LEVEL INTERVAL AND SHAFT LOCATION FACTORS

NOTES BY – MD ALAM KHAN
SUBJECT – MWNC (SOLVED QUESTION PAPER)

SESSION – 2017-18
COLLEGE – RENAISSANCE POLYTECHNIC CHANDRAPUR
SOLVED QUESTION PAPER 2014-2017

STATE THE FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE DECIDING LEVEL INTERVAL.
WHAT IS LEVEL INTERVAL? EXPLAIN VARIOUS FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR DECIDING THE
LEVEL INTERVAL.
It is a vertical distance between two adjacent Main Level at Main Drive is known as Level Interval.
LEVEL INTERVAL, FACTOR CONSIDERED WHILE DECIDING LEVEL INTERVAL/LENGTH OF BACK. (IMP***)
1. GEOLOGICAL CONDITION OF MINERAL DEPOSIT – If the ore body is of rich mineralization, then the
interval is kept smaller & in case of poor mineralization the length of back is kept small.
2. DIP OF ORE BODY – When the inclination of the ore body is <150, the interval is kept 150-300mts
depending on other conditions. When the ore body are vertical the interval is kept as 40mt.
3. CONTINUITY OF ORE BODY – When the ore body is regular then interval is kept more. In case of the
missing ore body interval is kept less.
4. THICKNESS OF ORE BODY – In case of thick ore bodies the interval is kept less while in case of thin ore
bodies the interval is kept more.
5. METHOD OF STOPPING SELECTED – The dip & level interval different for difference in the method
adopted.
6. COST OF TRANSPORTATION – When the length of the back is increased the distance between the level
are increased hence the cost of transportation is increase & vice-versa.
7. DEVELOPMENT LAYOUT & COST OF DRIVAGE – When the level interval is kept less the no of Crosscut,
levels, raise & Winze will increase hence the drivage cost will increase & vice-versa.
8. MAINTENANCE COST – The cross-cut, levels, raise & Winze so driven are required to be constructed &
supported for longer life hence the cost is increased with the numbers.
EXPLAIN PERMANENT LIVING OF SHAFT SIDES.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF PERMANENT LINING OF A SHAFT? DESCRIBE ANY
ONE METHOD.
PERMANENT LINING OF SHAFT (IMP***)
1. When strong rock is reached, the excavation is reduced to the finished dia of the shaft & continues thus
for 3 to 4 m below.
2. Arrangements are then made for construction of permanent lining which may be of brick, concrete or
special steel tubing.
3. Brick walling is a common practice for ordinarily compact & moderately walling is a common practice for
ordinarily compact & moderately wet strata.
4. Ordinary bricks of first class & well burnt quality of a size 225 mm length × 115 mm breadth × 75 mm
height are used.
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5. Usual thickness of brick lining varies from 0.4 m to 0.6 m.

6. The hard rock from where the permanent lining has to be
commenced is made level shattering of the strata) with an only
with picks & chisels (& not by explosives, to avoid shattering of
the strata) projection inside the shaft side as shown in fig.
7. Sinking is usually stopped when walling is in progress.
8. A 150 mm layer of concrete is then laid to form a level bed, the
inside edge of the concrete being the finished dia of the shaft.
9. A bricking curb (also called crib) made of cast iron segments as
shown in Fig. 4.3 shaped to conform to the finished dia of the
shaft.
10. Before lowering the curb segments numbered.
11. In the shaft the curb segments are assembled on the concrete,
floor, correctly centered, levelled, & bolted together, each joint being wedged against the sides of the
shaft to hold it in correct position.
12. Brick walling is then started above the & the inner surface of the brick wall is kept vertical & true to the
circumference of the shaft by plumb wires suspended from 45 reels at the surface.
13. As the brick walling proceeds the temporary lining is dismantled in stages.
14. The space between the brick lining & the excavation is filled with ash, sand or loose bricks.
PERMANENT CONCRETE LINING (IMP*)
Concrete lining used for support of shaft sides is of two types.
1. Reinforcement concrete lining.
2. Monolithic concrete lining.
REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE LINING
1. Reinforced concrete lining is costly & is used where high pressures have to be resisted Concrete lining is
stronger than brick work, offers less frictional resistance to air current, & can be erected rapidly.
2. It is, however, difficult to repair & due to its rigidity may crack & collapse with slight earth movements.
3. For monolithic concrete lining, concrete in the proportion of 1:2:4 (fresh cement: sand: coarse
aggregate) is suitable for dry shafts.
4. For wet shafts, richer mixture is preferable.
MONOLITHIC CONCRETE
1. To construct monolithic concrete lining, the hard rock from where lining is to commerce, is dressed &
levelled in the same manner as for brick lining to provide a base.
2. When erecting the lining it is necessary to retain the wet or plastic concrete in position by a shuttering.
3. This consists of segments of sheet steel nearly 1 m high, curved to suit the circumference of the shaft &
having angle iron riveted to them for bolting together adjacent segments.
4. The first ring of shuttering is carefully centered & levelled.
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5. Back side of the shuttering which will be in contact with concrete is greased for easy withdrawal after
setting of concrete which is poured & rammed hard behind the shuttering.
STATE THE VARIOUS FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTING LOCATION OF SHAFT.

ON WHAT FACTORS LOCATION FOR ESTABLISHING A VERTICAL SHAFT IS DECIDED? DESCRIBE IT.
FACTORS CONSIDER FOR LOCATION OF SHAFT (IMP****)
SURFACE CONSIDERATION
1. Shall to be located closed to COG of the incline deposit & flat deposit, it should be at center of deposit.
2. Site of the shaft must be above the highest flood level of the area.
3. Sufficient space shall be available of the surface near by the shaft to provide infrastructural facilities.
4. Sufficient area should be available for dumping of waste.
5. The ground shall be well drained & leveled.
6. Public utility service should be available.
7. There shall be environment ascertain.
GEOLOGICAL CONDITION
1. Unstable & water bearing ground shall be avoided.
2. Geological disturbance asserted ground shall be free from geological disturbance like dyke, fault, sill etc.
3. Ground movement near the shaft site shall be as less as possible,
4. Avoid permeable or running ground.
GEO MECHANICAL CONSIDERATION
1. Strength of the various strata through which the shaft as to pass shall be determined.
2. Density of rock & swell factor has to be found out from deficient strata through which shaft has to pass.
OTHER FACTOR
1. Cost of sinking.
2. Capital available.
3. Social economical & political consideration.
EXPLAIN TEMPORARY LINING OF SHAFT.

DESCRIBE TEMPORARY LINING OF A SHAFT WITH A NEAT SKETCH.
TEMPORARY LINING (IMP*****)
1. It is necessary to support the sides of the excavation to prevent their collapse.
2. A heavy wooden frame or a frame of steel girders is built across the shaft top from which the first
(topmost) ring of temporary lining is suspended.
3. Alternatively, the temporary lining may be suspended from strong iron spikes embedded on the surface
round the periphery of the shaft.
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4. The temporary lining consists of skeleton rings (also called curb), hangers, planks of Sal wood &
tightening wedges.
5. The skeleton rings are of mild steel, made in segments of 3 m in length & shaped to the circumference
of the shaft.
6. The segments are 100 mm x 25 mm in section & are joined
together by fish plates or by lap joints as shown in Fig. 4.2.
7. Before taking these rings in the excavation for support the
segments are assembled at the surface & each segment
numbered for assembling in its proper place in the
excavation.
8. The first skeleton ring to be inserted is suspended by chains
from the steel girder frame or heavy wooden frame at the
surface.
9. The wooden planks are of Sal, 2 m long, 215 mm wide & 38
mm thick & are securely held against the sides of the
excavation by wedges driven between the rings & the
planks (Fig. 4.5).
10. Each ring is suspended from the ring above by hangers or S-shaped iron hooks of 25 mm dia placed at
intervals of about 1.2 m around the shaft circumference.
11. The rings are hung at intervals of 1.2 to 1.5 m & every fourth or fifth ring is supported on plugs driven
into holes drilled horizontally into the shaft sides.
12. Friction with the ground keeps the planks in position & cavities behind the planks are packed with wood.
13. Blasting should be avoided in the area where temporary lining is essential.
EXPLAIN SHAFT CENTERING ARRANGEMENT.

HOW WILL YOU MARK CENTER OF THE SHAFT? EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE OF MAINTAINING
VERTICALITY OF A SINKING SHAFT.
SHAFT-CENTERING ARRANGEMENT (IMP***)
1. The vertically & radius of the shaft are
checked from time to time, usually once
every day.
2. At the time of such checking plumb wire is
suspended from the surface in the shaft &
the radius is measured by a light wooden
radius rod.
3. The usual arrangement is as shown in Fig.
4.10. At the decking level, riveted to the
steel plates of the floor, is a channel with
clamps in which a light section rail can slide
on rollers.
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4. The clamps prevent overturning as well as lateral movement of the rail.

5. At one end of the rail is a pulley over which piano wire from a reel can pass.
6. On the rail & the channel there are two marks which coincide when the wire on the groove of the pulley
attached to the rail is exactly in the center of the shaft.
7. When lowering the plumb wire, a light plumb bob is attached to it but it is replaced by a heavier one of
nearly 19 kgf at the shaft bottom.
8. When checking of verticality & radius is completed, the plumb bob is raised to the surface & the rail
withdrawn.
9. The whole arrangement may be providing at the ground level where there may be no disturbance due
to sinking operations.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BORING? GIVE GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF BORING. (IMP**)

PURPOSE (IMP*****)
1. To prove the existence of minerals, to get an idea of rock structures & to obtain knowledge of the rocks
& the mineral beds, such as depth, nature, thickness & gradient.
2. To get core of the rocks from which gearing pressure of the ground can be found out. This information is
necessary for heavy winding engine foundations required for deep shafts.
3. To know throw of the faults; this is conveniently done from underground workings.
4. To drain off gas or water from old workings.
5. To carry electric cables, signal wires, stowing pipes or water pipes to the underground from surface.
6. To have tube wells for water supply to colonies.
7. To blast rock/mineral in a mechanized quarry where holes of 9 to 18 m depth & 125 to 300 mm in dia.
may be drilled.
8. To render possible, the injection of cement into the strata in a method of shaft sinking known as
"cementation method of shaft sinking".
9. For ventilation of underground mine workings.
CLASSIFICATION OF BORING METHODS (IMP**)
The methods used are
1. Percussive drilling.
a. Drilling by rigid rods
b. Rope drilling, also known as cable drilling or churn drilling.
2. Rotary drilling
a. Drilling by saw toothed cutter.
b. Drilling by tricone rock roller bit.
c. Drilling by diamond drill bit.
d. Drilling by chilled shots.
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EXPLAIN THE WORKING OF HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM.

HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM (IMP*)
PRINCIPLE – The general principle of a typical hydraulic feed mechanism (excluding the engine & frame) for a
deep boring, the main features, starting from the bottom, being the chuck, the bevel driving gears, the
hydraulic cylinder & the ball-bearing suspension box. At the top is seen a lifting bail & water-swivel whose
functions are self-evident.
DESCRIPTION
1. There are three hollow rods, one within the other, namely, the inner bore rod, the middle drive rod &
the outer piston rod.
2. The hollow bore-rod is clamped to the drive-rod by the chuck.
3. The drive rod is secured to & supported by the collar-plate in the suspension box, the latter remaining
supported by being fixed to the hollow piston rod which carries the piston in the hydraulic cylinder.
4. This cylinder is firmly fixed to the engine frame work.
5. The rate of feed of the bore-rods is governed by the rate at which the piston descends, for this governs
the descent of the suspension box & therefore, of the collar plate & drive-rod to which the uppermost
bore rod is clamped.
6. It will be seen that the drive rod is free to rotate within the suspensions box & within the hollows piston
rod.
WORKING
1. The piston in the hydraulic cylinder may be moved either up or down by admitting water under pressure
to the appropriate side of the piston through the inlet pipe & one of the controlling valves, V, or V, & by
simultaneously releasing an equal amount of water from the other side of the piston through one of the
valves V, or V, & the outlet.
2. A single lever operates the four valves simultaneously to produce any desired pressure, either
downward or upward, on the piston.
3. Thus the weight of the rods may be partly taken off the boring tools by upward pressure; or the whole
weight of the rods can rest on the boring tools & additional downward pressure can be applied.
4. In this way complete control may be obtained over the pressure on the boring tool & over the rate of
forward feed of the rods.
EXPLAIN THE SURFACE ARRANGEMENTS AND COMPONENTS OF ROTARY BORING.

SURFACE ARRANGEMENT (IMP***)
The surface arrangements for diamond drilling include.
1. A derrick.
2. An engine for supplying power.
3. A winch.
4. A setting tank.
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5. A pump for supplying water under pressure for flushing.

6. A platform for keeping the drilling rods lifted for removal of core or changing the bit.
7. Core boxes for keeping the cores.
8. A driving & feed mechanism for the drill rods.
DESCRIPTION OF DIAMOND DRILL

1. The diamond drill bit is rotated at a speed
of nearly 300 RPM. & the pressure on the
diamonds are between 1.5 & 2 kgf/cm2.
2. The pressure acting upon the diamonds of
the drill bit & the rate of advance of the
drill bit into the rock
3. are controlled by an arrangement known
as feed mechanism".
4. The feed mechanism is hydraulic for deep
holes, but may be replaced by screw feed
for shallow holes.
5. Beyond a depth of nearly 60 m, the weight
of the rods keeps the bit pressed against
the rocks & the feed mechanism may not
be necessary at greater depth the feed
mechanism is operated in such a way that
the weight on the drill bit is not excessive.
EXPLAIN THE METHOD OF DRIVING RAISE AND WINZE.

RAISING METHOD IN THE METAL MINE (IMP**)
Raising is a regular operation in the development of metalliferous mines. It is associated with danger of accident
due to fall of roof rocks, inadequate ventilation resulting in poor visibility at the work site & uncomfortable
working condition. Frequent climbing up & down the ladder, often with tools between the working spot &
lower level is quit tedious for the workers.
The methods practice for raising
1. Open raising by drilling, blasting, mucking.

2. Two three compartment raising.
3. Raising with Jora raise lift.
4. Rising by long hole drilling.
5. Raising with Alimack raise climber.
6. Raise bores – latest achievement.
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OPEN RAISING
1. This is the most common method adopted in majority of the metal mines.
2. The workers stand on a platform or scaffold made of timber planks supported on stalls or iron bars fitted
into the footwall.
3. The drilling of holes for blasting is by jackhammer & generally follow wedge patter 7 burn cut & holes
are 32mm di. & 1.5m deep.
RAISING BY LONG HOLE DRILLING

1. In this method of raising through long holing all the drilling, loading & blasting operation are performed
from horizontal working & there is no need for the miner’s presence at the face.
2. In order to put up the raise between horizontal working 1 & 2. The long parallel blast holes are drilled
from the upper level within the cross section bounds of the future raise over its full length.
3. The holes are then fired section or portion wise, either simultaneously or in succession. The length of
the section depends on the properties of the rocks, usually ranging from 1.5 – 6, or even 9m.
ALIMACK RAISE CLIMBER (IMP*)

1. The method of driving long raises with the help of machine called is Alimack raise climber.
2. It was introduced in 1957. In India it was introduced for the first time Jauguda uranium mines in 1972.
3. This based on rack & pinion drive with a guide rail bolted to the hanging wall by expansion bolts.
4. A cage for the workers & a working platform attached to it climb along the guide rail, & drilling &
charging of blast hole are carried out from this platform.
DROP RAISING
1. This method of drop raising is an improvement over the method of raising through long holing.
2. This method was adopted for the first time in India at the copper mines of Khetri copper complex.
3. This is a method of making a raise connection between two adjacent level, nearly 60m apart, by drilling
large dia.
4. Holes (150mm-165mm), through from upper level to lower level & blasting them in stages.
5. The raise is usually vertical but may also be steeply inclined.
6. The charging & blasting of the holes is based on the recently devised method of vertical crater retreat.
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STATE THE APPLICABILITY, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SUBLEVEL STOPPING

METHOD.
DESCRIBE SUBLEVEL STOPING WITH A NEAT SKETCH IN DETAIL.
UNDER WHAT CONDITION SUB-LEVEL CAVING IS DONE? EXPLAIN THE METHOD STATING ITS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
SUBLEVEL STOPPING (IMP****)

1. Sublevel means a level intermediate between the two main adjacent levels driven during the
development stage.
2. It is confined to the block of ore & does not extend to the shaft.
3. The method involves the driving of sublevels within the orebody to vertically divide a block to be
stopped.
4. Miners working within the sublevel openings drill a pattern or fan pattern, to blast large vertical slices of
ore.
5. Ore is produced by drilling & blasting long
holes which may range in dia from 50-
200 mm with lengths up to 90 m.
6. The ore falls into the large open stope
created by previous blasts.
7. For deposits of thickness less than 20 m,
sub-level stopes may be formed in
transverse direction, i.e. from hang wall
to footwall (transverse stopes).
8. The method requires considerable.
preparatory work prior to stoping Vertical
pillars are left between stopes on the
same level.
9. These are called rib pillars.
10. Horizontal pillars are left to support The
main haulage levels.
11. The horizontal pillar for support of the
upper level is called the crown pillar.
12. The one for support of the lower level is called the still pillar.
APPLICATION
Sublevel stoping is normally adopted in orebodies with the following characteristics.
1. Steeply dipping ore, the angle of the foot wall should exceed the angle of repose of the broken ore.
2. Thick orebody.
3. Stable hanging wall & foot wall.
4. Strong ore which separates readily from the walls.
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5. Regular or boundaries.
PREPARATORY WORK
1. Raises for access to & development of sublevels.
2. Driving of cross-cuts & of 2 or 3 sublevel, nearly 20 m apart at the footwall side within the orebody. The
sublevels may be at the mid height depending upon the length of blast-holes possible by the drill rig.
3. Haulage drift, situated at the main level below stope bottom.
4. Undercut at the bottom of the stope.
5. A draw point system, consisting of loading cross-cuts with finger raises & cones up to the undercut. The
draw points are usually 9 m center to center.
6. Construction of a slot raise at the hanging wall & widening it from hanging wall to foot wall or
longitudinally to open the way for stoping. A slot is necessary for the increased volume of blasted rock &
to provide a free face during blasting.
DRILLING
1. The production drilling is almost exclusively in the form of long holes.
2. Ring drilling or fan drilling is most common, although parallel holes also varies depending on the shape
of the ore & distance between sublevels, but does normally not exceed 25 m.
3. Longer holes demand accurate drill rigs, otherwise holes deviate from their intended course. For such
accurate long hole drilling, drill rigs are available from indigenous manufacturers.
LOADING
1. Loading in mine cars through chutes. Boulders, which occur frequently in sublevel stoping with long
holes, make this method inconvenient. Secondary blasting in chute is difficult & lowers capacity. A
grizzly at a separate level can be installed to overcome the problem but will complicate the already
many sided development & therefore not used.
2. Loading from draw points & transporting to mine cars or ore passes. Overhead loaders are used for
filling mine cars or dumpers. If the transport is not on rails, the LHD units can be used.
ADVANTAGES
1. Continuous availability of ore as there is no suspension of work for filling.
2. Low cost per ton of ore extracted.
3. Number of workers in the stope are few.
4. Workers do not have to enter the stopes & the operations are safe.
5. Retreat mining results in minimum maintenance of roadways
6. There is good ventilation through the sublevels.
7. Mechanization in drilling, loading & transport is possible.
DISADVANTAGE
1. Preparatory work for stoping is heavy & somewhat complicated.
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2. For good results & Economy long hole drilling is essential & drill rigs normally not required during the
development stage, have to be procured from abroad, as indigenous suppliers are few.
3. Selective mining is difficult. All the ore in the vertical plane has to be extracted.
EXPLAIN CUT AND FILL STOPPING METHOD WITH NEAT SKETCH.

WITH A NEAT SKETCH DESCRIBE CUT AND FILL STOPING METHOD STATING ITS ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES.
CUT & FILL MINING (IMP*****)
FILLING MATERIAL
1. The filing material may be waste rock excavated during development, crushed & distributed
mechanically over the stope area.
2. In modern cut-&-fill, however, the hydraulic filling method is a normal practice.
3. The filling material may be mill tailings from the ore dressing plant, sand, crushed rock, boiler plant ash
or slag of smelter plants.
4. The mill tailings should be of coarse & size as fine tailings, available from the mills where the ore needs
to be crushed very fine for treatment, are easily washed away by the flowing water.
PROCEDURE FOR MIXING

1. The filling material mixed with water, is transported into the Mine & distributed through pipelines.
2. When the water is drained off a solid consolidated fill with a Smooth surface is produced.
3. Sometimes the material in the last pour in a fill is mixed with cement to Provide a hard working surface.
APPLICATION
1. Cut-&-fill mining can be used with steeply dipping as well as large deposits with irregular outline can be
worked.
2. It is thus a versatile method.
3. The filling operations are easier with steeper deposits.
4. An important advantage of this method is the flexibility & high degree of extraction.
5. High grade ore can be extracted leaving the low grade ore behind in the fill.
6. Dilution of the ore is very little.
PREPARATION
The ore block may be prepared in the same way as for shrinkage stoping but the chute raises are not funneled
out at the top. The preparations of
1. Haulage drift along the orebody at the lower main level.
2. Undercut of the stope, usually 5-10 m above the haulage drift.
3. Short raises for manways & ore passes from haulage drift to undercut.
4. Raise from undercut to the level above for transport of filling material & for ventilation.
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5. Provision of sufficient water & filling material & arrangement for their storage & transport.
6. Adequate pumping capacity underground to pump out water overflowing from the filled stope.
CYCLE OF OPERATION
1. The ore slice in cut-&-fill can be drilled in two different ways, with horizontal shot holes or with upward,
vertical holes.
2. With the later method a certain headroom is required between the back & the fill surface, usually 2.5-3
m.
3. After blasting & removal of the ore, this
distance is increased to 6-7 m, which
means that a comparatively competent
ore & hanging wall are required.
4. After every 2.4 m-2.5 m slice of ore has
been stripped from the back, a series of
specially cut planks of wood are built up
above each chute to within about 2.5 m of
the back.
5. Waste filling maternal is now placed in the
stope between adjacent timbered chutes
& between the end chutes & the
barricades.
6. As the stope proceeds upwards, timbering
& filling proceed on a cyclic basis. When the crown pillar is reached, the stope is completed &
abandoned.
DRILLING & LOADING
1. With the complete back filling & horizontal drilling, scraping becomes difficult & other method of
loading have to be considered.
2. Rocker shovels are suitable for loading in stopes, where the operation is characterized by a
comparatively short haul.
3. In comparison with scrapers these shovels are more versatile, clean the stope efficiently & work
unaffected by curves & supports.
ADVANTAGES
1. Unlike in shrinkage stoping, ore is removed immediately after blasting. Hence no capital remains
blocked up. There is no fire hazards & no oxidation problem.
2. It is a safe method.
3. Preparatory arrangements or stoping are not heavy.
4. Ventilation is comfortable because of small area of stope for air current.
5. Dilution of ore is reduced to the minimum as there is no spalling of wall rock.
6. Secondary blasting can be done in the stope.
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DISADVANTAGE
1. As cut fill is a cyclic method, production of ore is intermitted unless a few stopes are worked
simultaneously.
2. When production operations are suspended in one stope for filling the other stopes should be able to
supply ore.
3. Suitable filling material may not be available in all cases. Arrangements for procuring filling material &
transport to the stope involves a sizable cost.
WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL METHODS OF SHAFT SINKING? EXPLAIN ANY ONE WITH NEAT
SKETCH. (IMP***)
SPECIAL METHODS OF SINKING (IMP****)

