Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Associate Professor
Institute of Civil Engineering
National University of
Engineering the
Center Philippines
Outline
Part I – Aggregates
Definitions
Properties
Specifications
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Part I.
Aggregates
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PART I- Outline
1. Definition and Significance of Aggregates
2. Types of Aggregates
3. Source of Aggregates
4. Processing of Aggregates
5. Properties of Aggregates
6. Specifications Relative to Specific Applications
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Aggregates
Definition
Aggregate is a combination of sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, or other material used in combination with a binding
medium for such materials as bituminous and portland
cement concrete, mortar, plaster, etc., or alone as in
railroad ballast, filter beds, and various manufacturing
processes.
Significance
30% of total cost of pavement
65-85% volume of concrete structures
92-96% volume of asphalt concrete
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Aggregate Types
1. Natural – taken from natural deposits without
altering the mineralogical nature during processing
2. Artificial/Synthetic
a. byproducts: ex. blast furnace slag
b. manufactured: ex. expanded clay, shale, or slate used
for lightweight aggregates
c. reclaimed or waste construction materials: ex. recycled
Portland cement concrete
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Definitions related to aggregate
particles:
Gravel = consists of naturally rounded particles resulting
from natural disintegration and abrasion of rock or a
processing of weakly bonded conglomerate. (> 4.75 mm)
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Source of Aggregates
Rocks as source of natural aggregates
Igneous
rocks
Magma
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Rocks
Rock Type Example Remarks
Igneous Basalt Fine grained
Granite Coarse grained
Sedimentary Shale
Limestone
Sandstone Composite structure
Metamorphic Slate From shale
Marble From limestone
Quartzite From sandstone
Ref: Young, et.al., “The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials”, Prentice Hall, 1998.
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Processing of Aggregates
Rule: obtain aggregates of the highest quality at the
least cost
• Excavation (quarrying)
• shovels, draglines, scrapers
• Transportation
• rail, truck, conveyor belts
• Washing
• removal of deleterious materials`
• Crushing
• jaw crusher, etc.
• Sizing
National
• sieves or by hydraulic classification University
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Aggregate Beneficiation
processing of aggregate to meet or pass specifications
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Characteristics of Aggregates
1. Geometric Properties
a. Particle size and grading
b. Particle shape and surface texture
2. Physical Properties
a. Porosity and voids content
b. Absorption, Moisture content, and permeability
3. Strength and Toughness
4. Other Properties
a. Surface chemistry
b. Surface coatings
c. Durability
d. Deleterious substances
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Particle size and grading
Sieves
“diameter” of aggregate particle
Size fraction, di – di-1
MAS (maximum aggregate size) – smallest sieve
opening through which the entire aggregate sample
passes
Grading or gradation – distribution of particle sizes in
an aggregate sample
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Sieves
Opening Opening
Number Size Number Size
(mm) (mm)
1 1/2” 38.100 30 0.600
1” 25.400 40 0.425
3/4” 19.000 50 0.300
1/2” 13.000 60 0.250
3/8” 9.500 80 0.177
4 4.750 100 0.150
6 3.350 140 0.106
8 2.360 170 0.088
10 2.000 200 0.075
16 1.180 270 0.053
20 0.850
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Example of Gradation Curve
Percentage passing
in log scale
Fineness Modulus = Sum (Cumm % Ret in Sieve # 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 100) / 100
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Grading Requirements for Fine
Aggregates – ASTM C33
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Particle shape and surface texture
Not adequately defined qualitatively; effects cannot be
evaluated precisely
Both are result of processing operations, mineral
composition and crystalline structure
Particle shape: related to angularity, sphericity
Angularity – relative sharpness of edges and corners
Rounded vs. angular
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Absorption, moisture content, and
permeability
Oven-dry (OD); Air-dry (AD); Saturated-surface-dry
(SSD); wet
2 mm or less No. 10 20 g
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Characteristics of Aggregates
1. Geometric Properties
a. Particle size and grading
b. Particle shape and surface texture
2. Physical Properties
a. Porosity and voids content
b. Absorption, Moisture content, and permeability
3. Strength and Toughness
4. Other Properties
a. Surface chemistry
b. Surface coatings
c. Durability
d. Deleterious substances
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Strength and Toughness
Highly variable (dependent upon constituent
minerals, bonding between grains, porosity of
particles)
No truly satisfactory test to measure these
Los Angeles Abrasion Test (ASTM C131) has been used
– measures the degradation of aggregates
Aggregate is generally stronger than portland cement
paste
Particles are not in direct contact
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Rocks
Rock Type Example Specific Porosity Compressive Modulus
Gravity (% vol) Strength of
(MPa) Elasticity
(GPa)
Igneous Basalt 2.6-3.0 0.1-1.0 50-200 30-70
Granite 2.6-3.0 0.5-1.5 100-250 5-50
Sedimentary Shale 2.0-2.7 10-30 10-100 5-25
Limestone 2.3-2.8 5-20 35-250 2-70
Sandstone 2.2-2.7 5-25 20-175 5-50
Metamorphic Slate 2.6-2.9 0.1-0.5 100-200 10
Marble 2.6-2.8 0.5-2.0 100-250 40-100
Quartzite 2.6-2.7 0.5-5.0 100-300 10-70
Ref: Young, et.al., “The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials”, Prentice Hall, 1998.
