 3). however they are difficult to fabri- harashtra, Kerala and Karnataka are
cate and construct. Further, when there is reversal of shear
force (due to earth quakes), they may be inefficient. Note
boosting demand for three-stage jaw
that experimental investigations on inclined stirrups is very cone and vertical shaft impactor (VSI)
limited compared to the extensive investigations on vertical plants used to manufacture M-sand,
stirrups (leonhardt and Walther 1964; Beach et al. 1980) adds Sapre.
Spirals
The increase in strength of core concrete and ductility
due to confinement reinforcement in the form of helical re- or both the ends, as shown in fig. 2 and 9. Several types
inforcement in RC beams has not been studied extensively. and configurations of shear studs have been reported in
helical reinforcement is bound to increase ductility in high- the literature. The two types that are common are: (a)
strength reinforced concrete beams. single-headed studs welded to a continuous base rail; and
if the correct pitch is utilized for effective confinement, (b) double-headed studs crimped into a steel channel
helical reinforcement will provide an economical solution The base rail is used to position the studs at the re-
for enhancing the strength of flexural members (hadi and quired spacing, which is determined by readymade soft-
Schmify 2003). Several ways of providing spirals such as ware or calculation. This shear stud rail system is some-
spirals in tensile zone, spirals in compression zone, double times referred as SSR on drawings. Several manufactures
spirals and interlocking spirals have been studied by Jaffar produce readymade patented systems and the details of
2007, as shown in Fig. 8. it was found that interlocking spi- shear rail system by BRC ltd., To be fully effective, the size
rals, and double spirals, provide better performance under of the heads should be capable of developing the speci-
cyclic loading due to confinement action and shear contri- fied yield strength of the studs. Experiments have shown

bution. Cracks were found to be terminated by hoops and that an anchor head area equal to 9 or 10 times the cross
stopped from spreading. As shear strength of concrete is sectional area of stem can provide secure mechanical an-
provided mainly by the uncracked compression zone, it may chorage with negligible slip and develop full yield for4ce
be sufficient to confine the compression zone alone. defor studs of yield stress gy up to 500 MPa (Ghali and dilger
sign codes have not yet provided equations for the design of 1998; Ghali and Youakim 2005). The studs are usually
spirals. placed in the forms above reinforcement supports to en-
Headed Studs sure the specified concrete cover.
headed studs are increasingly used to replace conven- A tapered head with a maximum thickness of about
tional stirrups. headed studs are smooth or deformed bars 0.56-0.60 times the diameter of stem db is found to be
provided with forged or welded heads for anchorage at one sufficient for anchorage and strength (see Fif. 10). When
studs are used it is not essential to place longitudinal bars,
the heads can produce anchorage sufficient to develop
yield force in the studs. headed studs reduce congestion
in beam-column joints and in zones of lap splices. head-
ed studs have been used in a number of projects which
include offshore structures, bridges, flat plates and other
structures located in Europe, Australia, Asia and North
America (Ghali and Youakim 2005).
reinforcement with anchor heads exhibiting
no measurable slip. This superior effective-
ness of studs is recognized in Canadian Code
CSA A-23:2004 by allowing a 50% higher shear
stress in concrete with the use of headed studs
than with conventional stirrups. Clause 11.11.5
of ACi 318 permits the use of headed studs.
As per this clause, in beams, where flexural
tension reinforcement is at the bottom of the
section, the overall height of the shear stud as-
sembly should not be less than the thickness of
the members less the sum of:(1) the concrete
cover on the bottom flexural reinforcement; (2)
the concrete cover on the head of the stud; and
(3) one half the bar diameter of the bottom flexural reinforce-
ment, clause 11.11.5.1 if ACi 318 allows a higher nominal
The lower bearing stress and smaller slip make studs
shear strength, (MPa), resisted by concrete and steel as
more effective than conventional stirrups in controlling con-
τn = 0.6√fck (1a)
crete cracks that intersect the stems at any location between
it also recommends that within the shear reinforced zone
the heads. A stud is longer than the effective part of a stirrup
shear strength of concrete as:
and this can intersect more shear cracks. When stirrups are
in addition the ACi code allows the spacing between studs
used in ileu of studs, the distance d between the centroid
to be <0.75 d compared to 0.5d for stirrups (when maximum
of tensile reinforcement and the extreme compression fibre
shear stresses due to factored loads are less than or equal
has to be smaller by the amount equal to the diameter of the
to 0.445 √fck).
stirrups (see Fig. 10). The reduction in flexural and shear
These differences in design rules permit lesser amount
strength of the member due to the smaller d has to be com-
of shear reinforcement or thinner slab/beam when studs are
pensated by providing greater amount of flexural and shear
used Of course use of studs also has the advantages of sav-
reinforcement; this additional reinforcement may be signifi-
ing in labour cost due to simplified installation of reinforce-
cant in thin slabs (Ghali and Youakim 2005).
ment. iS 456 does not contain provisions for design using
Experiments have shown that higher shear stress in con-
headed studs as shear reinforcement.
crete can be allowed in slabs and beams when using stud
World’s largest cement producer ence scheduled for early next month.
CNBM is the world’s leading cement producer with
now a member of the WCA 351.4Mt of production and 514Mt of capacity. The compa-
The World Cement Association recently ny is also involved with lightweight building materials, glass
fibre, composite materials and engineering services.
announced China National Building Materi- The WCA World Cement Conference and Gala dinner,
als Group as the latest member to join its ex- co-organised with intercem, will take place next month on
panding list of international members. the 11th and 12th december in central london.
A recent statement released by the WCA announced