Ordinary methods of shaft sinking are not suitable in some cases & special methods have to be adopted under
the following conditions.
1. Loose or unstable ground, such as sand, mud, etc.
2. Excessively watery strata.
3. A combination of the above two.
Types of method are as follow
1. The pilling system
2. Caisson method
a. Sinking drum process or open caisson method
b. Forced drop shaft method
c. Pneumatic caisson method
3. Freezing method (imp**)
4. Cementation process (imp*)
FREEZING METHOD (IMP**)
CONDITION
This method is used when the sinking is proceeding through an unstable or friable strata with heavy inrush of
water, or sand connected with inflow of water & essentially involves the formation of a large block of frozen
ground in the water-bearing strata. The frozen block prevents the influx of water into the shaft.
DESCRIPTION
The whole process can be divided into three operations.
1. The first operation consists of drilling holes, usually 150 mm diam. at 2.2 to 3 m intervals around the
shaft from the surface or from a fore shaft. The holes, after drilling, are to be lined with special tubes &
care should be taken to see that all the holes are vertical.
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2. Inside the hole’s special small tubes are inserted to enable the cold brine (solution of CaCl2) to be
circulated. Cold brine, while circulating in the holes, extracts the heat from the surrounding strata & the
circulation out in the normal way after the formation of ice wall.
3. The third & final operation is thawing which consist in removing the ice wall by, sending hot brine
through the existing holes.
This method is very rarely used in India.
EXPLAIN ANY ONE TYPE OF CAVING METHOD.
BLOCK CAVING METHOD.
CAVING METHOD (IMP*)
When deposited & overlaying which are sufficient weak & subsidence tolerable then undercutting of ore body is
carried out as necessary & overlying rack mass along with cave. There are three methods of caved stopped.
1. Block caving.
2. Sublevel caving.
3. Top slicing.
BLOCK CAVING (IMP*)
If an opening made during stoping is large enough, it will eventually cave, even in the firmest & strongest rock,
but a caving system of mining like block caving. etc. require that the ore or rock will cave over a small
unsupported
area. In block caving the ore is divided in large blocks with a
horizontal cross section usually larger than 1000 m2. At the
bottom the block is completely undercut i.e. a horizontal slot
is blasted, which removes the support of the over-lying ore.
APPLICATION
1. Block caving is used in large orebodies
2. The orebody should have a steep dip (not absolutely
necessary for very large, massive orebodies).
3. Ores should be weak enough to cave under its own
weight. Wall rocks also should be weak enough to
cave under the weight of the over-burden.
4. Ores should be of comparatively low value of grade. A
fairly uniform distribution of values in the ore is
necessary.
PREPARATION
1. Loading on haulage drifts in a regular pattern below the bottom of the ore block.
2. Ore pass or finger raises up to a grizzly level, from such loading/haulage drifts.
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3. A grizzly level for control of the ore & secondary blasting.

4. Finger raises & cone up to the undercut.
5. Undercut.
OPERATION CYCLE
1. This development refers to a lay-out where the ore is loaded through chute into mine cars.
2. With draw-point loading the preparation can be simplified by excluding points 2 & 3.
3. All excavations below the block are subject to high rock pressure.
4. The cross section of the drifts must therefore be limited & heavy reinforcement is often necessary.
5. The preparation can be characterized as complicated & time consuming, several years are often
required for preparation & the commencement of caving.
6. Due to the complicated preparation & narrow sections mechanized methods are often difficult
7. to apply, except for the preparation of the main level below the block.
8. The Fig. 2.20 & 2.21 give typical layouts for block caving.
9. The ore is undercut with a series of draw-points & grizzly levels.
10. To enable the ore to fall into the haulage drives a series of transfer raises are used below the grizzly
level.
11. To start the ore caving the draw point raises are drilled & blasted into expanded inverted cones until
they meet.
ADVANTAGE
1. Mining cost is low & may be nearly as economic as in opencast method of mining.
2. After the caving starts a high rate of production is possible.
3. The accident rate is fairly low.
4. Control of ventilation is less complex compared to other methods of mining.
DISADVANTAGE
1. The capital expense is large. Preparation for the stope is complicated & time consuming.
2. Caving of a block is difficult to control.
3. The ore is diluted with waste & there is some loss of ore.
4. There must be careful supervision of ore drawing
5. There is no chance of selective mining of high & low grade ore. It must be taken as it comes.
6. Secondary blasting is required on a large scale as big chunks of ore come down during caving.
7. Mechanization is possible only to a limited extent.
At present block caving is not adopted at any of the mines in India.
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DESCRIBE IN BRIEF TOP SLICING AND SQUARE SET STOPPING METHODS. WHY THESE
METHODS ARE RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT TODAY?
TOP SLICE (IMP*)

This method is classified as a caving method as the over-burden caves in. The ore does not cave in & it has to be
extracted by drilling & blasting. In top slicing, the stoping unit is termed a slice This slice is virtually a timbered
drift driven beneath the overburden in the opening stage; afterwards it is up to the caved timber mat above. In
length it extends from the raise, or other starting point to the margin predetermine for limit.
APPLICATION
1. Thick deposits of horizontal extent. The
minimum thickness of ore body should be 2-3 m
in mining available ores but in most cases the
suitable thickness is 6-8m.
2. Soft ore which is weak enough to stand without
support only for a short period.
3. Weak walls & overburden which can easily cave
in.
4. Ground surface which is not to be supported &
is allowed to-subside.
5. Areas with cheap & plentiful supply of timber, as
well as skilled timbermen. The timber men not
be of high quality but should be tough & strong
to with stand crushing on a few occasions
before breaking.
6. Where market conditions are such that the mine
is face with occasional shut-downs, the stopes
ore slices may be blasted down so that the orebody remains in good condition for resumption of
operations on short notice even after idleness of considerable duration.
PREPARATION
1. The top slicing & sublevel caving methods of mining are similar in development & in many aspect of ore
removal.
2. "The development for top slicing consists of driving a series of drifts & crosscuts at some distance below
the top level & then raising to the top of the ore for mining.
3. The ore is removed in slices 2-3m thick.
4. A block is divided into horizontal slices (I) (I) (III) (IV) etc.
5. A haulage way is driven through the ore body & from it a two-compartment timbered raise containing
an ore chute & a manway is constructed throughout the entire height of the block up to the
overburden.
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6. From this raise a drift is driven under the overburden near & parallel to foot wall.
7. The drift extends to each end of the block.
8. From the body of the drift cross-cuts are driven to the hanging wall.
9. These cross cuts are then mined out to a reasonable width & mining progresses towards the raise.
10. The drift is timbered upon removing the ore from the slice; its floor is covered with a timberman.
11. The timber props are then blasted down & the over burden is allowed to subside onto what was
formerly the floor of the ore slice.
12. fig. 2.23 shows the stage after slice I has been removed.
13. After mining of the slice II.
14. Slice III is extracted & in this manner the complete orebody in the block is mined out.
ADVANTAGE
1. It is a safe method to use where overhand stoping cannot be employed.
2. It is suitable for intermittent operations.
3. The method permits of high recovery & dilution is little.
4. After the initial development is completed the method can be reasonably cheap provided the labor &
timber are cheap.
5. It can be employed under sand or other loose material, & does not require as clean a mat as is required
for sublevel caving.
DISADVANTAGE
1. The method causes surface subsidence.
2. Ventilation is somewhat difficult & the timber mat in conjunction with sulphate ores can be a source of
fire.
3. A considerable number of working places are needed for a large output & the rate is not flexible.
4. Period of development prior to production is fairly long.
5. Handling of timber & laying of mats is expensive in labor & time consuming as in the case of square set
mining. About one third of the labor force is used for timber handling.
6. If the roof does not collapse over a long period, its sudden collapse results in air blast & can be
dangerous in the slice below.
7. Waste or low grade ore cannot be easily left in place.
8. Rate of output cannot be suddenly increased to meet market demands, unless development is
considerably in advance of normal production requirements.
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DRAW A NEAT SKETCH TO EXPLAIN VARIOUS MEMBERS OF SQUARE SET SUPPORT. DESCRIBE
THE METHOD OF STOPPING IN SQUARE SET METHOD. ALSO EXPLAIN WHY SQUARE SET
METHOD OF STOPPING HAS ALMOST BECOME ABSOLUTE TODAY.
SQUARE AT STOPING (IMP****)
1. Square set stoping is the method of mining in which the walls & back of the stope are supported by
regular frame work of timber called Square sets.
2. The frame work forms rectangular hollow prisms, in the space from which ore has been extracted.
3. The square set stope is a timbered stope, i.e. a Stope in which timbering is the dominant feature of the
method of support & includes "stulled stopes" also.
4. A square set stoping is one in which the sets alone provide support to the walls & back.
5. If waste rock filling is used to fill up the square set, such filling provides additional support & the method
is then called "filled square set stoping".
6. The mining extraction of ore follows generally the
overhead practice.
7. In soft lose ground square sets may be carried
underhand rather than in the more usual overhead
direction since pressure from the top is thereby taken
care of.
8. Mining large, weak deposits by square-setting usually
requires a division of the orebody between any two
levels, into stoping blocks of limited horizontal area.
9. Size of blocks depends on strength of ground, so that
work in any block is rapid enough to avoid excessive
pressure.
APPLICATION
1. Where the walls of the orebody & back of the stope
are weak & do not stand without support even for a
week.
2. For recovery of fractured remnants & pillars
3. Can be used in almost any size of deposit regardless of
its shape or depth.
4. Ore shaped be of high grade to pay for the mechanical
of mining as square set stoping is costly & labor
intensive method.
OPERATION CYCLE
1. The four vertical timbers of a square set are called posts.
2. To start timbering a stope with square sets, sills are laid in trenches cut in the floor of the stope.
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3. A clear height of 2m is about the minimum height desirable, & at a number of mines posts are 2.3m high
in the clear, particularly on main levels or sill floors.
4. Fig. 2.18 shows a method of square set stoping adopting underhand method of mining.
5. This method of stoping is labor intensive costly & requires skilled labor or setting the timber in a
systematic manner.
6. It is adopted in Balaghart mines of MOII. in M.P.
7. The scarcity of timber & gradual depletion of skilled labor makes the system unpopular & may no longer
be used in this mine which is now practicing it.
ADVANTAGES
1. Irregular orebodies of any shape may be worked by this method.
2. It can be adopted where the ground conditions are bad.
3. Waste rock can be sorted out & allowed to remain in the stope.
4. The grade of the ore can be controlled as each new face can be sampled & assayed before the ore is
drilled. In those mines where the ore varies greatly in value, this flexibility of the square set stoping is an
advantage.
5. If the sets are filled with waste rocks as soon as possible after they are erected, only a small space is
open at a time.
DISADVANTAGE
1. A large quantity of timber is required. It constitutes a fire hazard.
2. Production of the ore is low & the O.M.S. is poor
3. It is a labor intensive method.
4. Square set stoping has a high accident chances than to other
methods of stopping.
DESCRIBE ALIMAK RAISE CLIMBER TO DRIVE A RAISE.

