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FLA
(though not directly) proportional
to hp.
Current
Practical Guidelines
The intent of this article is to B
explain why those statements are A
Next slowly raise the voltage hand, the motor is usually more of thumb. Likewise, the high-flux
above rated voltage, again recording forgiving of under-voltage conditions, design might be expected to draw a
the voltage and current. As the compared to a conservatively fluxed bit higher than the one-third rule.
voltage increases, the current increase motor. Knowing the influence of flux
will remain linear until we reach We can expect designs that operate density, we can evaluate motors that
saturation (Point B, Figure 1). When at or near the knee of the saturation deviate from our usual expectations.
the stator core becomes saturated, it curve to draw higher no-load current
Flux And Airgap
takes a disproportionate amount of than those operating along the linear
Because very low-speed ma-
current to increase the level of flux. portion of the curve.
chines are less common, a motor that
Between Points A and B, voltage What about conservative designs,
draws three-fourths of rated current
graphed against current will be more- such as older U-frame machines?
gets our attention. That anomaly is
or-less linear. Those, as well as two-pole
easy to explain. It takes more
That is one reason we should test machines, motors designed for high
current to drive flux through air
run all repaired motors at rated ambient temperatures (kiln motors) or
than through steel.
voltage, and record the voltage and high altitude use, are deliberately
A common test used by our
current on all phase leads. The no- “fluxed low” —meaning they are
industry—the open-stator test—
load test run is a critical step in designed to operate well below the
demonstrates this. We apply one-sixth
quality assurance. (See the February knee of that flux curve. We should
of rated voltage to an open stator,
2004 CURRENTS article “Avoiding expect relatively low no-load current.
with the expectation that it will draw
High No-Load Amps.”) While more tolerant of high voltage,
close to rated current. Why does it
Some manufacturers are very they are more susceptible to low
draw full-load current with only a
frugal with active materials (steel and voltage conditions.
fraction of rated voltage? There is no
copper cost money, after all), and
Different Designs Affect Rule rotor to complete the flux path, so the
some applications require a high hp or
Four-pole machines dominate flux must travel through air. That
kW rating in a small physical pack-
industry, so the “one-third of rated requires a lot more current—hence
age. From Figure 1, we can expect
current” rule is appropriate. But while the lower voltage used for the test.
such a “high flux” motor to draw
one 4-pole motor might be a conser- Note: Some service centers use
relatively high no-load current. It is
vative design for a variety of reasons, higher than 1/6th of rated voltage, and
also more sensitive to higher-than-
another might be fluxed higher. So we expect higher than FLA. But open
rated voltage—which may push the
should expect the conservative design stator tests at higher voltages make it
core into saturation. On the other
motor to draw a bit less than our rule difficult to interpret the results.
The greater the distance flux has to
travel through a non-ferrous medium,
the higher the current required. For
each trip around a stator, the flux in
each phase has to cross the airgap
twice per pole. Compare a 2-pole
machine to a 10-pole. (Figure 2.) For
each revolution around the stator, the
10-pole flux must cross the airgap 20
times, while the 2-pole flux only has
to cross it four times. It takes more
current to force flux across the airgap
than through the steel core.
Consider Number Of Poles
2-pole flux path 10-pole flux path It should be no surprise that low-
speed machines draw relatively high
no-load current. The no-load current
Figure 2. 2-pole and 10-pole flux path connection. Continued On Page 3