LABORATORY REPORT

TECHNIQUE IN BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

(SBL1023)

STUDENT NAME ALISYA SYAZRIN ADILA BINTI

MOHD NASIR
REGISTRATION NO. E20161015898
GROUP B
EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT 7: HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURER NAME ASSOCIATE PROF. DR SHAKINAZ
DESA
 PRACTICAL 7: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Physiology is the study of normal function within living creatures. It is a sub-section of biology,
covering a range of topics that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological compounds, and how
they all interact to make life possible.

Through a complex multiple control system, the cell of the body and brain can influence
the circulatory pattern of blood. Changes in total blood flow are reflected in heart rate and
arterial pressure. Blood pressure can easily (through not continuously) be measured.
(Continuously measurement requires an arterial needle which is beyond having fun in the lab
and must be done by the physician). Systole refers to the contraction of the heart and
conventionally systolic arterial pressure is the highest pressure developed in arteries during
the ventricular contraction of the cardiac cycle. Diastole refers to a relaxed heart muscle and
diastolic pressure has conventionally meant the lowest arterial pressure during a heart cycle.
The pulse pressure is related to the amount of blood being pumped per beat. It is the systolic
minus the diastolic pressure.

In this experiment, we will examine our blood pressure using the blood pressure sensor
provided in the laboratory. We will compare blood pressure taken before and after exposure
to cold. The cold stimulus activates the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in
hemodynamic changes that prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. The sensitivity of
blood pressure to harmful external or internal injuries makes it useful as a vital sign, an
indicator of health, disease, excitement and stress.

We will also examine our respiratory volumes using spirometer provided. The total
capacity of lungs is divided into various volumes and capacities according to the function of
these in the intake or exhalation of air. The total amount of air one's lung can possible hold
can be subdivided into for volumes.
OBJECTIVES
 To determine the volume and capacity of our lungs.
 To determine the blood pressure with different activities.

MATERIALS
 Blood pressure sensor
 Cold water
 Spirometer

PROCEDURES
a. Blood pressure as a vital sign
1. Have the subject sit quietly in a chair with her forearm resting on a table surface
(work in a group but all individual will have to go under this procedure). It is advisable
that the person who has been tested to remain calm and static.
2. The blood pressure was checked and the heart rate stated in the blood pressure
sensor and the results was written down in a table.
3. The supine (laying on your back) was checked blood pressure and heart rate and the
results was written down in a table.
4. Two persons in our group was climbed up and down the stairs for three times in five
minutes. The blood pressure (BP) was taken and heart rate (HR) immediately, and
every 1 minute up to 5 minutes and the results was written down in a table.
5. Two persons in our group placed their hand (the one to which the blood pressure
sensor cuff is not attached) into a large container filled with ice water. BP and HR
was recorded the reading every 30 seconds for 3 minutes.

b. Human respiratory volume

1. Tidal volume (TV)
a. The spirometer was set into dial at zero (0). The normal inspiration was taken,
the mouth was placed over the mouth-piece, and exhale a normal expiration into
the spirometer. We will have to make a conscious effort not to exceed our normal
value.
b. The amount of exhale on the dial was read.
 c. Have our lab partner to count our respiratory rate per minute by counting our
respiratory cycles for 1 minute while we are seated at rest.
d. Our tidal volume was multiplied by our respiratory rate per minute to give our
resting respiratory minute volume.

2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

a. The spirometer dial was set at zero (0).
b. After a normal expiration, our mouth was placed over the mouth-piece and
forcefully exhale as much air as possible into the spirometer.

3. Vital Capacity (VC)

a. The spirometer dial was set at zero (0).
b. Inhale as deeply as possible, our mouth was placed over the mouth-piece, our
nose was hold, and exhale into spirometer with a maximal effort.
c. The measurement was repeated with 3 times and the largest volume is recorded.

4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC)

a. The IRV and IC was calculated from 3 previous volume measurements.