ALIMACK RAISE CLIMBER (IMP*)
The method of driving long raises with the help of machine called is
Alimack raise climber. It was introduced in 1957. In India it was
introduced for the first time Jauguda uranium mines in 1972. This
based on rack & pinion drive with a guide rail bolted to the hanging
wall by expansion bolts. A cage for the workers & a working platform
attached to it climb along the guide rail, & drilling & charging of blast
hole are carried out from this platform.
Its consist of following things
1. A reel with air nose to provide compressed air to the air motor’s carrying travel of the cage.
2. Compressed air nose.
3. Guide rails with rack & pinion (the guide rail is of 1m or 2m length). The guide rails have two
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compressed air tubes & one water tube & a telephone cable which is also use of blasting.
4. The roof bolts are of expansion shell type recoverable.
5. A cage that travels along the guide rail carry ‘s the driller & other screw to the face of the raise.
6. The working platform on the top of the cage. The material is transported on the platform.
7. Compressed air drive unit with air motors for travel of the cage
8. Protection canopy.
COMPARE SCREW FEED MECHANISM WITH HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM. (IMP**)

SCREW FEED MECHANISM HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM
It offers fixed rate of advance. It offer larger range of feed rate.
Gears are to be change mechanically to adjust the rate of
It offer the automatic & instant adjustment in feed rate
advance. according to rock formation.
Drill bit may get damaged when rock changes soft or hard.
Since the rate of advance is automatically adjusted. So,
there no danger of bit being damaged.
Screw feed mechanism compact & very suitable for U/g Hydraulic system requires reservoirs, pump which makes
operation. bulky & non-portable.
More maintenance because of more moving & rotating There is less maintenance cost.
part.
WHAT IS DEVIATION OF A BOREHOLE? EXPLAIN ANY ONE METHOD FOR CHECKING DEVIATION OF
A BOREHOLE.
The departure of a bore hole, whether vertical or inclined, from its set course on its own is
known as deviation of the bore hole.
ETCH METHOD USING HYDROFLUORIC ACID
This method can be adopted to measure the deviation in angle only (off the vertical) HF has the property of
corroding glass. The HF solution partly filling a glass test tube, corrodes the inner wall of the test tubes up to the
column of the liquid & thins its wall up to the plane of separation of air. The upper part of the tube not in
contact of liquid will remain unchanged. This plane of separation can thus be perceived, later on, on the same
empty test tube, by a line known as 'etch line'. When the test tube stands vertical, the etch line will be normal
to the longer axis of the tube. In any other tilted position, the etch line will make corresponding angle. This
angle, known as 'etch angle' can be measured & 'tilt angle' can be found. This principle is applied in H method of
bore hole survey. To measure the inclination of diamond drill holes a small quantity of dilute HF solution is
poured in a glass tube, lowered into the drill hole in a proper container & leaving it for sufficient time for the
acid to etch a line on the inside of the tube & then measuring the angle of etch. HF with concentration generally
5% 8% & 10% are preferred.
Hydrofluoric acid is properly mixed by shaking the container well. By adding distilled water to HE
proportionately (by volume) the desired concentration can be obtained. About 50 ml of prepared acid is poured
into the test tube & thoroughly shaken. After inserting the stopper in the tube, it is put into a container
(suitable for AX' "BX' or 'NX' size depending on the size of the hole) made up of either brass or mild steel. The
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container should have water tight joints even under heavy pressure. The container coupled with the drill rods, is
lowered into the bore hole at desired depths. Inclination readings are normally taken at every 50 to 60 m & four
containers are lowered at a time at desired intervals. For shorter bore holes 10% acid with about 40 to 45
minutes etch time is sufficient.
When the drill rods & container are withdrawn from the drill hole the etch tube should be removed as quickly
as possible, emptied immediately & washed to stop further etching.
The line of etch is marked on the tube with fine dots using Indian ink, care being taken to mark the high & lower
points carefully. The angle of etch or the apparent dip angle is measure on a protractor or on graph paper. The
angle of this etched line with the long axis of the tube gives the inclination of the drills holes at the depth
tested.
DESCRIBE OVERHAND STOPPING STATING ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

OVERHAND STOPPING (IMP*)
CONDITION
1. Thickness selected up to 4.5m.
2. The ore body is required is strong.
3. Both hanging wall & footwall are strong.
4. The inclination of ore should be 400-900.
WORKING
1. The two levels enclosing an ore block are
connected by raises at intervals, (25 m -40 m) &
Stoping starts from a raise in one direction only or
it may extend in either direction.
2. The stoping operation proceeds from lower main
level towards the upper main level & the ore is
extracted in step like faces or benches in an ascending order, the lower benches being driven ahead of
the upper ones.
3. The general direction of stopping within the bench is shown in Pig. 2.2 Horizontal slices are taken
parallel with the haulage level.
4. Chutes for the broken ore are constructed so that the ore falls to the haulage level which is protected by
a pillar of solid ore called sill pillar.
5. Strong ore & stable wall rocks are essential & the method is commonly employed in steeply dipping
narrow veins & also in bedded deposits of 2-3 m thickness.
6. The stope benches may be short or long along the strike or may be obliquely inclined to it, a bench is
pushed 2-4 m thickness.
7. The stope then has an inverted stepped appearance & the method is commonly called "back stoping".
8. The first or lowest slice is often referred to as "stop drive", or "lead stop".
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9. The ore drilled by compressed air drills & then blasted, gravities along the footwall & is loaded into tubs
or mine cars through draw points equipped with chutes.
10. A crown pillar is left intact for support of upper level. The wall rocks may be supported by stulls or by
pillars left purposely if the ore is lean.
11. If the orebody has a mild gradient which prevents gravitation of blasted ore, scrapers are used to collect
& load it into mine cars.
ADVANTAGE
1. The worker stands on platform to work the back of the bench.
2. The full advantage of gravitation force is taken in blasting.
3. Blasting efficiency is high.
4. Broken ore falls away from the face.
5. There is protective cover of solid ore over the head.
DISADVANTAGE
1. The platform has to be set for the working the face.
2. Number of benches blasted are only 3-4. Drilling is troublesome.
3. Muck fall on the body of the workers.
4. The broken ore cannot be stacked in the stope.
5. Shifting of drilling machine is troublesome form bench.
STATE THE CONDITIONS APPLICABLE FOR CEMENTATION METHOD OF SHAFT SINKING.

DESCRIBE IT.
CEMENTATION PROCESS (IMP*)
CONDITION
This process can be used in all cases of shaft sinking, particularly in any fissured water bearing strata except in
running sand or lose ground. It can be successfully applied in sinking even when the inrush of water is heavy.
OBJECTIVES
Treatment of ground around the shaft is carried out to achieve one or more of the following objectives:
1. To stabilize the collapsing ground,
2. To reduce the inflow of ground water,
3. To avoid flooding,
4. To prevent sand "boiling".
The operation is usually carried out 2 phases, one before the sinking & the other after shaft lining. Ground
conditions usually dictate the pattern of treatment.
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DESCRIPTION
1. The method consists in drilling the holes as shown in Fig. 4.17 & then injecting a slurry of water &
cement under pressure through the holes till they are completely sealed off.
2. In the past injection was done at low pressures like 6 kgf/cm2 but it has been proved that high pressure
of the order of 300 kgf/cm2 can be used successfully. The water cement ratio can be changed according
to the requirements.
3. A process known as pre-silicatisation, which reduces the friction of the rock to the passage of cement is
necessary in certain types of rocks.
4. Extra holes are drilled for the purpose & are treated first with silicate of soda & then with aluminum
sulphate.
5. This process of treating the holes with the chemicals is known as silicatisation.
6. The holes to be treated with chemicals are known as "product-hole" & their number is usually three
times that of cementation holes.
7. After cementation of holes the shaft sinking proceeds in the usual manner.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BORING? DESCRIBE ROTARY METHOD OF BORING WITH A NEAT
DIAGRAM
DIAMOND DRILLING
DESCRIPTION OF DIAMOND DRILL
1. The diamond drill bit is rotated at a speed of nearly 300 RPM. & the pressure on the diamonds are
between 1.5 & 2 kgf/cm2.
2. The pressure acting upon the diamonds of the drill bit & the rate of advance of the drill bit into the rock
3. are controlled by an arrangement known as feed mechanism".
4. The feed mechanism is hydraulic for deep holes, but may be replaced by screw feed for shallow holes.
5. Beyond a depth of nearly 60 m, the weight of the rods
keeps the bit pressed against the rocks & the feed
mechanism may not be necessary at greater depth the
feed mechanism is operated in such a way that the
weight on the drill bit is not excessive.
SCREW FEED (IMP*)
1. In this arrangement the drill rods pass through a
hollow screw shaft, threaded on the outside, & provide
with a long keyway.
2. A bevel pinion, rotated by the bevel gear of the main
driving shaft, has feathers engaging the keyway on the
screw shaft, to which it imparts rotation.
3. It also drives gear wheel A, engaging with gear wheel B
on a rotation.
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4. It also drives gear wheel A, engaging with gear wheel B on a countershaft.

5. Usually three different combinations of gear are provided here, any of which can be utilized to vary the
rate of advance to suit the type of rock.
6. Gear B, through the counter-shaft, drives C, which engages a fourth wheel D, threaded internally to fit
the threads of the screw shaft.
7. A pressure gauge attached to the roller friction collar records the
varying pressure on the bit.
8. The setting of the feed decided upon is obtained by sliding a lever to
the desired position for locking the appropriate.
9. Loose gear, giving the speed required for the ground being bored.
HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM (IMP*)

DESCRIPTION
1. There are three hollow rods, one within the other, namely, the inner
bore rod, the middle drive rod & the outer piston rod.
2. The hollow bore-rod is clamped to the drive-rod by the chuck.
3. The drive rod is secured to & supported by the collar-plate in the
suspension box, the latter remaining supported by being fixed to the
hollow piston rod which carries the piston in the hydraulic cylinder.
4. This cylinder is firmly fixed to the engine frame work.
5. The rate of feed of the bore-rods is governed by the rate at which the
piston descends, for this governs the descent of the suspension box & therefore, of the collar plate &
drive-rod to which the uppermost bore rod is clamped.
6. It will be seen that the drive rod is free to rotate within the suspensions box & within the hollows piston
rod.
EXPLAIN DEVIATION OF BORE HOLE.

