10 Raft

08/07/1436
By Dr. Hussein Mahmoud
DESIGN OF
MAT or RAFT FOUNDATION
1 Dr. Hussein Mahmoud 26‐Apr‐15
Raft rests directly on the soil or beneath them but in
some cases they may be supported by piles.
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08/07/1436
Types of Raft Foundation
1. Flat slab types

2 Flat slab thickened under columns.
2. columns
3. Flat slab thickened under columns with heavy loads.
4. Beam-slab type raft.
5. Box structures
Flat slab
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08/07/1436
Uses of Raft Foundations
1. Low soil bearing capacity,

2. Spread footing cover about 70% of structure area,
3. High structure loads,
4. For structures like chimneys, silos, tanks, and large
machines.
5. Structures and equipment sensitive to differential
settlement.
Uses of Raft Foundations
6. Soft pockets or cavities of in the Soil to unknown

extent raft.
7. Watertight construction under basements below
ground water table.
8. Highly compressible soil and extents to a great
depth.
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08/07/1436
Df
B B
Fig. 1 Width and Depth of isolated footings and Raft
fo ndation for str ct res ha ing basements
foundation for structures having basements
Compensated Foundation
The compensated foundation technique is based on

increasing the embodiment depth of foundation which
in turn decrease the not pressure increase on the soil
and thus reduce the soil settlement.
q  (Q/A)  γD f  q na
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08/07/1436
For no increase of the net soil pressure; fully

compensated raft q
0  (Q/A)  γD f
D f  Q / Aγ
For partial compensation,
compensation
D f  Q / Aγ
Design Methods of Raft Foundation
1 C
1. Conventional (Rigid) Method.
ti l (Ri id) M th d
2. Simplified Elastic (Flat Slab) Method.
3. Finite Element Method.
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08/07/1436
Conventional (Rigid) Method

Procedure:
1. Strips
‫ف‬ ‫الشرائح ففى نت‬
‫منتصف‬ ‫نھايةة الش ائ‬
‫نن ا‬ ‫على أن تك‬
‫تكون‬ ‫وعرضيةة عل‬
‫طوليةة ع ض‬
‫شرائح ط ل‬
‫شة إلإلى ش ائ‬ ‫نقسم الل‬
‫اللبشة‬ ‫نق‬
‫المسافة بين األعمدة‬
2. Calculate eccentricity
Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + Pn
Location of resultant X X’ & YY’.
@ moment about the axes Y, X find the eccentricity ex

and ey of resultant.
X' = Pi xi /Ptot & Y' = Pi yi /Ptot
ex = L/2 - X' & ey = S/2 - Y'
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08/07/1436
3. Calculate pressure distribution on the soil at different

locations under the raft
f = (Ptot/A) + (My/Iy) x + (Mx/Ix) y < qna
A=B B.L
L = Area of raft,
raft
Mx = Ptot ey = Moment @ x axis
My= Ptot ex = Moment @ y axis,
Ix = LB3/12 = Moment of inertia @ x
Iy = BL3/12 = Moment of inertia @ y
x & y is the distance of a point form y and xx-axis
axis respectively
respectively.
‫النقاط المحسوب عندھا ھى متوسط الشريحة‬
4. Divide the raft into a series of continuous beams

centered at column rows .
5. Draw the bending moment, shear force diagrams for

each beam in x, y dir.
6. Depth of the beam raft, check the shear stress. Note

that the Raft depth should constant.
7. Design the raft in the other direction knowing the

depth.
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08/07/1436
Example 1
Design a raft foundation by the conventional (rigid) method to
support the columns shown in Figure. All columns are 40 x 40
cm. The net allowable soil pressure is 5 t/m2.
Given fcu= 25 N/mm2, fy= 360 N/mm2. Design by USD method.
All loads
are in tons.
All
dimensions
are in
meters.
Ptot = 2x42.5 + 4x165 + 2x55 + 45 + 48.5 + 2x125 = 1198.5 t

Area of the raft A = 22.4 x 12.8 =286.72 m2
Pressure on soil fn = 1198.5 / 286.72 = 4.18 t/m2 < 5 t/m2 ok
Find ex by taking moment along line through left columns
1198.5 X’ = 7.2(165+165+125) + 14.4(165+165+125) +
21.6(42.5+55+48.5) = 12981.6
X’ =12981.6/1198.5
/ = 10.832m
ex = L/2 - X'
ex = 21.6/2 ‐ 10.832 = ‐0.032 m (east of centre)
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08/07/1436
Find ey by taking moment along line through bottom

columns
1198.5 Y’ = 6(55+165+165+55) + 12(42.5+165+165+42.5)
= 7620 t
Y’ = 7620 / 1198.5 = 6.358 m
ey = S/2 - Y'
ey = 6 ‐ 6.358 = ‐0.358 m ( north of centre)
The soil pressure is computed at selected points beneath
the raft by the following Equation:
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08/07/1436
point P/A 0.11y 0.003x q (t/m2)