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Other Properties
Surface chemistry
positive surface charge for ‘basic’ aggregate, e.g., limestone,
dolomite hydrophobic, more easily wetted by asphalt
cement
Negative surface charge for ‘acidic’ aggregate, e.g., silicates
hydrophilic, more easily wetted by water
Surface coatings
Aggregate may be naturally coated with clay, silt, iron oxide,
opal, and gypsum.
Coating may interfere with the bond between the surface and
the binder
Aggregate processing may be necessary
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ASTM Specifications Related to
Aggregates
3 Test Categories
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Specifications for Aggregates
I. general quality of the aggregates
1. ASTM C136: Resistance to Abrasion of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by the Use of
the Los Angeles Machine
2. ASTM C88: Soundness of Aggregate by the Use of Sodium Sulfate or
Magnesium Sulfate
3. ASTM C666: Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
4. ASTM C215: Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal and Torsional Frequencies
of Concrete Specimens
5. ASTM C597: Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
6. ASTM C671: Critical Dilation of Concrete Specimens Subjected to Freezing
7. ASTM C682: Evaluation of Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-
Entrained Concrete by Critical Dilation Procedure
8. ASTM C672: Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surface Exposed to Deicing
Chemical
9. ASTM C295: Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
10. ASTM D1075: Effects of Water on Cohesion of Compacted Bituminous
Mixtures.
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Specifications for Aggregates
II. deleterious materials in aggregates
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Specifications for Aggregates
III. design of PC concrete and bituminous mix design
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PART II Outline / Objectives
Know how to obtain field samples and reduce it to test sample
A1-Reducing field sample of aggregate to test sample (ASTM C702,
D75)
Determine properties of aggregates through laboratory tests
A2-Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate (ASTM C136)
A3-Sieve analysis of fine aggregate (ASTM C136)
A4-Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate (ASTM C127)
A5-Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate (ASTM C128)
A6-Unit weight and voids in aggregate (ASTM C29, C127, C128)
A7-Total moisture content and surface moisture content of
aggregate (ASTM C566, C127, C128)
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Reducing field samples
ASTM C702-98 (reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate
to Testing Size
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Quartering on a hard, clean level surface
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Quartering on a canvas blanket
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ACTIVITY 1: Reducing field sample
of aggregate to test sample
PURPOSE: To obtain laboratory samples from stockpiles
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ACTIVITY 1 cont…
PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain a sample of aggregate (about 50 kg) from three
places in the stockpile: from the top third, at the
midpoint, and from the bottom third of the volume
of the pile.
2. Place the field sample on a hard, clean level surface.
3. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire
sample three times.
4. Shovel the entire sample into a conical pile.
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ACTIVITY 1 cont…
PROCEDURE:
5. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform
thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex
with a shovel. (The diameter should be
approximately four to eight times the thickness).
6. Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters
with a shovel.
7. Remove two diagonally opposite quarters. Brush the
cleared spaces clean.
8. Mix and quarter the remaining material until the
sample is reduced to the desired size.
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ACTIVITY 2: Sieve analysis of coarse
aggregate (ASTM C136)
PURPOSE: To determine the particle size distribution and
fineness modulus of coarse aggregate by sieving
STANDARD/S: ASTM C136
EQUIPMENT: balance, sieves, mechanical shaker, oven
SAMPLE: Dry coarse aggregate
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Activity 2 cont …
FINENESS MODULUS is the sum of the total
percentages of material in the sample that is coarser
than (cumulative percentages retained) each of the
following sieves and divided by 100: No. 8, No. 4, 3/8
n., 1 ½ in. and larger, increasing in the ration 2:1.
PROCEDURE:
1. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of
110 oC if the sample is lightweight or is suspected of
containing appreciable amount of material finer that
No. 4 sieve.
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Activity 2 cont …
PROCEDURE:
2. Weigh the dry sample accurately.
3. Weigh each empty sieve and the pan.
4. Nest the suitable sieves in order of decreasing size of
opening from the top to bottom. Place the pan at the
bottom of the set. Sieves: No. 8, No. 4, 3/8 in., ½ in., ¾ in.,
1 in. and higher if needed.
5. Place the sample on the top sieve.
6. Place the lid, and agitate the sieves in the mechanical
shaker for about 10 minutes.
7. Weigh the sieves with the material retained.
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Activity 2 cont …
PROCEDURE:
8. Determine the weight in each sieve. The total weight
of the material after sieving should check closely with
the original weight of the sample. If the amount differs
by more than 0.3 percent based on the original weight,
the results should not be used.
9. Calculate the percentage coarser than and the
percentage passing.
10 Draw the particle distribution curve and calculate the
fineness modulus of the average size of the sample.
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Activity 2 cont …
REPORT:
Draw the particle size distribution. Indicate on the plot
the applicable ASTM C33 gradation limits. Report the
fineness modulus and calculate the effective size,
coefficient of gradation, and uniformity coefficient.