DEVIATION OF THE BORE HOLE (IMP****)
Major factors affecting deviation, in general, are depth & angle of the borehole & the nature of the strata
drilled. Certain drilling techniques also influence the deviation & with judicious application of the same,
deviation can be controlled & kept at a minimum.
Experienced drillers have observed from long experience that borehole deviation follows certain rules which
apply generally but to which there are some exceptions. These rules may briefly be stated as follows:
1. Deviation may occur in hole of as small a depth as 100 m.
2. Deviation increases with depth.
3. Borehole tends to follow the bending plane between a hard rock & a soft rock. Contact zones of dykes,
veins, lenses, especially hard & soft act as natural deflecting planes. In soft ground & shear zones
deviation is common.
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4. Some drilling techniques have a major primary influence on deviation, such as hole dia, bit pressure,
core barrel & casing.
DIA OF HOLE
Large dia holes tend to deviate less than the small dia holes. It has been observed that in 'BX size the deviation
of borehole is 2"to 3° per 30 m & with other conditions being similar it may become double of this in AX' size &
triple in EX size.
BIT PRESSURE
High bit. pressure accelerates deviation; thus, a sharp bit drilling a t a moderate penetration will require less bit
pressure (& consequently deviates less) than a blunt bit or a bit that is fed faster.
CORE BARREL
A diamond drill hole tends to stay straight. One of the factors against deviation is the constraining of the barrel
by the hole. This is affected by the stiffness of the barrel & its clearance in the hole & such long, heavy walled
core barrels close to hole side will reduce deviation. Worn core barrels aggravate tendency to deviate; this is
also the case if light bore rods are used.
CONTROL FOR DEVIATION

Deviation can be suitably controlled & reduced by
1. Paying attention to causes stated at (4) above.
2. Using full dia drill rods for the entire length of the borehole & using proper couplings etc., with good
threads to avoid angularity & lack of concentricity.
3. Correcting the hole's course by deflection methods, described shortly, where necessary.
DESCRIBE SUBLEVEL CAVING METHOD OF STOPPING WITH APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS, CYCLE OF

OPERATION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
SUBLEVEL CAVING (IMP**)
Sub-level caving is a development of top slicing method & resembles it in many ways. Sublevel caving is a caving
method where the overburden & part of the ore is induced to cave in. The overburden & the ore must be weak
enough to cave readily. This method should not be confused with sub-level stoping in which all the ore is
extracted by drilling & blasting & the ore as well as the wall rocks have to be strong.
APPLICATION
1. Sublevel caving is used in steeply dipping ores & in other deposits with a comparatively large vertical
thickness.
2. Sub level drifts must be largely self-supporting.
3. As the drifts are the widest self-supported spaces that are required, the method can be used in rather
weak ore.
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4. The hanging wall should preferably not

be too stable as a continuous caving of
the hanging wall should follow the ore
extraction.
5. The surface conditions must allow
subsidence.
PREPARATION & OPERATION CYCLE
1. The main part of the preparation consists
of the very comprehensive drifting on the
sublevels up to 20% of the ore is
recovered during the development.
2. In addition to the drifts, ore passes &
raises are required to connect the
sublevels with the main levels.
3. Initially a 20% inclined service ramp is
driven in the footwall rock (Fig. 2.26).
4. It is preferable to start at the top of a mining block & drive the ramp downgrade so that gravity can
assist in mucking the blasted development round, & also access can be gained more quickly to the initial
production area.
5. The ramp normally turns at 180° about every 150m to keep it reasonably close to the rock disposal pass.
6. The result is an elongated spiraling downgrade service tuned which stays within the limits of the mining
block.
7. Sublevels are established by driving horizontal access drifts off the ramp approximately every 9m
vertically.
8. A haulage drift is then driven in the footwall rock about 10m from the footwall ore contact.
9. Parallel or extraction drifts 11 to 12 m apart are driven from the footwall drift across the ore body to
then hanging wall contact.
10. A slot drift is then driven in ore along the hanging wall contact interconnecting all of the extraction drifts
at the hanging wall as well as the footwall.
ADVANTAGE
1. It can be applied to both hard & moderately weak ground.
2. It is suitable for a high degree of mechanization.
3. No pillars are left for subsequent high cost mining or lost ore.
4. This method has been successfully applied to pillar recovery.
5. The sublevel caving method is regular & permits of systematic working.
6. The oms in sub-level caving is higher than in top-slicing.
7. Further the cost for timber is lower & less.
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UNFAVORABLE FACTORS
1. There is usually more dilution of the ore in this method than in top slicing & square set stoping.
2. There is practically no sorting of ore in the stopes.
3. The stopes are difficult to ventilate.
4. Low-grade ore in the overburden or near the boundary of the deposits is lost.
5. High development cost.
DRAW LABELLED DIAGRAM OF WALLING SCAFFOLD, RIDER AND WATER GARLAND CRIB. (IMP**)
WATERGARLAND CURB (IMP**)
1. If water percolates from the strata which have be lined,
the packing allows the water to percolate & this prevents
buildup of hydrostatic pressure behind the brick wall.
2. Weep holes are left in the brick walls at the curb level
during their construction for escape of such water which
is collected in the water garlands at the curbs.
3. The water is then piped down the shaft from the water
garlands.
4. The bricking curb comprising the water garland is of a
special construction as shown in Fig. 4.6 & is called a
"garland curb" which is required only where water
percolates from the strata.
5. It is made in segments & one or more of the
segments are provided with an outlet hole into which
is screwed a nipple for 50 mm dia drain pipe.
WALLING SCAFFOLD (IMP**)
1. Construction of brick wall is carried out from a
walling scaffold or platform.
2. This consist of a frame of Sal wood having 0.3 m × 0.3
m square members covered with stout Sal planks.
3. It has an opening 2 m × 2m square for passage of the
sinking bucket.
4. The scaffold is suspended by chains from two ropes
hanging in the shaft, one on each side of the winding
rope, & it is raised or lowered by a double drum
winch (or alternatively two winches) to which the
scaffold ropes (locked coil) are taken.
5. The dia of the scaffold is slightly less than the finished dia of the shaft.
6. Four sliding bolts are used to keep the platform steady when in use, & the bolts are pushed on to the
top of the brickwork or into vertical recesses cut in the brickwork.
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7. About 1.3 m of walling is completed from one position of the scaffold.

8. In the shaft sides buntons have to be fixed at intervals of 9 m to 16 m for support of cables, water
delivery pipes, compressed air mains, etc.
9. The position of buntons where they are to be fixed in the
permanent lining is marked by plumb wires suspended from the
surface & holes are left in the lining for fixing the buntons.
RIDER
1. It is not a common practice to use guide ropes in a sinking shaft,
& to prevent undue swinging of the bucket during its travel, a
rider is used in addition to the use of a locked coil rope for
winding (Fig. 4.4).
2. The rider runs on the ropes supporting the walling scaffold &
guides the bucket during its travel.
3. The rider cone is so through it.
4. When the bucket has to be lowered below the walling scaffold,
the rider rests on the cappels of the scaffold ropes, & the rope
passes down through the rider cone, guided by a loose guide
sheave called the spider.
5. The spider is so constructed as to collapse when passing through
the detaching plate at the header in case of an overwind.
6. The rider serves its purpose only between the bricking scaffold &
the surface.
7. It enables a bucket to be raised & lowered at a much greater speed & with greater safety than if no rider
is used.
EXPLAIN GERMAN TUBBING’S. HOW WILL YOU REMOVE DEBRIS FROM SINKING SHAFT?
CONSTRUCTION OF GERMAN TUBBING UPWARDS (IMP*)
1. A base for a wedging curb is prepared in good, strong
levelled ground over which a cast iron wedging curb is
carefully laid.
2. It is carefully centered, levelled & wedged in position.
3. The tubbing plates are then lowered, one at a time, by the
winding rope, & slewed by the workmen into position on
top of the curb.
4. Each plate is bolted to the wedging curb.
5. When a complete ring of plates is placed at site the position
of each joint is measured from the center line & the plates
suitably adjusted to conform to the circumference of the
shaft.
6. The gap between the flanges is packed tightly with lead sheeting & the bolts of the flanges tightened.
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7. Quick setting concrete is poured & rammed behind the tubbing & another ring is built on top of the
previous one.
8. Additional curbs are laid, according to the nature of the strata, at intervals of nearly 20 m.
CONSTRUCTION OF GERMAN TUBBING DOWNWARDS

1. German tubbing constructed from top downwards is known as "Underhung Tubbing' For building
underhung tubbing an inverted wedding curve or anchor ring is placed above the water bearing strata &
the tubbing suspended therefrom (Fig. 4.13).
2. A ring of tubbing comprising the required number of tubbing plates to suit the circumference of the
shaft is as soon as sinking proceeds sufficiently below the wedging curb to accommodate the ring.
3. As the sinking proceeds, the tubbing can be constantly maintained within 1.5 to 1.8 m of inserted dent
the shaft bottom.
EXPLAIN VARIOUS MEANS OF OPENING-UP OF A MINERAL DEPOSIT.

TYPES OF UNDERGROUND OPENING OR OPENING UP OF A MINERAL DEPOSIT BY VERTICAL SHAFT,
INCLINED SHAFT, ADIT. (IMP*)
VERTICAL SHAFT HOISTING
CONDITIONS
1. For dip horizontal at (<300).
2. For Vertical or steeply inclined deposits.
3. For bad natural conditions.
4. For high productions.
5. Also for the long life.
INCLINED SHAFT WITH HOISTING

CONDITION
1. For moderately inclined (30-700).
2. Moderate condition of rocks.
3. Low to moderate production.
4. Shortness in horizontal development.
5. Allow explanation during sinking.
SLOPE OR DECLINE WITH HAULAGE

CONDITION
1. For shallow horizontal deposits.
2. Good to moderate condition moderate to high production.
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3. Long life.
4. Use with rope haulage tracks limited to 120 with two conveyors.
DRIFT OR AUDIT
CONDITION
1. For shallow, out cropping horizontal.
2. Deposited or steeply inclined deposits.
3. In area of high relief.
4. Varied conditions.
5. Long life.
DESCRIBE SHRINKAGE STOPPING METHOD WITH NEAT SKETCH.