China’s national building materials group CNBM as the lat-
est member to join the World Cement Association’s fast
expanding list of international members.
Speaking on occasion, Norman Greig, Secretary Gen-
eral of the World Cement Association said, “We are de-
lighted to welcome CNBM to our global cement commu-
nity, and look forward to working with them and our other
members to improve best practice and promote the ce-
ment industry around the globe.” it was further added that
Mr. Song Zhiping, Chairman CNBM had agreed to deliver
the keynote at the upcoming WCA World Cement Confer-
DURABLOC LIGHT WEIGHT DURAFIL LIGHT WEIGHT
FOAMED CONCRETE BLOCKS FILLING MATERIALS
600 * 200 * 225 / 200 / 150 / 100 mm + Any Size Random Broken Blocks During Production
Rough Textured Blocks - Easy to Plaster For Sunken Filling / Toilets Sunken, Above Sump
No Adhesive / Jointing Mortar Required 7HUUDFH+HDW,QVXODWLRQZRUNV:DWHU3URR¿QJ
2.5 Times Weighs Less than Clay Bricks Best Replacement for Brick Jelly
Very Low Water Absorbtion ( 12.5 % ) 2.5 Times Weighs Less than Brick Jelly
Avoids Cracks in Walls After Plaster Very Low Water Absorbtion ( 12.5 % )
Easy to Use and Handle Easy to Use and Handle
Less than 2% Wastage Small and Big Sizes Available
Matured Blocks , Water Cured for 28 Days Matured Blocks , No Shrinkage
Call :7299985002 info@almdurabuild.in

OFFICE:
OFFICE: FACTORY:
FACTORY:
No.11,Ground
No.11, GroundFloor,
Floor, Thiruvalluvar
Thiruvalluvar Street,
Street, No.1,
No.1,Meyyur
Meyyur odai
odai village,
village,
Metha Nagar, Chennai -- 600029.
Metha Nagar, Chennai 600029 Salavakkam, Chengalpet,
salavakkam, chengalpet,Kanchipuram dist.
knancipuram dist.

An Observation
By Eric Butterman
5 NEW TRENDS IN
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING
Views of Mike Miller, & Jim Snyder, on World wide changes
A
s the economy improves,
often the construction
business does as well—but that
Mike Miller, the Mid-Atlantic
Division leader for Southland In-
dustries, Dulles, VA, a mechanical
creating a one-stop shop. Through
the proper coordination, models can
and should, says Miller, go through
industry is still looking for sound engineering building firm, and Jim engineering right into construction.
strategies, not just structures. Af- Snyder, director of operations for “Thirty month projects can get turned
ter the housing dip of a few years construction company Warrior into 24-month projects,” he adds.
ago, value is still on people’s minds Group, Columbus, OH, give us in- Top trends in construction and
as there isn’t a guarantee that an- sights into the trends to look for this building, from single-design models
other downturn couldn’t be around year. to permanent modular construction,
the corner. 1) Single-Design Model have an impact on the future.
can you say which industry got Miller points out that tradition- Top trends in construction and
many changes in each and every ally, engineering documents were building, from single-design models
day in technical and innovation? created then given to the contractor to permanent modular construction,
Yes. it happens in only Building to re-draw with different informa- have an impact on the future.
Industry. Here is two experts are tion. Now, to save time and money, 2) Materials
describing the world wide amazing there’s a shift to have it all in-house Miller, who has a degree in
changes in Construction Industry from engineering to coordination, architectural engineering, says
for the past few years.
materials such as adapted sheet
CLEAN LINES, MORE OPEN SPACES
metal are popular as a guaranteed The Latest Trends in Home Construction and Renovation
pressure class for high quality, but
it’s how materials are being used Open floor plans are happening even in traditional homes.Experts say
that makes the difference. Going that , on the whole, new construction is going more contemporary. This
to prefabrication off-site for con- doesn’t mean that everyone is moving into glorious, Rach of sky-like glass
struction fits right into the ongo- houses. But on the whole, houses have cleaner lines with less focus on
ing theme of improving schedules. turrets and more use of Austin stone and standing-seam roofs. Europhiles,
“Instead of joining one piece of relax.
duct work you can join 20 feet of The Mediterranean isn’t going anywhere—this is Italy Dallas, after all.
duct together,” Miller says. “It’s Even those who choose to stay with more traditional exteriors are going
about moving more work from the with modern, open concepts on the inside. That means fewer hallways and
field into the shop.” tiny, wasted rooms. Open floor plans afford more useable space — the
kitchen that opens to the den and possibly dining areas. An abundance of
3) Energy Efficiency glass and lift-and-slide doors, designed to open and disappear, bring the
outdoors in. Again, efficiency is key. Homeowners are better understand-
Energy consumption is al- ing that 100 percent of their spaces should be completely usable.
ways on the mind in construction,
says Miller. He notes systems
4) Modular Construction same things: metal studs, concrete, or
that recover energy through heat
even wood.”
wheels and occupancy sensors
Snyder offers that permanent
are becoming vital. An example of
modular construction will be a huge Snyder says modular constru
the latter are the countless interior
trend in the coming years, say- ction fits particularly well when you’re
conference rooms that can be left
ing the construction can easily last in a time crunch, from fast food resta
empty for weeks. By recognizing
more than 50 years. “It looks ex- urants that need to go up quickly to
carbon dioxide in the room, a sen-
actly like commercial construction army barracks for military deploy-
sor changes the ventilation and,
and can be done using many of the ment. “It also allows you to have an
therefore, the energy needed.
easier time doing the building as you
go,” he says. “Instead of building
100,000 square feet, you can do
25,000 and then later, add on.”
Snyder, who has a degree in
construction science, sees it also
becoming a part of high-rise constru

ction and being particularly popular
for how it fits in with LEED requir
ements. The key, he says, is changing
people’s minds about what they
envision. “They see it as boxes,” he
says, “but it can be so many things
that you want it to be.”
5) Possibly…You
According to Miller, well-round-

ed mechanical engineers who can go
beyond calculations to fitting into
these coordinated engineering design
models will render themselves
invaluable. The only question is: Are
you flexible enough for the challenge?
Press Conference
Philips Lighting further expands branded retail footprint in Chennai
11th Exclusive Philips Light Lounge in Chennai inaugurated
by Harsh Chitale, CEO, Philips Lighting - South Asia
Harshavardhan Chitale, CEO, Phlips Lighting - South Asia, inaugurating

