Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Housekeeping
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Learning Objectives
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
The Environmental Cost
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
£470m a year
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
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Issues Attributed to Swimming Pools
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Legislation and Design Guides
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Legislation and Design Guides
A swimming pool ventilation system is required to:
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Legislation and Design Guides
These offer a wide variety of somewhat differing advice;
• Ventilation rate of 4 to 10 air changes per hour – a large difference
• 10 l/s per the total floor area (m²) – somewhat nonsensical?
• 12 l/s of fresh air per person – Correct, but likely to be a secondary factor
• Provide 100% fresh air – this should really only be needed if at the right
temperature
• Minimum 30% fresh air if recirculation is used – an arbitrary figure
• Provide a slight negative pressure in the pool hall to prevent moisture
ingress and permeation -correct
• Control over humidity and temperature - correct
• Air temperature to be ~1°C above pool water temperature – generally
correct
• Pool ventilation system should be operational 24/7 - correct
• Air temperatures should generally not exceed 31oC with a relative
humidity of between 55% and 65% - correct
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Humidity and Evaporation &
how to Calculate a Ventilation Rate
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Humidity and Evaporation
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Winter Condition: -4°C @ 100% RH
Summer Condition: 28°C @ 50% RH
Pool Hall Condition: 30°C @ 60% RH
Pool Hall
16.3 g/kg
Summer
12.1 g/kg
Winter
2.6 g/kg
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How to Calculate Ventilation Rate
There are various methods, but the most reliable we have
found is the Biasin & Krumme formula.
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How to Calculate Ventilation Rate
Typical activity factors are applied to the formula to
determine the disturbance of the water surface:
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How to Calculate Ventilation Rate
Having established the evaporation rate we can now
calculate air volume:
V= W x 1000
(Xi – Xo) x 1.175 x 3600
V = Ventilation rate (m³/s)
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How to Calculate Ventilation Rate
Careful consideration should be given to unusual or
additional factors such as:
• When transmission and
infiltration heat losses are
very high (such as old Victorian
buildings)
• If large numbers of spectators
are present
• Very large water attractions in
leisure pools such as flumes,
slides and wave pools
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Calculating Air Flow
(Working Example)
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Calculating Airflow
(Working Example)
No pool cover
No additional activated water attractions
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Calculating Airflow
(Working Example)
First calculate the maximum evaporation rate (kg/hr) when the
pool is occupied.
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Calculating Airflow
(Working Example)
Then calculate the minimum evaporation rate (kg/hr) when the
pool is unoccupied.
(0.059 + 0.0105 x 0.1 (40.0 – 42.4 x 0.6))
W= x 300
1.333
W = 16.7 kg/hr (minimum evaporation rate)
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Calculating Airflow
(Working Example)
Then you can calculate the maximum and minimum air
volume flow rates (m³/s) for when the pool is occupied
and unoccupied.
59.3 x 1000
V=
(16.2 – 12.0) x 1.175 x 3600
V= 3.34 m³/s (maximum or occupied)
16.8 x 1000
V=
(16.2 – 12.0) x 1.175 x 3600
V= 0.95 m³/s (minimum or unoccupied)
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Calculating Airflow
(Working Example)
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Calculating Airflow
(Working Example)
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Energy Efficiency & Running Costs
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Energy Efficiency and Running Costs
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Optimum heat recovery
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Energy Saving Potential
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Energy Saving Potential
Using data from the previous examples and typical annual
energy costs and usage:
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Energy Saving Potential
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Energy Saving Potential
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Importance of high energy efficiency
Similarly, for every 0.1 m³/s above the required design air flow
it will approximately cost an additional *£240 per year to run
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System Design Considerations
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System Design Considerations
What to look for when designing a pool ventilation
system:
Ø Manufacturers with proven operation and durability
Ø Control options that can accurately maintain an optimum environment
Ø High energy recovery particularly important during winter months
Ø Better air quality …. using fresh air to control humidity
Ø Maintain a slight negative pressure in the pool hall
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System Design Considerations
Consideration should also be given to the maximum specific
fan power (SFP) for an air handling unit serving a pool:
Source: Part L2 of the Building Regulations
Existing New Build
Mechanical Ventilation 1.8 W l/s 1.5 W l/s
PHX Heat Recovery 0.3 W l/s 0.3 W l/s
Return Air Filter 0.1 W l/s 0.1 W l/s
Maximum SFP 2.2 W l/s 1.9 W l/s
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System Design Considerations
The use of a high grade paint finish inside and out will
protect the AHU from aggressive chlorinated air.
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System Design Considerations
Epoxy powder coated dampers.
IP66 damper actuator motors protect against moisture ingress.
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System Design Considerations
Corrosion resistant plate heat exchanger that offer high
transfer of energy (Anodised Aluminium or Plastic).
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System Design Considerations
Controls are an important integral part of any pool ventilation
system.
A sophisticated control package that enables full control over
temperature and humidity will dramatically improve energy
efficiency.
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System Design Considerations
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System Design Considerations
Air distribution is very important & warm dry air should be distributed over cold
surfaces to prevent condensation.
Also distribution should be designed as best as possible to allow & even low velocity
(as possible) distribution of air across the pool hall & back to the extract point
Manchester Grammar
school is a recent
project where sock,
fabric ductwork was
retro-fitted to great
effect. The extract
points in the ceiling
had to be re-used
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Summary
Air volume should be no more than absolutely necessary as
this will be detrimental to running costs.
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Summary
Air temperature should be maintained approximately 1°C
above pool water temperature to prevent unnecessary
evaporation.
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Thank you for your time
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Robust Case Construction
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