SHRINKAGE STOPING (IMP**)
1. By shrinkage is meant a temporary accumulation of the broken ore in the stope.
2. Working in which the broken ore is stored is called shrinkage stopes.
3. In shrinkage stoping the ore is
excavated in horizontal slices,
starting from the lower part of a
stope & advancing upwards, i.e.
towards the rise.
4. The method implies conventional
overhand stoping method with
miners working between the muck
pile & the stope back in a space
which advances up the rise with
mining & is maintained by
balancing swell ‘with "shrink".
5. Length of the block varies from 50-
100 m & its height from 45-60 m.
6. Large orebodies are mined with
several separate stopes with
intermediate pillars to stabilize the
hanging wall.
7. The pillars are usually mined after the regular stoping has been finished.
8. Recovery of the ore varies from 75 to 90 % & it is lowest in thick deposits.
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APPLICATION
1. STEEP DIP – The dip must exceed the angle of repose of the broken ore. Regularity along the dip is a pre
requisite of shrinkage stoping as there must be no serious obstruction to flow of ore.
2. FIRM ORE –The ore should be free flowing. Too much fine or clayey materials will hamper free flowing.
The ore should not cement together from oxidation of pyrites. It should not develop spontaneous
heating & should not deteriorate during storage in the stope.
3. Thickness of orebody from 3 m to 12 m.
4. Comparatively stable hanging & foot-wall. Shrinkage stoping cannot be used in weak rock because the
sides of the stope would squeeze together & trap the broken ore which will then not flow. Compared to
sub-level stoping, described earlier, the shrinkage stoping can be adopted if the wall rocks are slightly
weaker & not as strong as are required for sub-level stoping.
5. Ore body must have regular boundaries.
PREPARATION
1. Haulage drift along the bottom of the stope.
2. Crosscuts into the ore under the stope.
3. Finger raises & cones from crosscuts to the undercut.
4. Undercut of the stope by taking a complete bottom slice 5-10 m above the haulage drift.
5. A raise from the undercut to upper level for ventilation & as manway.
In the same way as sub level stoping the preparation is simplifying in shrinkage stoping now-a days by
mechanizing cross cuts without raise & under cut.
ADVANTAGE
1. The shrinkage stoping is not a cyclic operation as compared to the cut fill method of stoping.
2. It more efficient & cheaper than the latter which requires more development work.
3. The broken ore in the stope forms reserve to cope with sudden demand for more ore.
4. There are no ore passes in the stope to need maintenance or erection.
5. No ores have to be handled in the stope.
6. Use of wheelbarrows & tubs is dispensed with.
7. No scraping of ore is required.
8. The method involves smaller capital outlay & less development work, is generally more selective.
9. Applicable to veins or mass having a greater degree of irregularities.
DISADVANTAGE
1. Shrinkage stoping has large blocks of ore that would normally have to be broken by secondary blasting
may be buried in the stope.
2. These large blocks may block the draw point.
3. The broken ore that has to be left in the stope till the stoping operations are completed represents
blocked up capital.
4. As mechanization is not possible man power requirement is high.
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5. There is possibility of spontaneous combustion in ores with a high Sulphur content.

6. The method is not suitable for deposits at greater depth as the ground pressure becomes heavy.
7. Sorting is not feasible in shrinkage stopes.
VCR METHOD. (IMP**)

VCR METHOD.
APPLICABILITY CONDITION
1. ORE STRENGTH – Moderate to strong.
2. ROCK STRENGTH – fairly strong to strong.
3. SHAPE – Tabular or lenticular.
4. DIP – Fairly steep (>450) & boundary preferable 600 – 900.
5. SIZE – Fairly thick to moderate.
6. GRADE – Moderate.
A further improvement in the sublevel stoping
has been realized in the last decade with advent
of VCR method. Large parallel holes are drilled
as drilled in the parallel drilling method but
major difference is innovation is blasting
horizontal slices of ore with near special charges
into the undercut. Spherical placement of
explosive is the most efficient in terms of
fragmentation & powder consumption holes are
charged from the collar after plunging the
opposite end. The size of charge is restricted to
a length to dia which suffices in practical to
simulate a spherical charge. All holes in a stope
are detonated tighter, when the broken ore in
the stop has been drawn down sufficient then
the next slice of ore is blasted because drilling is
carried out from a sub level & is usually
complete before blasting commences unit operation with VCR method can be conducted with higher efficiency
& productivity.
In VCR method a horizontal slot must be opened across the ore body to provide room for the drill stations. This
constructed by drilling or sub level cross cut the width of the stope & then advancing its length to the sub level
drift as mining progresses.
ADVANTAGE
1. Retreated mining result in minimum maintenance of roadways.
2. There is good ventilation through the sub level.
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WHAT ARE THE DRILLING PATTERNS USED DURING SHAFT SINKING? EXPLAIN THE BLASTING
PROCEDURE IN SHAFT SINKING.
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF DRILLING AND BLASTING FOR 6 M DIAMETER FINISHED SHAFT FOR
SINKING.
DESCRIBE ANY ONE DRILLING PATTERN USED IN SHAFT SINKING WITH NEAT SKETCH.
DRILLING, CHARGING & BLASTING & MUCKING OPERATION
DRILLING
1. The hard rock in a sinking pit is blasted with explosives after holes are drilled.
2. The shot-holes are arranged as shown in the Fig. 4.8.
3. As a thumb rule it may be stated that the number of holes in a ring is three times the dia of the ring in
meters.
4. The holes are drilled by hand-held jack hammer drills operated by compressed air.
5. A jack hammer operates at air pressure of nearly 6 kgf/cm2.
6. The supply of compressed air to the drill is by rubber hose pipe connected to the compressed air main
which is nearly 100 mm dia & supported at intervals in the shaft.
7. Usually 2 to 3 drills, each consuming nearly 3 m3 of free air per minute work at a time in a shaft of 6 m
dia.
8. The holes are 38 mm dia & 1.2 to 1.5 m deep.
9. A hole, after it is drilled, should be plugged with wooden plugs to prevent entry of sludge.
DRILLING PATTER
1. SUMPER – This is the inner most ring of the
hole in the center of the shaft. The holes are
dipping toward the center of the shaft. The
main object is to make a slump in center to
provide a free space for subsequent rings.
2. EASERS – The hole in this rings are slightly
dipping toward the sumper ring. This is
followed by another ring for the same
purpose.
3. TRIMMERS – the hole in this ring near the
shaft side are dipping toward the shaft side
to correctly trim the sides to the desire
finished dia.
CHARGING HOLES
1. Gelatinous high explosives like Ajax G are used in sand stones & shales & special gelatin may be used in
very hard rock like that of a sill.
2. A hole 1.2 to 1.5 m deep, may require 0.6 to 0.9 kg of explosive charge Low tension detonators are
employed for blasting.
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3. The holes need no stemming as the water in each hole acts as a good stemming material, though
sometimes the drill cuttings are utilized for more effective steaming.
BLASTING OF HOLES
1. Blasting of the inner ring is to be carried out first & all the shots in the ring are connected in series.
2. Before blasting the equipment, lights, etc.
3. which are likely to be damaged are removed to the surface or raised high above the bottom of the shaft.
4. The shots are connected to a shot firing cable which is suspended from a reel at the surface.
5. All men are withdrawn, the folding doors closed, & the shots are fired electrically from the surface by a
hand operated heavy duty exploder.
6. Blasting by tapping current from electric power lines is permitted by DGMS under certain conditions &
was practiced in Sudamdih shaft sinking.
7. Blasting & clearing up debris of all the rings gives a progress of nearly 1.2 m if the inside sumper holes
are 1.5 m deep.
CLEARING UP DEBRIS (IMP*)

1. The debris is removed to the surface by a bucket (also called kibble, bowk or hoppit.
2. A fork catch in the shape of a U keeps the bucket upright relative to the bow.
3. The trunnion axis is low so that when the loaded bucket is suspended & the fork catch turned back the
bucket tilts itself discharging the contents.
4. The bucket is attached to the detaching hook of the winding rope through a clivy & bridle chains.
5. Two buckets are generally in use, one at the pit bottom for getting loaded & the other which may be in
transit, or at the pit top, getting unloaded.
6. The debris is cleared at the surface through a chute into which it is unloaded from the bucket.
7. V doors are sometimes used at shaft top so that the bucket, when hoisted slightly above the opened
doors & then lowered to rest on the closed doors is automatically tilted if the fork catch is turned back.
8. In another method a worker with a long hook stands on a platform built in the headgear over the chute.
9. When the bucket comes to the surface, he catches the clivy with the hook & the winding rope is slightly
slackened as the worker pulls the bucket with the hook towards the chute.
10. In this case the chute is not above the shaft opening but to one side.
FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR CHOICE OF STOPING METHOD.

The choice of method of stoping depends on many factors, the main one being:
1. THICKNESS OF THE ORE – There are ore bodies which are thin, thick & extra ore bodies. Thine ore bodies
are suitable to work with breast stoping methods, while sublevel stoping method is suitable for thick &
extra ore body.
2. DIP OF ORE BODY – The ore with low inclination & not exceeding 350 are suitable for breast stoping, the
top slicing caving method is suitable to flat & horizontal ore bodies.
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3. CHARACTER OF THE ORE BODY – Some ore body are weak & some ore body are strong. The weak ore
bodies do not stand the pressure. Such ore require support. For such ore bodies caving method such as
top slicing, sublevel caving is used.
4. CHARACTER OF WALLS – In some cases the hanging wall & footwall of ore bodies are strong & in some
cases wither the footwall or hanging wall or both, may be weak. In case of strong wall that is both the
hanging & footwall is strong the open stope is used.
5. COST OF ORE BODY – some ore bodies contain costly mineral & some ore bodies costly due to rich
mineralization. Timber stopped method can be used for costly mineral through the timber cost is high.
6. NATURE OF THE MINERALIZATION – The ore bodies may contain low percentage of mineral. Such ore
bodies can be worked out by breast stope method.
7. CONTINUITY OF ORE–Some of the ore bodies are continuous & regular ore bodies. Such ore bodies are
worked by timber stopped method & shrinkage stop method.
8. COST OF SUPPORT & AVAILABILITY – In case of timber stopped method & top slicing of caving method
regular supply & ample timber is required. So, the timber should be available in plenty & cost should be
low.
9. DEPTH OF ORE BODY FROM SURFACE – When ore bodies are at shallow depth or harrying bone method
is & footwall cross cut & box hole can be used as the hanging wall is given the support of small ore pillar
left in stope itself.
These factor are interdependent & of varying importance. Their effect on the choice of the mining method will
be apparent as on understand the various method of development.
WHAT ARE THE PROVISIONS OF MMR 1961 REGARDING LADDERS AND LADDER WAYS?
73. PROVISION OF LADDERWAYS.

(1) Every shaft or Winze, including shaft or Winze in the course of being sunk, which has an inclination
exceeding 25 degrees from the horizontal, shall be provided with a ladderway from the top to the bottom:
Provided that in the case of a shaft or Winze in the course of being sunk, the ladderway may be provided within
such distance, not exceeding 20 metres, from the bottom as to secure it from danger during blasting operations
& a chain or rope ladder shall be provided from this point to the bottom of the shaft or
(2) Every working place shall be provided with platforms or other means of keeping a foothold, & where
necessary, with ladders from climbing.
74. LADDERS.
(1) Every ladder used in a mine shall –
(a) be of strong construction;
(b) subject to the provision of sub-regulation (2), be securely fixed in the shaft, Winze or stope at an
inclination of not more than 80 degrees from the horizontal;
(c) be made continuous or without perceptible overlapping or break except at a platform or sollar;
(d) project at least one metre above the mouth of the shaft, Winze rise of stope & above every platform,
except where strong holdfasts or hand-rails are provided;
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(e) have rungs equally spaced & at a sufficient distance from the wall or from any timber to ensure
proper foothold; &
(f) be maintained in good repair.
(2) Except in respect of the lowest 10 metres or a sinking shaft or Winze, no ladder shall be placed at an
inclination of more than 80 degrees from the horizontal.
Provided that the Regional Inspector may, by an order in writing & subject to such conditions as
he may specify therein, permit a ladder to be fixed at a steeper inclination.
76. GUARDING OF LADDERWAYS.