the new Light Lounge in Chennai
P
hilips Lighting India, the country’s leading tion to the newly launched stylish and connected LED
lighting solutions company, last month inaug range, Philips Light Lounge is an experience zone which
urated its 11th Philips Light Lounge in Chennai. gives customers a ‘see, touch and feel’ experience in an
Located at Nungambakkam High Road in Chennai, the new interactive manner. Philips is at the helm of the lighting
Light Lounge is an exclusive branded retail store for the industry in the country, and enables enhanced lifestyle
entire home lighting range by Philips. The store was inau- for its consumers by offering a diverse range of over
gurated by Mr. Harsh Chitale, CEO, Philips Lighting - South 800 world-class home decorative lighting designs and
Asia. And they arranged for a Press Conference. concepts.
With a diverse range of world-class home light- Philips is bullish about its plans to consolidate its
ing concepts, Philips caters to different décor styles like retail presence and market leadership in South India and
modern, heritage, classic or vibrant and different this new light lounge in Chennai is a step in that direc-
applications like downlights, wall, pendants, etc. In addition. The Philips range of LED lighting solutions have been
About Royal Philips
R oyal Philips (NYSE: PHG, AEX: PHIA) is a

diversified health and well-being company,
focused on improving people’s lives through
meaningful innovation in the areas of Healthcare,
Consumer Lifestyle and Lighting. Headquartered in
the Netherlands, Philips posted 2014 sales of EUR
21.4 billion and employs approximately 108,000
employees with sales and services in more than
100 countries. The company is a leader in cardiac
care, acute care and home healthcare, energy
efficient lighting solutions and new lighting applications,
as well as male shaving and grooming and oral
healthcare. News from Philips is located at www.
philips.com/newscenter.
designed keeping in mind the lighting requirements of “This light lounge is being set-up by one of our old-
Indian consumers, home décor trends in the country and est and strong partners in Chennai – Mahaveer Electricals.
also the emerging concept of connected ambient lighting. They also brought to Chennai consumers and tech enthu-
LEDs are currently a major contributor in the growth of siasts the first ever interactive lighting experience center
Indian lighting industry, rising at a CAGR (computed an- – Light NEXT in Chennai”, Mr. Chitale further added.
nual growth rate) of 45.53%. Philips with its award-winning
Philips differentiates its offerings through innovation in
portfolio of LED solutions is attempting to steer this very
design, energy efficiency and application of its global light-
growth to the next level.
ing application expertise. The product range starts from a
Commenting on the inauguration, Mr. Harsh Chitale, price of INR 575 and extends up to INR 60,000. With the
CEO, Philips Lighting, South Asia, said, “Our data shows launch of the newest Philips Light Lounge in Chennai, the
that the south market, especially Chennai has consistently company now has more than 121 Light Lounges in India,
witnessed tremendous response and fast adoption of so- in addition to Light Shoppes in the country.
phisticated LED lighting and newer concepts of connected

Philips Light Lounge is located at Ispahani Centre,
lighting. In response to this consumer demand, we are
Ground Floor, Nungambakkam High Road, Chennai -
channelizing our focus to ensure that we make our prod-
600034.
ucts readily available to consumers.”
P iramal Realty, the real estate development arm of the

Piramal Group, Mumbai , announced that Goldman Sachs, a
leading global investment bank and active investor in India, will invest
Piramal Realty secures
$150 million (INR 900 crore)
US$ 150 million (INR 900 crore) for a minority stake in the company. from Goldman Sachs
The funds will be used to expand the company’s current real estate
portfolio and acquire prime properties in and around Mumbai.
Anand Piramal, Executive Director of the Piramal Group said
“As one of the leading investors in global real estate, Goldman Sachs
has helped develop some of the world’s finest buildings, such as 15
Central Park West in New York and 16 Colleyers Quay in Singapore.
Their experience and expertise will further inspire us to build world-
class developments in India and achieve the highest standards of
design, technology, quality, execution and customer service.”
T
FAC
FUN
The fastest human can cover
up to 45 km in an hour.
We can decorate 100 sq.ft. of
your walls in an hour.

Myth 4: Installing Wallpapers is
Time consuming
So stop running from pillar to post
to Surprise your loved ones.
Call our executives, select your
favourite designs and transform
your homes in an hour!
10 %
Corp. Off:
USE THIS
Park Town,
Outlets: (Parry’s)
OFFER
Periamet & CODE
T.Nagar FOR DISCOUNT
Chennai
OFFER CODE MYTH4
CALL
98400 64205/206 @walljewelswallpaper
sales@wallpapersindia.com
www.wallpaperworld.co.in
WHICH ARE
THE PREFERRED
CRUSHERS IN THE
MARKET AND
WHAT MAKES
THEM POPULAR?
T o quantify the industry, What's driving growth? gregate (and

V Venkataramana, Vice demand for crushers is increas- hence crushers
President-Marketing, Puzzolana ing at over 30 per cent on account and screens) is
Machinery Fabricators, says a of aggressive infrastructure devel- coming mainly
simple thumb rule is that the ag- opment, especially road projects. from the road
gregate industry is twice the size of And, according to Venkataramana, sector, says
the cement sector, and the market this is not necessarily only among Chattopadhyay.
for sand is about thrice the cement developers as most road contrac- V Venkataramana,
Other drivers Vice President-Marketing,
market. tors offload up to 50 per cent of are rail projects,
in 2015, the indian market their crushing and screening activ- bridges, airports
for construction aggregates was ity to dedicated subcontractors. and power plants,