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ACTIVITY 3: Sieve analysis of fine
aggregate (ASTM C136)
PURPOSE: To determine the particle size distribution and
fineness modulus of fine aggregate by sieving
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Activity 3 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110
OC.
2. Weigh the dry sample, the empty sieves and the pan.
3. Nest the suitable sieves in order of decreasing size of
opening from the top to bottom. Place the pan at the
bottom of the set. Sieves: No. 100, No. 50, No. 30, No. 16.
No. 8, and No. 4.
4. Place the sample on the top sieve.
5. Place the lid, and agitate the sieves in the mechanical
shaker for about 10 minutes.
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Activity 3 cont …
PROCEDURE:
6. Weigh the sieves with the material retained.
Determine the weight in each sieve. The total weight
of the material after sieving should check closely with
the original weight of the sample. If the amount differs
by more than 0.3 percent based on the original weight,
the results should not be used.
7. Calculate the percentage coarser than and the
percentage passing.
8. Draw the particle distribution curve and calculate the
fineness modulus of the average size of the sample.
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Activity 3 cont …
REPORT:
Draw the particle size distribution. Indicate on the plot
the ASTM C33 gradation limit. Report the fineness
modulus and calculate the effective size, coefficient of
gradation, and uniformity coefficient.
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ASTM C33
Grading requirements for fine aggregates
Sieve No. Percent passing
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ACTIVITY 4: Specific gravity and
absorption of coarse aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine the specific gravity (bulk and
apparent) and absorption capacity of coarse
aggregate.
• Bulk specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate (including the permeable and impermeable voids in the
particles, but not including the voids between the particles) to the weight
of an equal amount of water.
• Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume
of the impermeable portion of the aggregate to the weight of an equal
volume of water.
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ACTIVITY 4 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the test sample: A (g).
2. Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 24
+/- 4 h .
3. Remove the sample from the water. Roll it in a large absorbent cloth
until all visible films of water are removed. The sample is now in
saturated surface dry (SSD) condition.
4. Weigh the sample to obtain it saturated surface dry weight: B (g).
5. Place the SSD sample in the wire basket and determine the weight in
water: C (g). Note that the wire basket should be immersed to a depth
sufficient to cover it and the test sample during weighing.
6. Remove the sample from the wire basket
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ACTIVITY 4 cont …
PROCEDURE:
7. Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 +/- 5 oC
(approximately 24 h ), and weigh: D (g).
8. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption.
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ACTIVITY 4 cont …
REPORT:
Report the specific gravity to the nearest 0.01 and absorption values to the
nearest 0.1%.
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ACTIVITY 5: Specific gravity and
absorption of fine aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine the specific gravity (bulk and
apparent) and absorption capacity of fine
aggregate.
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ACTIVITY 5 cont …
PROCEDURE:
7. Fill with additional water to approximately 90% of its capacity
8. Roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate all air bubbles.
9. Bring the water level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity.
10. Determine the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and water: D
(g).
11. Remove the sample from the pycnometer, dry to constant weight at a
temperature of 110 +/- 5 oC (approximately 24 h ), cool and weigh: E (g).
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ACTIVITY 5 cont …
PROCEDURE:
12. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption.
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ACTIVITY 5 cont …
REPORT:
Report the specific gravity to the nearest 0.01 and absorption values to the
nearest 0.1%.
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ACTIVITY 6: Unit weight and voids
in aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine unit weights of and voids in a
sample of fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the empty weight of the metal measure.
2. Fill the measure one-third full with the dry sample.
3. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes (Do not allow the rod to
strike the bottom of the measure.)
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ACTIVITY 6 cont …
4. Fill the measure two-thirds full, level and rod as in step 3.
5. Fill the measure overflowing and rod as in step 3.
6. Level the surface of the aggregate with a finger and tamping rod such
that any slight projection of the larger pieces of coarse aggregate
approximately balances the larger voids in the surface below the top of
the measure.
7. Weigh the measure with the aggregate and find the net weight of the
aggregate: A.
8. Calculate the unit weight: B.
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ACTIVITY 6 cont …
9. Calculate the void content or percent void
where S is the bulk specific gravity (dry basis) from Activity 4 or 5 and
W is the unit weight of water (62.4 pcf or 999 kg/m3).
REPORT: Calculate unit weight and void for coarse aggregate and find
aggregate samples. Comment on the results.
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ACTIVITY 7: Total moisture content and
surface moisture content of aggregate
PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of total moisture
and surface moisture in a sample of aggregate.
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ACTIVITY 7 cont …
DEFINITIONS:
Moisture content (total) is the weight of water in the particles
expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the particles.
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ACTIVITY 7 cont …
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the sample: A (g).
2. Dry the sample to constant weight in an oven at 110 +/- 5 oC for
approximately 24 h and cool.
3. Weigh the dried sample: B (g).
4. Calculate the moisture content.
REPORT: Report the total moisture content and surface moisture content to
the nearest 0.1%.
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Specifications for Aggregates
III. design of PC concrete and bituminous mix design
Project Material
Requirements Selection
(Standard)
Specifications
Materials
(Standard)Characterization
Tests
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