(1) Every ladderway in a shaft or Winze used for winding or other purposes
shall be in a separate compartment or shall be adequately guarded from other compartments.
(2) Every ladderway below any place or travelling roadway where persons are stationed or pas, shall be
provided with a suitable cover of substantial fence or guard.
WHAT ARE THE PROVISION OF MMR 1961 REGARDING MEANS OF ACCESS & EGRESS?
OUTLETS FROM A MINE
(1) No person shall be employed, or be permitted to enter or remain for purposes of employment, in any
working belowground, unless the working is provided with at least two shafts, inclines or other outlets to the
surface –
(a) with which every seam or section of the time being at work has a communication so as to afford
separate means of ingress and egress to the persons employed therein;
(b) which do not have their surface openings in the same building; and
(c) which are under the sole control of the manager:
(2) Suitable arrangements shall be made for persons to descend and ascend by each of such shafts, inclines or
outlets; and
(a) where the shaft is more than 30 metres in depth, such arrangements shall be by mechanical means. Every
mechanical equipment used for the purpose shall be to installed and maintained as to be constantly
available for use. In case of a doubt as to whether any such arrangement is suitable or not it shall be
referred to the Chief Inspector for decision; and
(b) where in any shaft, ladders are used as a means of ingress or egress of persons employed in a mine, every
such ladder shall –
(I) be of strong construction;
(ii) be securely fixed in the shaft at an inclination of not more than 80 degrees from the horizontal;
(iii) be made continuous or without perceptible overlapping or break except at platforms which shall be
provided at intervals of not more than nine metres;
(iv) project at least one metre above the mouth of the shaft, and above every platform, except where
strong holdfasts or handrails are provided;
(v) have rungs equally spaced and at a sufficient distance from the wall or any timber to ensure proper
foothold; and
(vi) be maintained in good repair.
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(3) Such shafts, inclines or outlets shall not be less than 13.5 metres distant from one another at any point, and
each shall be connected with the other by means of a walkable passage, not less than 1.8 metres high 1.5
metres wide, through the workings belowground that are being served by such shafts, inclines or outlets.
(4) Whenever the connection between two outlets which are required to be maintained under sub-regulation
(1) has been obstructed or found dangerous, only such persons as are necessary to clear the obstruction or to
repair the dangerous part of the connection or to make a new second outlet, as the case may be, shall be
employed belowground until such time as the connection has been re-established or a new second outlet has
been provided.
(5) The foregoing provisions of this regulation with respect to shafts, inclines and outlets shall not apply -
(a) to a shaft which is being sunk or to an incline or outlet which is being made;
(b) to any working for the purpose of making a connection between two or more shafts, inclines or outlets;
and
(c) to any working for the sole purpose of searching for or proving minerals;
(3) Such shafts, inclines or outlets shall not be less than 13.5 metres distant from one another at any point, and
each shall be connected with the other by means of a walkable passage, not less than 1.8 metres high 1.5
metres wide, through the workings belowground that are being served by such shafts, inclines or outlets.
(4) Whenever the connection between two outlets which are required to be maintained under sub-regulation
(1) has been obstructed or found dangerous, only such persons as are necessary to clear the obstruction or to
repair the dangerous part of the connection or to make a new second outlet, as the case may be, shall be
employed belowground until such time as the connection has been re-established or a new second outlet has
been provided.
(5) The foregoing provisions of this regulation with respect to shafts, inclines and outlets shall not apply -
(a) to a shaft which is being sunk or to an incline or outlet which is being made;
(b) to any working for the purpose of making a connection between two or more shafts, inclines or outlets;
(c) to any working for the sole purpose of searching for or proving minerals;
67. WORKING SHAFTS –
(1) Every shaft in use or in course of being sunk and every incline or other outlet shall be made and kept secure.
(2) Every shaft in the course of being sank shall be provided with a permanent lining of metal, concrete or
masonry, which shall at no time be more than six metres from the bottom of the shaft:
(3) Every shaft regularly used for lowering and raising persons or materials, in which water seeps out of the
strata shall be provided with water garlands or other means of collecting and conducting away seepage water.
(4) The top, all insets and bottom of every working shaft and the sump thereof shall be kept clear and free from
loose materials, tools and debris.
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68. FENCINGS AND GATES AT OUTLETS –

(1) Every entrance to a mine from the surface, and the top and all entrances between the top and bottom,
including the sump, if any, of every working, ventilating or pumping shaft, shall be kept securely fenced.
(2) Every walkable entrance from the surface to the workings belowground shall be provided with a substantial
gate which shall be kept closed and locked when there are no persons belowground:
69. OUTLETS FROM MINE PARTS – Every part of a mine shall, where practicable, be provided with at least two
ways affording means of egress to the surface. If any doubt arises as to whether the provision of two such ways
is practicable or not, it shall be referred to the Chief Inspector for decision.
70. PERIODIC EXAMINATION, ETC. OF OUTLETS –
(1) Every shaft, incline and other outlets provided as required by regulation 66 shall be examined, once at least
in every seven days, by an overman or other competent person. A report of every such examination shall
immediately thereafter be recorded in a bound paged book kept for the purpose and shall be signed and dated
by the person making the examination.
(2) If at the time of such examination or at any other time, the shaft, incline or other outlet is found to be not
safe, it shall not be used for any purpose, except as a natural airway, until it has been made safe in all respects.
Report of every such action taken shall be recorded in the book kept under sub-regulation (1).
TYPES OF CORE RECOVERY

EXPLAIN SINGLE TUBE CORE BARREL.
EXPLAIN: CHILLED SHOT BORING, WITH A NEAT SKETCH, DESCRIBE ANY ONE RECOVERY TOOL.
CORE RECOVERY (IMP*)
To collect the core of the rock drilled, a device
known as the core barrel is used. It is length
varies from 0.5 to 3 m. There are two types of
this
1. The single tube core barrel.
2. Double tube core barrel.
SINGLE TUBE CORE BARREL (IMP*)
A single tube core barrel is suitable for
homogeneous formations where the core is not
eroded by flushing water & a solid core can be
taken without risk of blockage in the barrel.
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CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

1. The connection of the diamond crown, the single-tube core barrel &
the mud bucket (also called calyx) are shown in fig. 3.10.
2. The core lifter is placed within the bevel shell which has its inside
conically shaped to receive the former.
3. The core lifter is corrugated on the inner face & is a split ring.
4. It occupies the wider portion of the bevel shell when drilling takes
place so that it has little or no tendency to grip the core.
5. After certain progress in drilling when the rods are lifted to take out
the core, the split ring descends inside the bevel shell & grips the
core.
6. The latter may now be broken off by a twist & raised to the surface.
The core is replaced after about 250 m of drilling.
7. The larger particles of drill cuttings which the circulating after fails to
carry up to the surface settle down in the mud bucket.
8. Where supply of flushing water is plentiful, calyx is not necessary.
The water under circulation is nearly 900 liters per minute.
9. In soft & friable rocks, the core is partially washed away due to the
circulating water flowing past it.
10. The rotation of the barrel greatly assists in grinding the core so that
its recovery in a single tube core barrel is poor.
DOUBLE TUBE CORE BARREL
1. A double tube core barrel is used, specially where good core of soft
rock is desired.
2. In a double tube core barrel in inner tube with holds the core does
not rotate during drilling as it is suspended on ball bearings mounted
in the block at the top of the barrel permitting the inner core barrel
to remain stationary.
3. Moreover, water does not flow past the core but in the annual space
between the inner tube & the outer barrel & through channels near
the bottom of the hole.
4. A double tube core barrel improves drill bit economy & overall
drilling performance.
Core recovery is good in hard uniform rocks but poor in loose, soft, friable or weathered rocks. Vibrations of
drill rods result in poor recovery. In hard rocks, to achieve good core recovery the drill should be run at low
speed & heavy pressure; in soft rocks, reverse procedure should be adopted the combination of pressure on
drill bit & its rotational speed should be such as to give vibration-free drill string during drilling.
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CHILLED STEEL SHOTS (IMP**)

1. These shots are prepared by heating very finely divided steel particles to a very high temperature & then
suddenly cooling them in ice cold water.
2. Chilled shots a used in conjunction with a plain steel shell or cylinder with a diagonal slot near the
bottom.
3. They are fed through the hollow drill rods & pass to the bottom of the hole where they get caught
between the bottom end of the cutting shell & the rock.
4. As the shell & the drill rods rotate, the chilled steel shots cut the rock by a milling action.
5. The method is suitable for vertical & large dia holes of 100 mm to 750 mm. It is also called calyx drilling,
but is not much favored these days as diamond drill bits have gained wide popularity & are available in
large diameters up to 250 mm.
DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE OF DEEPENING OF SHAFT.

EXPLAIN IN BRIEF THE PROCESS OF DEEPENING A VERTICAL SHAFT. (IMP****)
EXPLAIN WIDENING OF SHAFT.
ENLIST THE VARIOUS METHODS OF DEEPENING OF SHAFT AND EXPLAIN ANY ONE METHOD.
EXPLAIN SHAFT WIDENING WITH A NEAT SKETCH.
DEEPENING OF SHAFT (IMP***)

1. If the shaft is discussing, it must be examining, re-ventilated, drained & deepening may proceed in the
ordinary manner the debris being wound to the surface.
2. If the shaft is used for emergency exist, then folding doors may be arranged at pit bottom & deepening
carried out in the usual manner.
3. If coal winding & deepening have to be carried out simultaneously, a staple is sumped from existing
shaft level. Then a heading is driven from the staple to a point vertically under the winding shaft.
Centering arrangement is made & by proper centering dip deepening is carried out.
4. If the shaft has to be deepened for lower seam which is already opened up from adjacent dipper shaft,
then.
WIDENING OF SHAFT (IMP****)
1. A totally different procedure has to be adopted in which a strong cylindrical steel shield, which fits inside
the old shaft is used which does not interface with the travel of cages. (sufficient ground at the surface
must first be excavated behind the old shaft walling downward to a depth of 3m to enable a concrete
wall to be erected all around the shaft).
2. The next step is to erect a strong platform on girder at a depth of 4m & to widen the shaft to this depth,
the debris being raised by a crab engine. The platform is then removed & re-erected at a depth of 6m
shaft being widen to this depth. The widen shaft should be temporarily protected by steel rings &
backing deals. Finally, the permanent walling is built up & platform remove all tighter.
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN METAL MINES

