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• Objectives / Introduction
• The high temperature materials problem
• Temperature dependent mechanical behaviour
• Creep test
• Stress rupture test
• Structural change during creep
• Mechanisms of creep deformation
• Fracture at elevated temperature
• High temperature alloys
http://en.wikipedia.org
Oil refinery
Steam turbine
used in power
plant
Testing temperature
Homologous temp = > 0.5
Melting temperature
2) Subgrain formation
• Creep deformation produces imhomoginiety
Creep rate and total strain especially around grain boundaries, allowing
relationship dislocations to arrange themselves into a
low-angle grain boundary. Easy for metals
Different creep rates result with high stacking false energy.
from changes in internal
structure of the materials with 3) Grain boundary sliding
creep rate and time. • Produced by shear process and promoted by
increasing temperature/or decreasing strain rate.
• Results in grain boundary folding or grain
boundary migration.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Mechanisms of creep deformation
The chief creep deformation mechanisms can be grouped into;
1) Dislocation glide
Involves dislocation moving along slip planes and
overcoming barriers by thermal activation.
Occurs at high stress.
2) Dislocation creep
Involves dislocation movement to overcome
barriers by diffusion of vacancies or interstitials.
3) Diffusion creep
Involves the flow of vacancies and interstitials through
a crystal under the influence of applied stress.
2
•
σ bD gb
ε = 10
8
3
Eq.3 For grain boundary diffusion
E L
2
•
σ D
ε = 2 × 10 2o
9
Eq.3 For lattice self-diffusion
E L
The formation of
intergranular crack by
grain boundary sliding
Transgranular microvoid coalescence
Note: at T just below Trecrys, ductility drops due to grain boundary
sliding intergranular failure.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Equicohesive temperature
Grain
Strength
• Strength of GB = grain at the
equicohesive temperature (ECT).
Grain boundary
intergranular failure
Drawbacks
−5 −1 10 −5 −1
1% creep in 1000h = 10 h = s = 2.8 × 10 −9 s −1
3600
•
at T2 = 700 C = 973K ; ε 2 = 10 −8 s −1
o
•
at T2 = 800 C = 1073K ; ε 1 = 10 −5 s −1
o
From Eq.2
• •
R ln(ε 1 / ε 2 ) (8.3 Jmol −1 K −1 ) ln(10 3 )
Q= = = 599kJmol −1
(1 / T2 − 1 / T1 ) 1 / 973 − 1 / 1073