pegged at 2.2 billion tonne, the 'demand from the mining industry as well as commercial crushing cater-
second largest national market is not moving at the same pace,' he ing to affordable housing, etc. Sand-
in the world behind China, says adds. vik's Ch550 cone crusher with a con-
Vadiraj Pappu, Sales head, Terex 'demand for aggregates and firmed productivity of 250-300 tph with
Powerscreen Business, Voltas sand is primarily growing from the an inbuilt automation system (intel-
Mining & Construction Equip- road construction and commercial ligent automated setting regulation) is
ment division. 'As india is 'under aggregate sectors,' says Anand V, well suited for such requirements. 'We
construction', demand is rising Managing director, Titan Crushing are seeing greater demand from com-
exponentially.' Machinery (diamond Group). panies applying crushers for recycling
'Construction equipment in Road construction is driving purposes such as processing demoli-
india has seen considerable growth demand for crushers typically from tion waste into aggregates,' remarks
in 2016; we are optimistic this will contractors with projects of length Ranjit Ravindran, Business head-
continue on the back of a surge in exceeding 50 km, unless these proj- Mining Equipment, Voltas. 'Smart cities
investment in infrastructure,' says ects happen to be near a quarry, in and rail expansion projects (bullet train)
Ashoktaru Chattopadhyay, Busi- which case it is more convenient to are other drivers.'
ness head-Crushing and Screen- buy aggregates from commercial in-demand crushers: Mining
ing, Sandvik Mining and Rock suppliers, explains Sapre. Primarily, higher-capacity, track-
Technology india. Growth in the demand for ag- mounted crushers are in demand for
mining whereas
wheel-mounted
crushers are being
used in a host of
other applications,
according to Piero
Guizzetti, CEO, MB india.
'Track mobile crushing and
screening plants up to 200 tph are
quite popular in iron ore, limestone,
bauxite and coal,' says Pappu. 'how-
ever, users of bigger capacities (>500
tph) prefer static and roller crushers.'
'limestone applications are mostly
using jaw crushers or horizontal shaft
impactors while iron ore crushing
majorly uses track plants comprising
Sand mining bans in states like Maharashtra, Ker-
track jaw and cone or hiS (horizontal
shaft impactors),' says Sapre. 'A lot of ala and Karnataka are boosting demand for three-
screening jobs at iron ore sites make stage jaw cone and vertical shaft impactor (VSI)
use of wheel-mounted and track plants used to manufacture M-sand, adds Sapre.
screens.'
'While limestone crushing for ce-
ment plants uses horizontal impactors
at the primary stage and impactors 'But demand is rising for 300 'These smaller contractors are
or hammer mills at the second- tph track mobile crushers for road opting for 200-tph modular skid plants
ary stage for the required product applications.' According to Chatto- for the convenience of packing up and
sizes, iron ore applications with up padhyay, the industry is getting more relocating when the work finishes at a
to 750/850 mm input feed use jaw focused towards quality aggregate of site. They also become small aggre-
crushers and cone crusher along with the right gradation and shape, such gate suppliers for the area they oper-
screens,'notes Venkataramana. as NhAi specifications for roads. ate in. As against small contractors,
Further, from the production point the larger, established road develop-
Popular crushers: Aggregates and
of view, he says the trend to install ers usually prefer investing in plants
roads
200-tph plants is shifting towards of 300-350 tph capacity.'
in general, road developers
300-tph plants as the latter are more Crusher bucket, anyone?

invest in 200/250-tph capacity, economically viable to produce ag-
wheel-mounted plants, says Sapre, MB india offers road developers
gregates of 20 mm, the size com-
and within this capacity segment, who do not own mines or quarries an
manding the highest value in the
'NhAi contractors invest in three- alternative to buying readymade GSB
commercial market.
stage plants whereas state highway of various sizes, Guizzetti tells us.
'Buyers for road projects are 'They can procure cheaper uncrushed
contractors invest in two-stage plants.
shifting from using 100/150 tph plants material and crush it to their specific
Some contractors prefer track plants
to 200/250/300 tph plants with three size requirements on site by using the
to make granular sub-base (GSB)
stages or four stages, depending on MB crusher bucket (BF90.3), a device
aggregates. in the aggregates sector,
the type of road,' agrees Venkatara- that is attachable to any excavator
most of the demand is for two-stage
mana. or loader, thus expanding the utility
plants.'
An interesting outcome of ag- of such equipment and providing a
'Usually, static or semi mobile
gressive road construction is that it is unique level of crusher mobility.'
plants are used for commercial aggre-
bringing into the fray smaller con- Essentially, the crusher bucket is
gates while road and infra developers
tractors with limited sums of money not an auxiliary item but core equip-
widely use track mobile crushers or
to invest for, say, 10-15 km road ment for any crushing need, installed
semi mobile crushers of up to 200
stretches, as the larger road develop- on the primary operating equipment
tph,' shares Pappu.
ers are going slow in bidding, says of any size and make, he explains. it
Anand. can replace or complement existing
crushing plants, whether static or Taurian offers a versatile VSi that is maintain the micro-fines, the sand has
mobile. capable of shaping and crushing ag- to be washed using air or water clas-
The crusher bucket is also useful gregates, and making both M-Sand or sifiers. So, another challenge to the
for contractors and developers who manufactured sand (0-4.75 mm) and use of M-sand is the dearth of water
own quarries, as it cuts material plaster sand (0-3 mm). in some parts of india,' says Anand.
transportation costs by enabling on- Venkataramana says commercial 'Wash water is an essential part of the
site crushing and necessitates fewer aggregate producers set up dedicated process of manufacturing quality M-
machines on site. sand plants with classification for the sand, especially for plaster sand.'
Bucket crushers are a niche improvement of quality, or add sand- Innovating crushing
concept in mobile crushing but at ers or plaster sanders to their existing Whatever the challenge, today's
25-30 tph, these are fairly limited in plants to produce M-sand. crushers are ready to tackle it head
capacity for developers with large Recognition for the value of M- on! Sandvik is focused and has
road and other projects, opines sand would boost demand for M-sand strong expertise in commission-
Ravindran. making equipment. ing plants of literally any relevant
But takers have found uses for M-sand is roughly 80-85 per cent capacity, starting from 200 tph and
the product. 'We deploy a BF 90.3 the cost of natural sand, Anand reck- above for the aggregate and mining
crusher bucket from MB india at our ons. he expects this demand to pick sector, according to Chattopadhyay.
real-estate project sites to clear and up as the product is environment- 'in depth R&d is behind our VSi
crush rocks on site,' says Goku- friendly and of a more even consis- crushers, which can produce 100
lanand Reddy, director-Projects, tency than natural sand. Further, its per cent down -2.36 mm plaster
incredible india Projects. 'We weigh supply is regular and not regulated by sand; our hSi Model Prisec, which
the capacity against the major illegal traders. can crush 1,000 mm coal input to
advantages of mobility, avoiding 100 mm in a single stage; and the
Other advantages of M-sand are
manual labour (just one operator suf- Ch 540 range, which is well built for
steady quality and price, unlike the
fices) and faster mobilisation on site. catering to demanding india-based
price of natural sand, which varies
Our crusher bucket has a capacity of applications.'
from state to state and depends on
45 tph, which suffices for the sort of the lead distance and availability, says At the diamond Group, the focus
road development we do.' Sapre. Essentially, the upfront equip- of R&d is machine metallurgy, in-
Eco-friendly manufactured (M)- ment investment puts off users as novative crushing and mining solu-
sand does the need to manage the waste, tions, devising more efficient sand
the fines that are removed during the crushers and longer-lasting crushers
demand for crushed sand has
manufacturing of M-sand, he adds. To for granite and quartz.
existed in Maharashtra for the last
decade but it is now percolating into
smaller towns, especially in states

