1.

The Existential Value of the Present Perfect

Sam has broken my computer (twice)-accomplishment
John has reached the top (twice)-achievement
Susan has played the violin (twice)-activity
Mary has lived in Cairo for three years (twice)-state
- It shows the existence of one or several eventualities that are presented as completed prior
to the moment of speech.

2. The Resultative or Continuative Value of the Present perfect

Oh! My God! Sam has broken my computer- accomplishment
John has reached the top-achievement
Susan has played the violin for two hours (now)-activity
Mary has lived in Cairo for three years (now)-state
- Shows a state as holding from a moment in the past up to and including the moment of
speech, focusing on the resultant state of an eventuality

3. The “Hot News” Value of the Present Perfect

Malcom Jones has JUST been assassinated!
- In present days studies on the present perfect this value is not identified as a separate value
of the present perfect as it can be easily identified with the resultative value of the present
perfect with an event predicate. The notion of recent past with a resultative state holding at
the moment of speech is conveyed by the use of just.

4. The Future Value of the Present Perfect

Adverbial COT: You can go when you have finished your work.

Introduced by: When, as soon as, before, after, until, once, by the time, the moment

I shall leave as soon as the meeting ends/has ended- free variation of present tense. Sometimes the
freedom is not available and depends whether a casual relation between the event in the main clause
and that of the subordinate clause is established: We can go out as soon as we have had dinner.

Restrictions

Occur w/ simple past: long ago, five years ago, the other day, those days, last night

Occur w/ simple pas and perfect: long since, in the past, today, in my life, recently, just now

Occur w/ perfect: at present, up till now, so far, as yet, during these five years