RESULTS
a. Blood pressure as a vital sign

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Heart rate

Pressure Pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg)
Sitting on chair 113 74 2 (74𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+113 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 85
MAP = 3

= 87
Supine (laying 99 68 2 (68 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+99 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 84
MAP = 3
on back)
= 78.33
Table 1 Blood pressure and heart rate readings
 Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Heart rate
Pressure Pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg)
Min 1 113 70 2 (70 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+113 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 79
MAP =
3
= 84.33
Min 2 119 78 2 (78 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+119 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 76
MAP = 3
= 91.67
Min 3 110 80 2 (80 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+110 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 86
MAP = 3
= 90
Min 4 110 71 2 (71 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+110 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 83
MAP = 3
= 84
Min 5 105 77 2 (77 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+105 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 82
MAP =
3
= 86.33
Table 2 Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to climb up & down stairs

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Heart rate

Pressure Pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg)
30 seconds 108 66 2 (66 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+108 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 81
MAP = 3
= 80
60 seconds 114 66 2 (66 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+114 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 79
MAP =
3
= 82
90 seconds 108 63 2 (63 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+108 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 81
MAP = 3
= 78
120 seconds 109 66 2 (66 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+109 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 76
MAP =
3
= 80.33
150 seconds 108 61 2 (61 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+108 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 82
MAP = 3
= 76.67
180 seconds 107 61 2 (61 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)+107 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 76
MAP = 3
= 76.33
Table 3 Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to cold water
b. Human respiratory volume

Respiratory volumes Value

Tidal volume (TV) 900 mL
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 550 mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 1550 mL
Respiratory Cycle per Minute (RR) 19 cycles per minute
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 8000 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) 3000 Ml
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 1150 mL
Table 4 Respiratory volumes

Figure 1 Blood pressure test

DISCUSSION
For this lab, there were varying results throughout the different activities. First, with
respect to heart rate, it was hypothesized that heart rate would increase during exercise, and
then begin to return back to baseline values during the recovery phase. With
respect to the results from the data shown in Table 1 of the results section, there were many
fluctuations in heart rate throughout the exercising phase. However, there was an overall
upwards trend in heart rate from the resting values. Then, there was a general decrease in
heart rate during the recovery phase. Then, during the recovery phase, heart rate continued
to increase, what was not what was supposed to be observed. Overall, whose results
seemed not only physiologically incorrect, but did not match the rest of the subjects,
therewas an overall increase in heart rate during exercise.

With respect to oxygen consumption during exercise, it was hypothesized that there would
be an increase in oxygen consumption during the exercise phase of the experiment, then a
decrease and return to baseline values during the recovery phase. Again there was a
fluctuation in data, in the results section. However, there was an overall increase in oxygen
consumption during the exercise phase, with a decrease and return back to baseline values
during the recovery phase

Finally, with respect to mean arterial pressure during exercise, it was hypothesized that there
would be an increase in mean arterial pressure during the exercise phase, with a decrease
and return back to resting values during the recovery phase. According to the results
shown in Table 3, there was an overall agreement in the data with what was predicted. Table
1 showed decreased in mean arterial pressure during the exercise phase. Therefore, it can
be concluded that there was an overall increase in mean arterial pressure during the
exercise phase with a trend towards returning back to baseline values during the recovery
phase. Overall, it can be concluded that the data taken during the experiment agreed with
what was hypothesized based on physiological predictions.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this lab had significant sources of error during the data collection phase. Most of this
error was a result of instrumentation malfunction. Unfortunately, this cannot always be
prevented. Therefore, the best way to correct this would have been to perform more trials,
remove the significant outliers, and re-evaluate the data to see if there was any difference in
the data. With respect to variations for oxygen consumption, the apparatus used was very
hard to hold steady to obtain consistent data. So, a different apparatus may want to be used
that can collect more reliable data. With respect to the temperature data, it may be more
beneficial to collect skin temperatures instead of using an oral thermometer to see if that
resulted in less variation in the data. Overall, the data collectors were very diligent in
collecting data, and there obviously will always be some type of human error when collecting
data. However, the vast majority of the inconsistency of the data came from the
instrumentation error not human error. This can be corrected by the mentioned suggestions
and better instruments in general. For future studies, more subjects should be used for a
bigger subject pool so the conclusions are more valid, and there should also be
consideration in trying to find other methods to obtain the data, as stated several times.
REFLECTION
The reflection from this experiment are human physiology is the science of the functioning of
human organs and the cells that compose them. Human physiology function is to determine
the health of an individual. Moreover, we can study how to measure the blood pressure
using spirometer. We can determine the health of lungs by vital capacity that our lungs able
to pump how many oxygen. For in future, we must do more exercise to maintain our healthy
body.

REFERENCES
https://www.scribd.com/doc/310669063/Exercise-Physiology-Lab-Report
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology
https://learn.org/articles/What_is_Human_Physiology.html