like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Commercial aggregate producers set up dedicated
and Tamil Nadu, that are effectively
sand plants with classification for the improvement
implementing a ban on the use of
riverbed sand, observes Anand. of quality, or add sanders or plaster sanders to their
Sand mining bans in states like existing plants to produce M-sand.
Maharashtra, kerala and karnataka
are boosting demand for three-stage
jaw cone and vertical shaft impac-
tor (VSi) plants used to manufacture
M-sand, adds Sapre.
Essentially, the sand manufac-
turing industry is gaining attention
in the infrastructure segment as a
sustainable business, though this is
still at a nascent stage, says Chat-
topadhyay.
'We foresee a lot of potential in
this area.' For users' convenience,
Limit States of Serviceability
in RCC Structural Designs
A
structure is designed for limit state of strength, and shrinkage. Of these, shrinkage is the most prob-
durability and serviceability criteria. in order to lematic. Restraint to shrinkage causes time dependent
satisfy the serviceability limit states, a concrete struc- cracking and gradually reduces the beneficial effects of
ture must be serviceable and perform its intended func- tension stiffening. it results in a gradual widening of ex-
tion throughout its working life. Excessive deflection of isting cracks and, in flexural members, a significant in-
a structure or part thereof adversely affects the appear- crease in deflections with time. With the introduction of
ance and efficiency of the structure, finishes or partitions. strength design and high strength steel reinforcement,
Cracks should not be unsightly or wide enough to lead the reinforcement stresses at service loads have in-
to durability problems and vibration should not cause creased considerably and concrete behaves in a nonlin-
distress to the structure or discomfort to its occupants, ear and inelastic manner at service loads. Since crack
where dynamics effects due to insufficient stiffness cause widths and deflections are related to steel stresses, each
discomfort to occupants. Accordingly cl. 35.1.1 of iS 456 of these has become more critical. The problem of de-
stipulates that the designer should consider all relevant flections is further amplified due to the increasing use of
limit states to ensure an adequate degree of safety and high strength deformed bars.
serviceability. Clause 35.3 of iS 456 refers to the limit Deflection in a Structure
state of serviceability comprising deflection in cl. 35.3.1
Excessive deflections can impair the appearance and
and cracking in cl. 35.3.2.
efficiency of a structure and cause discomfort or alarm to
The nonlinear behavior that complicates serviceability the occupants. Excessive deflections can cause cracking
calculations is due to cracking, tension stiffening, creep, and possible separation of plaster finishes, and crushing
of partition walls. The iS Code provisions for control of the compression zone of a reinforced concrete cross-
deflections are concerned only with deflections that occur section causes an increase of curvature and a conse-
at service load levels under static conditions and may not quent increase in the deflection of the member. For a
apply to loads with strong dynamic characteristics such as plain concrete member, the increase in strain at ev-
those due to earthquakes, transient winds, and vibrating ery point on the section is proportional to the creep
machinery. deflection of a reinforced concrete element coefficient and so too, therefore, is the increase in
is made up of two components; short-term deflection and curvature. For the uncracked, singly reinforced sec-
long-term deflection. tion, creep is restrained in the tensile zone by the re-
Short-term deflection refers to the immediate deflec- inforcement. depending on the quantity of steel, the
tion after casting and application of partial or full service increase in curvature due to creep is proportional to a
loads, while the long-term deflection occurs over a long large fraction of the creep coefficient.
period of time largely due to shrinkage and creep of the Creep in RC Structures is influenced by aggregate,
materials. The factors affecting the short-time deflection mix proportions and age of concrete. Aggregate un-
are: (a) Magnitude and distribution of live load, (b) Span dergoes very little creep but the paste is responsible
and type of end restraints, (c) Cross-sectional properties for the creep. however, the aggregate influences
including steel percentages, (d) type of concrete and its the creep of concrete through a restraining the paste
characteristic strength, (e) stress in steel reinforcement, which is creeping under load. The stronger and higher
and (f) amount and extent of flexural cracking. modulus of elasticity of the aggregate more is the re-
long-term deflection is caused by shrinkage and creep straining effect and hence the less is the magnitude
due to sustained loads which may exceed short-term de- of creep. in a mix proportion, the amount of paste
flections on the structure. These deflections may be two content and its quality is one of the most important
to three times as large as the immediate elastic deflection factors influencing creep. A poorer paste structure
that occurs when the sustained load is applied. Such de- undergoes higher creep. Therefore, it can be said that
flections are influenced by: (a) humidity and temperature creep increases with increase in water/cement ratio.
ranges during curing, (b) age of concrete at the time of The age at which a concrete member is loaded will
loading, and (c) Types and size of aggregates, water-ce- have a predominant effect on the magnitude of creep.
ment ratio, amount of compression reinforcement, size of The quality of gel improves with time and creeps less,
members etc., which influence the creep and shrinkage of whereas a young gel under load being not so stronger
concrete. creeps more.
Control of Deflection Effect of Shrinkage in Concrete Mix
The deflection of a structure or its part should not ad- Shrinkage of concrete is the time dependent strain
versely affect the appearance or efficiency of the struc- measured in an unloaded and unrestrained specimen
ture of finishes or partitions. The total deflection due to all at constant temperature. Reinforcement embedded in
loads including the effects of temperature, shrinkage and the concrete provides restraint to shrinkage and, if the