SHAFT – It is vertical downward excavation of restricted cross-section made from surface to u/g for approaching
ore body.
INCLINE – It is drivage made from surface to u/g of restricted cross-section made at an angle to the
vertical/horizontal.
BELL – it is a funnel shape opening made at the top of the raise to move the bulk of material by gravity from
stop to the draw point.
ORE – it is rock containing valuable minerals that can be work out for economic benefits profitable.
RAMP DECLINE – It is an inclined opening driven from the surface to Underground to connect two Level below
the Underground in downward direction. It is a spiral type of opening mainly use for transportation of men’s &
materials is known as Ramp Decline.
RIB PILLAR – The side wall of Excavation is called as Rib Pillar.
LOAD or VEINS – A natural crack in the Earth Crust filled with minerals is known as Load or Veins.
AUDIT – It is a horizontal Level opening driven from its hill side to approach the Ore Body is called as Audit.
Sometime it may be slightly Raise or Dipping.
WINZE – It is an excavation made vertically or downward direction with in the Ore Body for joining the two Level
is known as Winze. It is generally located near the Footwall side.
RAISE – A connection between two Main Level in an ore body driven in upward direction from lower level to
meet upper level is known as Raise. Process of formation of Raise is known as Raising. The shape of Raise may
be Square, Rectangle or Circular. The purpose of Raise is to produce Main way access to main Machinery
material to act as an airway an act as an Ore pass.
HANGING WALL DRIVE – When any drive is located in the Hanging Wall is known as Hanging Wall Drive.
FOOT WALL DRIVE – When any drive is located in the Foot Wall is known as Foot Wall Drive.
MAIN LEVEL – A roadway which is driven in horizontal direction in the Ore Body parallel to the strike of the
deposited is known as Main Level. Generally Main Level is extended up to the Shaft.
SUB-LEVEL – When any Level is driven in the Ore Body between the two Main Adjacent Levels is known as Sub-
Level.
CROSSDRIFT or CROSSDRIVE – It is an Underground roadway driven within the Ore Body between the Hanging
Wall. It usually at right angle to Drive or Drift.
CROSSCUT – It is a horizontal roadway which starts from Shaft or Level passes through the Country Rock to cut
across the Vein of Ore at angle to Strike of the Belt is known as Crosscut.
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COUNTRY ROCKS – A waste material on the Strata adjacent to mineral deposited is called as Country Rocks.
OVER BURDEN – A Valueless Rock of Earth covering mineral deposited up to the ground surface is known as
Over Burden.
WALL ROCKS – The Country Rocks Boundary adjacent to the Ore Body is known as Wall Rocks.
OREBIN – It is a place of storage of Ore, striking near the bottom of the Shaft from where the loading is done is
known as Orebin.
STOPPING – It is the process of extraction of ore from a back or Pillar of Ore Body is known as Stopping.
STOP – The void space which is formed after stopping operation in the Ore Body is called as Stop.
OVERHAND – Advancing in the upward direction is called as Overhand.
UNDERHAND – Advancing in the downward direction is called as Underhand.
DRAWPOINT – It is a lowing point beneath the stop utilizing gravity for the movement of bulk material in the
downward direction & onto upon transports system (Conveyer Belt, Locomotives) for the means of loading
machine shovel, LHD etc. These are called as Box hole.
GRIZZLING – It is a coarse, screaming device that prevent over size bulk material from entering into material
transport system is known as Grizzingling. These are constructed in Raise.
GRADE – It is a percentage of metal content in the unit weight of Ore per ROM (Run of Mine) is known as Grade.
LEVEL INTERVAL – It is a vertical distance between two adjacent Main Level at Main Drive is known as Level
Interval.
LENGTH OF BACK – It is a distance between two main levels which is measure in the plane of Ore Body is known
as Length of Back.
BACK – The bottom or roof, top or overlaying surface of an Underground excavation is known as Back.
BOTTOM – Floor or underlying surface of Underground excavation is known as Bottom.
CAPPING – The waste material or rocks over laying the mineral deposit is known as Capping.
OREPASS – An Ore pass is a vertical or steeply incline Underground passage way for downward movement of
blasted Ore by Gravity is known as Ore pass.
CHUTE – These are small opening made in the Coal pillar for transferring the blasted Ore from the store to
lower or Haulage Level is known as Chute.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION – It is the section of ore body taken along of Ore Body in the strike direction the
working is projected on a Plane. This Plane is right angled to the thickness of Ore Body is known as Longitudinal
43 | P a g e
SESSION – 2017-18
Section.
TRANSVERSE SECTION – It is also vast section of the Ore Body taken along the thickness of the Ore Body. It is
right angled to the strike direction of the Ore Body & also right angle to the Longitudinal Section. All working is
projected in vertical plane is known as Transverse Section.
SLOT – Narrow vertical or inclined opening excavated in a deposited at the end of the stop to provide a Bench
Face is known as Slot.
TRANSFER POINT – It is the location in the material handling system, either at haulage or hoisting where
material is transfer between the various means of conveyor is known as transfer point.
PLACER DEPOSIT – These are formed by breaking up of the parent rocks & subsequent transportation of mineral
practical by stream or wave action.
CROWN PILLAR – The portion of deposited in In-Situ, a pillar overlying in the excavation as support above the
level is known as crown pillar. It may be essential opening for manway, ventilation, transportation etc.
SILL PILLAR – The portion of deposited in In-Situ, a pillar overlying in the excavation as support below the level is
known as crown pillar. It may be essential opening for manway or ore pass.
LEVEL – The system of horizontal opening connected to the shafts & parallel to the other level is called levels.
STAPLE PIT – It is a u/g shaft connecting higher working place to the lower working, but does not reaches or
touches the surface is called staple pit.
DRIVE OR DRIFT – It is horizontal like panel near the parallel to the strike of ore body. It may be located either
on the footwall or hanging wall side.
IN BYE – towards the working place & away from the mine extraction point is called in bye. & out bye is vice
versa of in bye.
ROOM – Horizontal exploitation opening in a bedded deposit is known as Room.
UNDER CUT – It is a horizontal opening excavated under the portion of deposit or the stope block to get a face
i.e. stope so as the induce the breakage known as undercut.
RUN OF MINE – It is broken ore of an average grade in a mine & it not subjected to any mineral dressing
technique.
CUTOFF GRADE – The least percentage of metal in the ore which is flexible from complete extraction &
subsequently for processing & melting.
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SESSION – 2017-18
1. DRAW NEAT SKETCH OF DRILL BITS USED IN ROTARY DRILLING. (IMP**)

2. EXPLAIN VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF ORE DRAWING FROM STOPE.
3. WHAT ARE OPEN STOPS? HOW WILL YOU CLASSIFY STOPPING METHODS FOR METAL
MINING? JUSTIFY IT.
4. EXPLAIN ANY ONE METHOD OF LINING A VERTICAL SHAFT.
5. MECHANIZED MUCKING OPERATION IN SHAFT SINKING.
6. DESCRIBE A STOPPING METHOD IN WHICH ORE’S SWELLING FACTOR IS CONSIDERED FOR
WITHDRAWAL OF ORE FROM THE STOPE.
7. EXPLAIN V-FOLDING DOOR ARRANGEMENT IN SHAFT SINKING.
8. DESCRIBE ANY ONE METHOD OF STOPPING IN WHICH EXPLOITATION WORKINGS ARE
DESIGNED TO COLLAPSE.
9. EXPLAIN VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF ORE DRAWING FROM STOPE.
10. COMPARE OVERHAND & UNDERHAND METHOD OF STOPING.
11. COMPARE BLOCK CAVING & TOP SLICING.
12. EXPLAIN LEDGE FORMATION & WATER GARLAND SCRUB.
45 | P a g e

LEVEL INTERVAL AND SHAFT LOCATION FACTORS

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NOTES BY – MD ALAM KHAN

SUBJECT – MWNC (SOLVED QUESTION PAPER)

SOLVED QUESTION PAPER 2014-2017

EXPLAIN PERMANENT LIVING OF SHAFT SIDES.

5. Usual thickness of brick lining varies from 0.4 m to 0.6 m.

STATE THE VARIOUS FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTING LOCATION OF SHAFT.

EXPLAIN TEMPORARY LINING OF SHAFT.

EXPLAIN SHAFT CENTERING ARRANGEMENT.

4. The clamps prevent overturning as well as lateral movement of the rail.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BORING? GIVE GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF BORING. (IMP**)

EXPLAIN THE WORKING OF HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM.

EXPLAIN THE SURFACE ARRANGEMENTS AND COMPONENTS OF ROTARY BORING.

5. A pump for supplying water under pressure for flushing.

DESCRIPTION OF DIAMOND DRILL

EXPLAIN THE METHOD OF DRIVING RAISE AND WINZE.

The methods practice for raising

1. Open raising by drilling, blasting, mucking.

RAISING BY LONG HOLE DRILLING

ALIMACK RAISE CLIMBER (IMP*)

STATE THE APPLICABILITY, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SUBLEVEL STOPPING

SUBLEVEL STOPPING (IMP****)

EXPLAIN CUT AND FILL STOPPING METHOD WITH NEAT SKETCH.

PROCEDURE FOR MIXING

SPECIAL METHODS OF SINKING (IMP****)

3. A grizzly level for control of the ore & secondary blasting.

At present block caving is not adopted at any of the mines in India.

TOP SLICE (IMP*)

DESCRIBE ALIMAK RAISE CLIMBER TO DRIVE A RAISE.

Its consist of following things

COMPARE SCREW FEED MECHANISM WITH HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM. (IMP**)

DESCRIBE OVERHAND STOPPING STATING ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

STATE THE CONDITIONS APPLICABLE FOR CEMENTATION METHOD OF SHAFT SINKING.

4. It also drives gear wheel A, engaging with gear wheel B on a countershaft.

HYDRAULIC FEED MECHANISM (IMP*)

EXPLAIN DEVIATION OF BORE HOLE.

CONTROL FOR DEVIATION

DESCRIBE SUBLEVEL CAVING METHOD OF STOPPING WITH APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS, CYCLE OF

4. The hanging wall should preferably not

7. About 1.3 m of walling is completed from one position of the scaffold.

CONSTRUCTION OF GERMAN TUBBING DOWNWARDS

EXPLAIN VARIOUS MEANS OF OPENING-UP OF A MINERAL DEPOSIT.

INCLINED SHAFT WITH HOISTING

SLOPE OR DECLINE WITH HAULAGE

DESCRIBE SHRINKAGE STOPPING METHOD WITH NEAT SKETCH.

5. There is possibility of spontaneous combustion in ores with a high Sulphur content.

VCR METHOD. (IMP**)

CLEARING UP DEBRIS (IMP*)

FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR CHOICE OF STOPING METHOD.

73. PROVISION OF LADDERWAYS.

76. GUARDING OF LADDERWAYS.

68. FENCINGS AND GATES AT OUTLETS –

TYPES OF CORE RECOVERY

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

CHILLED STEEL SHOTS (IMP**)

DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE OF DEEPENING OF SHAFT.

DEEPENING OF SHAFT (IMP***)

TERMINOLOGY USED IN METAL MINES

RIB PILLAR – The side wall of Excavation is called as Rib Pillar.

OVERHAND – Advancing in the upward direction is called as Overhand.

UNDERHAND – Advancing in the downward direction is called as Underhand.

BOTTOM – Floor or underlying surface of Underground excavation is known as Bottom.

ROOM – Horizontal exploitation opening in a bedded deposit is known as Room.

1. DRAW NEAT SKETCH OF DRILL BITS USED IN ROTARY DRILLING. (IMP**)