A
B
C
D
E
F
+ = compression
+ compression
‐ = tension
In the long direction the the raft will be divided into 3
equivalent beams (strips) as following :
AB with a width B = 3.4 m and soil pressure of q = 4.91
t/m2 (using the maximum soil pressure along the strip).
EF with a width B =6 m and soil pressure of
q = 0.5 (4.91 + 4.21) = 4.56 t/m2
DC with a width B = 3.4 m and soil pressure of
p
q = 0.5 (3.51+ 4.21) = 3.86 t/m2
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08/07/1436
Bending moment will be computed using coefficient of 1/10
(0.1). The positive moment (hogging upward) and negative
moment (sagging downward) are will be taken as equal.
For strip AB :
Max. moment Mmax = 0.1(4.91x7.22) = 25.5 m.t /m
For strip EF :
Mmax = 0.1(4.56x7.22) = 23.6 m.t /m
For strip DC :
Mmax = 0.1(3.85x7.22) = 19.8 m.t /m
Depth
1.5M max 1.5 * 25.5 *107

dm  C 4  495mm  0.5m
fcu *1m 25 *1000
Punching shear:
The maximum punching shear will occur at one of 165 t side
columns.
bo = 4 (0.4 + 0.5) = 3.6 m
Qup = 165 – 4.85(0.4+0.5)2 = 161 ton
qup = 1610 / [3.6x 0.5] = 894 kN/m2 = 0.9 N/mm2
< qcup = 1.29 N/mm2 OK
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08/07/1436
Reinforcement:
From (C1 – j) chart, ………… get j = 0.807
Mu 25.5 x107
As    1755 mm2  17.6 cm2
j d f y 0.807 x 500 x 360
Asmin = 0.15% Bd
= 0.15/100 x 100 x 50 = 7.5 cm2
Use 9 φ 16 mm,
As = 9 x 2.0 = 18 cm2 / m
‫ علوى وسفلى‬AB ‫يوزع ھذا الحديد على الشريحة‬
23 26‐Apr‐15
‐ Complete as a same for strips EF & DC
‐ Run 50% of the steel continuous both bottom and top

through the length of the raft. The other 50% is placed at the
location of maximum bending moment, at top between
columns and at bottom under the columns.
‐The shown raft is reinforced by 8 φ 22 mm (top & bottom).
12
08/07/1436
Design of Flat Slab Raft Foundation
The system of the flat slab raft foundation is exactly the

same as an inverted slab roof.
roof The problem is to find out
the raft dimensions and the pressure distribution under
the raft then the design should follows the same way as
done in a simple roof.
1. Assume depth d = Span/10

2. Column width = bcol + 2d (center) or = bcol + d (edge)
3. Calculate stress between columns
fn = Loads from columns /Astrip
4. Design long and short
directions for Col Strips.
13

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10 Raft

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08/07/1436

By Dr. Hussein Mahmoud

Types of Raft Foundation

1. Flat slab types

Uses of Raft Foundations

1. Low soil bearing capacity,

6. Soft pockets or cavities of in the Soil to unknown

The compensated foundation technique is based on

For no increase of the net soil pressure; fully

Design Methods of Raft Foundation

Conventional (Rigid) Method

@ moment about the axes Y, X find the eccentricity ex

ex = L/2 - X' & ey = S/2 - Y'

3. Calculate pressure distribution on the soil at different

4. Divide the raft into a series of continuous beams

5. Draw the bending moment, shear force diagrams for

6. Depth of the beam raft, check the shear stress. Note

7. Design the raft in the other direction knowing the

Ptot = 2x42.5 + 4x165 + 2x55 + 45 + 48.5 + 2x125 = 1198.5 t

Find ey by taking moment along line through bottom

point P/A 0.11y 0.003x q (t/m2)

1.5M max 1.5 * 25.5 *107

‐ Complete as a same for strips EF & DC

‐ Run 50% of the steel continuous both bottom and top

‐The shown raft is reinforced by 8 φ 22 mm (top & bottom).

Design of Flat Slab Raft Foundation

The system of the flat slab raft foundation is exactly the

1. Assume depth d = Span/10

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