creep should not exceed span/250 when measured from reinforcement is not symmetrically placed on a cross-
the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs, and all section, a shrinkage-induced curvature develops with
other horizontal members. The deflection including the ef- time. if concrete members were free to shrink, without
fects of temperature, shrinkage and creep occurring after restraint, shrinkage of concrete would not be a major
the construction of partitions, and finishes
should not exceed span/350 or 20mm,
whichever is lesser. iS 456:2000 code
for checking that deflection are: (a) limit-
ing the span/effective depth ratio given in
clause 23.2.1 which should be used in all
normal cases, and (b) Calculation of de-
flection given in appendix B of the code to
be used in special cases.
Effects of Creep in RC Structures
Concrete creep is defined as: defor-
mation of structure under sustained load.
Basically, long term pressure or stress on
concrete can make it change shape. The
gradual development of creep strain in
concern to structural engineers. however, the contraction of
a concrete member is often restrained by its supports or by
the adjacent structure. Bonded reinforcement also restrains
shrinkage. Each of these forms of restraint involve the impo-
sition of a gradually increasing tensile force on the concrete
which may lead to time dependent cracking, increases in de-
flection and a widening of existing cracks. it is important
to distinguish between Plastic shrinkage, chemical shrinkage
and drying shrinkage.
Plastic Shrinkage occurs in the wet high strength con-
crete, and may result in significant cracking during the set-
ting process. This cracking occurs due to capillary tension in
the pore water. Since the bond between the plastic concrete
and the reinforcement has not yet developed, the steel is
ineffective in controlling such cracks. This problem may be
severe in the case of low water content, silica fume concrete
and the use of such concrete in elements such as slabs with Concrete shrinkage strain, which is usually consid-
large exposed surfaces is not recommended. Plastic shrink- ered to be the sum of the drying and chemical shrink-
age can be reduced by preventing the rapid loss of water age components, continues to increase with time at
from surface. This can be done by covering the surface with a decreasing rate. Shrinkage is dependent on all the
polyethylene sheeting immediately on finishing operation; factors which affect the drying of concrete, including
by fog spray that keeps the surface moist; or by working the relative humidity and temperature, the mix char-
at night. Use of small quantity of aluminium powder is also acteristics, the water content and water to cement ra-
suggested to offset the effect of plastic shrinkage. Chemi- tio, the ratio of fine to coarse aggregate, and the type
cal shrinkage results from various chemical reactions within of aggregate, and the size and shape of the member.
the cement paste and includes hydration shrinkage, which is drying shrinkage in high strength concrete is smaller
related to the degree of hydration of the binder in a sealed than in normal strength concrete due to the smaller
specimen. quantities of free water after hydration.
drying shrinkage is the reduction in volume caused princi- Cracking
pally by the loss of water during the drying process. The loss Cracking in reinforced concrete members occurs
of free water contained in hardened concrete, does not result mainly due to shrinkage and loads. Shrinkage crack-
in any appreciable dimension change. it is the loss of water ing can be minimized by proper design of concrete mix,
held in gel pores that causes the change in the volume. Un- proportioning the member to reduce or eliminate dif-
der drying conditions, the gel water is lost progressively over ferential shrinkage stresses and the proper detailing of
a long time, as long as the concrete is kept in drying condi- construction joints. Flexural cracking is inherent in all
tions. Cement paste shrinks more than mortar and mortar reinforced concrete flexural members especially those
shrinks more than concrete. Concrete made with smaller utilizing high yield strength deformed bars. Cracking is
size aggregate shrinks more than concrete made with bigger a complex phenomenon and is influenced by a number
size aggregate. The magnitude of drying shrinkage is also a of factors, such as: (a) Stress in reinforcing steel, (b) Sur-
function of the fineness of gel. The finer the gel the more is face characteristics of reinforcing steel, (c) diameter and
the shrinkage. spacing of steel, (d) Cover to bars, (e) Quality of con-
crete, (f) load distribution and its rate of application, and
(g) Shear stirrups and other form of reinforcement.
The control of cracking in a reinforced or prestressed
concrete structure is usually achieved by limiting the
stress increment in the bonded reinforcement to some
appropriately low value and ensuring that the bonded
reinforcement is suitably distributed. Many codes of
practice specify maximum steel stress increments af-
ter cracking and maximum spacing requirements for
the bonded reinforcement. however, few existing code
procedures, if any account adequately for the gradual
increase in existing crack widths with time, due primar-
ily to shrinkage, or the time dependent development of new
cracks resulting from tensile stresses caused by restraint to
shrinkage.
Control of Cracking
Cracking is very complex phenomenon. design consider-
ation for crack control would require the following: (a) Expres-
sions for crack width and spacing, and (b) Allowable crack widths
under different service conditions with due to consideration to
corrosion and durability of concrete. The indian code is silent
in this regard. Code of Practice CP:110-1972 gives a formula
to calculate the surface crack width at a point and is based on
three main factor. These are: (a) The proximity of reinforcing
bars perpendicular to the crack, (b) The proximity of the natu-
ral axis, and (c) The average surface strain. The code tried to
control cracks and deflections by: (a) Restricting the maximum
Number of high risk PPP
spacing of reinforcing bars, and (b) Restricting the span/effective
depth ratio of a member. The maximum crack width that may
highway projects fall:
be considered to be acceptable in a given situation depends on
the type of structure, the environment and the consequences of
excessive cracking. T he report said that measures taken
by NHAI such as significantly short-
er timelines for right-of-way and approvals,
Allowable crack width
loan support from NHAI for languishing
Allowable crack widths must be determined based on the
projects, termination of stuck projects and
intended purpose of the structure function, relative importance,
their subsequent re-awarding, and afford-
service life, aesthetic considerations, depending on the type of
ing a change in sponsor have led to de-
structure, the distance of the structure from the eyes of the ca-
crease in the number of high risk projects.
sual onlooker, etc., the ambient environment and loading con-
Today, only 2,000 km of the 9,400 km
ditions, and also on member conditions such as the effects of
of highway projects under construction
axial force, covering, variation in crack widths etc. in corrosive
awarded by the NHAI on a build operate-
and aggressive environments, crack widths should not exceed
transfer (BOT) basis, are at high risk. In
0.2mm. For members with one or more exposed surfaces, a
the operational BOT portfolio, too, approv-
maximum crack width of 0.3mm should provide visual accept-
als for change in sponsor and subsequent
ability. For the sheltered interior of most buildings where the
refinancing, along with traffic growth, have
concrete is not exposed and aesthetic requirements are of sec-
yielded results.
ondary importance, 0.5mm larger crack widths may be accept-

“About 80% of the operational portfolio
able. it is very difficult to specify acceptable limits of cracking as
comprising nearly 100 BOT projects are at
that would vary with the type of structure and environment.
low risk today in terms of debt servicing,”
in general, the surface width of crack should not exceed said Sachin Gupta, Senior Director, CRISIL
0.3mm for very aggressive environment. The assessed sur- Ratings. “These projects have strong spon-
face width of cracks at points nearest to the main reinforce- sors that can manage cash flow mismatch-
ment should not, in general, exceed 0.004 times the nominal es.”
cover to the main reinforcement. iS 456, Clause 43.1 of the part from reduced risk, policy measures
code stipulates that compliance of the maximum bar spacing’s by the NHAI also resulted in a doubling
in the tension zones of flexural members should be sufficient to of highway construction from 12 km per
control cracking. Clause 43.2 of the code stipulates that there day in fiscal 2015 to 23 km in fiscal 2017.
is no need to check cracking due to bending in a compression The pace is expected to quicken to ~40 km
member subjected to a design axial load greater than 0.2 ckAg, per day in the near-term. The awarding of
where, Ag = area of gross section of concrete, A member sub- contracts, led by the hybrid annuity (HAM)
jected to loads lesser than 0.2 fckAc may be treated as a flexural and toll-operate-transfer (TOT) models, is
member for the purpose of crack control. hence spacing of expected to sustain given the announce-
main steel bars in tension in such members is also governed by ment and subsequent implementation of
the same clause as that for flexural members. the Bharatmala project.
Abu Dhabi
fund to invest
Rs 2,000 crore in
ube Highways
& Infrastructure
T
he Abu dhabi investment Authority (AdiA) would
buy a minority stake for about $300 million (Rs 2,000
crore) in Cube highways & infrastructure, marking the big-
by NhAi and the ministry of road transport and highways,”
said Gautam Bhandari, director of Cube highways and Part-
ner of i Squared Capital. “Cube highways, which we started
gest private equity investment so far in india’s pure-play from scratch, has built an experienced management team
roads platform. with world-class engineering and operational expertise and
This is AdiA’s first investment in india’s core surface- has now become a recognised leader in the highways sec-
infrastructure space, with the sovereign Middle East fund tor in india.”
looking to further diversify its assets base in the country The transaction — predominantly primary infusion of
where debt-laden local developers are increasingly seeking funds with some secondary share sale — is coming at
to offload their operating road assets to meet repayment a time when the government last month announced an
commitments to lenders. ambitious road-building plan, targeting the construction of
Cube highways is an independent, professionally-man- 83,677km of roads, involving a capex outlay of Rs 6.9 trillion
aged roads and highways platform that owns and operates (around $106 billion) over the next five years. Edelweiss Fi-
more than 1,300 lane-kilometres of highways in india. Set nancial Services and Barclays were advisors to transaction.
up by private equity investor i Squared Capital and the “After the bad experience of JP Morgan and 3i, the com-
World Bank’s private investment arm international Finance plexion of PE changed. The focus was more on buying and
Corp (iFC), Cube highways owns, manages and operates owning assets, and players like Brookfield became preva-
four toll road projects in india. lent. But after a spate of M&As in the space, this looks like a
“This new capital commitment comes at a very exciting comeback for growth-oriented PE,” said an official directly
time, especially following the positive reforms undertaken involved in the transaction.
Energy-generating concrete facade in a statement the company announced that “This

cladding boosts a building’s ability to generate energy
by lafargeholcim and heliatek independently. it offers a reliable, decentralized and
lafargeholcim along with partner heliatek have devel- decarbonized energy supply.”
oped a unique photovoltaic energy-generating concrete lafargeholcim’s Research & development focuses
facade that is capable of producing double the energy on addressing today’s major construction challenges. 30
generated by traditional roof-based solar systems. to 40 percent of global energy consumption is used for
A cladding solution combining ductal® and helia- heating and cooling buildings and insulation regulations
Film®, heliatek’s flexible and ultra-light solar film has are being strengthened all over the world. decentral-
been developed through the collaboration. The cladding ized energy generation in buildings is among the critical
system will be delivered on site as a prefabricated ductal levers to mitigate the impact of buildings on climate
panel with an integrated solar energy-generation system. change but also to reduce the operating expenses for
owners and optimize the use of national power grids.
C
employment generator in india. comprises of three major segments:
onstruction is one of the
3. did you know that the iron and The General Sector (which includes
most vibrant and growing
Steel industry in india contributes 2% building home, industrial and com-
industries in india. By 2025,
of the nation’s GdP and contributes mercial complex), heavy Engineering

it is estimated that india will become
$24 billion to country’s $1.2 trillion Construction (includes constructing
the third largest construction market
economy? roads, bridges, harbours), and Special
across the globe. Fascinating, right?
Trade Contractors (includes plumbing,
here are a few more facts to be 4. it is the third largest producer
electrical works).
looked: of steel in the world. india is preceded
by China and Japan. in 2010, india 7. According to the housing index
1. it is expected that by 2025, india
produced 62.8 million tonnes of alloy. of The National housing Bank, house
will be adding 11.5 million new homes
prices in india reached an all-time high
each year. Thus, making the construc- 5. As the infrastructure is devel-
of 233 index points in 2015.
tion market in india $1 trillion a year oping at a fast pace, the demands
market. it is estimated that by 2025, for construction equipment (includ- 8. The paint and coating industry
india, the USA, and China will contrib- ing home construction materials) is is significantly associated with the con-
ute 60% of all the global growth in the expected to jump further. The sale of struction industry. it is expected that it
construction sector. construction equipment is estimated will hit $9 billion in 2017.
2. The real estate sector in india to rise to 96,700 units in 2018 from 9. in the last 10 years, infrastruc-
is one of the prime contributors to the 50,000 in 2007. in 2015, the sales ture output has increased at an aver-
GdP of the nation. in 2011-12, it ac- of construction equipment reached age of 5.34% per month.
counted for 8% of the total GdP. Also, 68,200 units. 10. in india, the total construction
the construction industry is the key 6. The construction industry in india spending was measured $427 billion
Since the construction industry
is the backbone of india, urgent and
effective reforms are required. With
Facts About
respect to the pendency of disputes,
64 per cent of the total claims raised
Construction
against government entities and public
sector units (PSUs) are pending in
In India..
arbitration and 11 per cent are still
pending with the government units # Sardar Sarovar dam being
themselves. in india, the average executed by the group is the
duration for settlement of disputes is third largest in the world for
more than seven years. Therefore, the volume of chilled concrete to be
recovery of the construction industry is placed -nearly 7 million cum.
critical for inspiring and upholding the # indira Sagar a 1000 MW
current rate of growth and economic Power house is the second larg-
activity. est surface power house in the
There are other several factors country.
which disturb the growth of the con-
# Nathpa Jhakri a 1500 MW
struction industry. The lack of skilled
workforce, shortage of construction Power house is the largest un-
sand, raw materials and political dis- derground power house in india.
turbances are the biggest roadblocks. # Tehri dam is the third tallest
The pace in which the industry cur- rockfill dam in the world, and the
rently functioning does not reflect what largest in Asia invloving place-
it has in store for the future. ment of over 25 million cum of all
Major drivers types of fill material.
The advancement of technology # Baglihar hydroelectric
in the industry can increase the pace project involved construction of
and potential and will act as a growth 30km of project road along with
in 2013, which was the third-highest element. The onset of international three bridges.
in Asia. hopefully, these facts have infrastructure players into india is
# Brahmaputra Guide Bund
helped you understand the market creating employment across the spec-
trum. The initiative by the government completed in a record time of 7
scenario and the position of the con- months.

struction industry in india. of india – housing For All by 2022 will
act as a major game-changer for the # Baspa-ii and Chamera-ii
The construction activity involved
ailing industry. projects involved continuous
in these three different segments is
The constant and increased push concrete shuttering for tunnel
largely different. The construction of
residential housing accounts for 75 per to the affordable housing mission lining which is used for the first
cent; constructing of roads, railways, along with faster approvals and recent time in the country.
airports and ports take up between 40 changes in the policy will push the # Teesta V project has been
per cent and 60 per cent share. And construction activity. Similarly, the Atal provided with Jet Grouting cur-
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
for industrial projects, construction tain is being provided below the
activity ranges between 15 per cent Transformation (AMRUT) will fast-
coffer dams for the first time in
and 20 per cent. track the infrastructure activity.
india.
Major hurdles in the sector The development of unused areas
in a city, which is more popularly # Alimineti Madhva Reddy
Another factor which ails the sector irrigation project is the longest
known as the township housing, will
is the ongoing disputes, where parties underground face to face tunnel
become one of the main sources of
fail to resolve these disputes expedi- in the world.
growth in the sector. The development
tiously and effectively. it is estimated
of townships in the new corridors will
that approximately Rs 70,000 crore
take the sector to giddy heights.
investment is tied up in arbitration.
REGD. NEWS MAGAZINE POSTED AT EGMORE RMS / 1 PATRIKA CHANNEL
BUILDERSLINE - ENGLISH Monthly Regd. with registrar of news paper for india. No.TN/TAM 2000/3801
Regn. TN/CH(c)/376/15-17 licenced to post without prepayment under TN/PMG (CCR)/WPP No.776/15-17
Date of Publication : 15.11.2017
Mob: 9500008150 / 9940111589

2017-11-01 Builders Line English Edition

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

2017-11-01 Builders Line English Edition

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

BuILDERS LINE

A Housing & Construction Magazine

www.buildersline.in E Publication Only November 2017

* Important 15 Civil Softwares Available at

Beat the Heat

Builders line English Monthly | November 2017 | 9

Wall Tiles Step Tiles Floor Tiles Paver Blocks

145, Godavari Street, Palaniappa Nagar, Valasaravakkam, Chennai – 600 087.

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 11

Anand Mosquito Net Works

Builders line English Monthly | November 2017 | 13

who knows what toxins may be lurking in various corners

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 15

pretty small pots decor at windowimage Source By

Rebound of cement demand delayed to 2018

SREE MURUGAN TILE WORKS

Single Groove 12x12 10x10 9x9 8x8 6x6 Two Curve

•Roof Tiles •Flooring Tiles •Roof Tiles

•Weathering Course •Wire-cut Bricks •Decorative Tiles

Marketed By Builders line English Monthly | November 2017 | 17

Ph: 044 - 4355 8345

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 19

struments does not reap comparable or even better returns;

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 21

How politics hits home

the government to build and maintain

Making cement for concrete involves heating pul-

a material which is added at the time of grinding cement 6. hydration-control admixtures.

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 31

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 35

A recent statement released by the WCA announced

Call :7299985002 info@almdurabuild.in

Builders line English Monthly | November 2017 | 37

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 39

According to Miller, well-round-

Harshavardhan Chitale, CEO, Phlips Lighting - South Asia, inaugurating

R oyal Philips (NYSE: PHG, AEX: PHIA) is a

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 41

P iramal Realty, the real estate development arm of the

your walls in an hour.

T o quantify the industry, What's driving growth? gregate (and

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 43

300-tph plants as the latter are more Crusher bucket, anyone?

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 45

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 47

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 49

Energy-generating concrete facade in a statement the company announced that “This

of the nation’s GdP and contributes mercial complex), heavy Engineering

Builders line English Monthly November 2017 | 53

Mob: 9500008150 / 9940111589

S-ar putea să vă placă și