Appendix

Design of the

Calculation of Water Requirement for Irrigation

In the calculation, three stages of rice farming are considered: Vegetative, Mid-Season and
Late-Season Stage. Figure 1 shows the diagram of the stages of growth of rice including the crop
coefficient per stages.

Figure 1 Water level for paddy field at different growth stage

Source: Sadiq Abdullahi, Mohammad, Desa, Abdul & Mohamed, 2013

Basically, to determine the irrigation water requirement, we have to follow the following
steps:

1. Determine the reference crop evapotranspiration: ETo

2. Determine the crop factors: Kc
3. Calculate the crop water need using the formula:

ET crop = ETo x Kc (1)

4. Determine the amount of water needed for land preparation: SAT

5. Determine the amount of percolation and seepage losses: PERC
6. Determine the amount of water needed to establish a water layer: WL
7. Determine the effective rainfall: Pe
8. Calculate the irrigation water need: IN

The irrigation water need is calculated using the formula:

𝐼𝑁 = 𝐸𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 + 𝑆𝐴𝑇 + 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐶 + 𝑊𝐿 − 𝑃𝑒 (2)

In this study, here are the assumption used in the calculation:

1. The total land area of 2 hectares is divided into 64 paddies. The results are based on
the area of a paddy which is 312.5 m2.
2. The irrigation interval is set to be the days before the paddies will be irrigated again
for the water reached already the limit of 15 mm below the surface.
3. There is no effective rainfall due to limited data to calculate this variable.
4. AWD water usage (AWU) is calculate using this formula:

𝐴𝑊𝑈 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) +

(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘)(𝐼𝑁) (3)

5. Continuous water usage (CWU) is calculated using this formula:

𝐶𝑊𝑈 = (𝐼𝑁 − 𝑆𝐴𝑇) ∗ 𝑊𝐿 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 +

(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘)(𝐼𝑁) (4)

6. Percent efficiency is set to be the water use efficiency. This is where AWD method is
comparted with the existing method of continuous irrigation. The efficiency is
calculated using this formula:

𝐴𝑊𝐷 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒

% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100 (5)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒
A. Vegetative Stage

Table 1. Water Requirement Calculation for Vegetative Stage

Vegetative Stage
Duration 15 days 30 days
Water Level 100 mm 35 mm
Irrigation Interval 11 days 4 days
Times of Irrigation 1 times 8 times

Water Requirement
ETo 3.69 mm/day 3.69 mm/day
Kc 1.05 1.05
ET = ETo x Kc 3.8745 mm/day 3.8745 mm/day
SAT 200 mm 0 mm
PERC 5 mm/day 5 mm/day
P 0 0
Pe 0 mm/month 0 mm/month
IN 308.8745 mm/day 43.8745 mm/day
0.3089 m/day 0.0439 m/day
Water Usage
Total Land Area 20000 m2 20000 m2
Number of Blocks 64 64
Area per Block 312.5 m2 312.5 m2
Volume of Water 96.52 m3 13.71 m3

IN per interval 115 mm/day 50 mm/day

Volume Water / Interval 35.9375 m3/interval 15.625 m3/interval

AWD water usage 144 m3 133 m3

Continuous Water usage 510 m3 411 m3
Percent Efficiency 72% 68%
B. Mid-Season Stage

Table 2. Water Requirement Calculation for Mid-Season Stage

Mid-Season Stage
Duration 15 days 45 days
Water Level 35 mm 35 mm
Irrigation Interval 4 days 4 days
Times of Irrigation 4 times 12 times

Water Requirement
ETo 3.69 mm/day 3.69 mm/day
Kc 1.2 1.2
ET = ETo x Kc 4.428 mm/day 4.428 mm/day
SAT 0 mm 0 mm
PERC 5 mm/day 5 mm/day
P 45 45
Pe 17 mm/month 17 mm/month
IN 27.428 mm/day 27.428 mm/day
0.0274 m/day 0.0274 m/day
Water Usage
Total Land Area 20000 m2 20000 m2
Number of Blocks 64 64
Area per Block 312.5 m2 312.5 m2
Volume of Water 8.57 m3 8.57 m3

IN per interval 50 mm/day 50 mm/day

Volume Water / Interval 15.625 m3/interval 15.625 m3/interval

AWD water usage 72 m3 198 m3

Continuous Water usage 129 m3 386 m3
Percent Efficiency 44% 49%
C. Late-Season Stage

Table 3. Water Requirement Calculation for Late-Season Stage

Late Season Stage

Duration 10 days 20 days
Water Level 100 mm 0 mm
Irrigation Interval 12 days 0 days
Times of Irrigation 1 times 0 times

Water Requirement
ETo 3.69 mm/day
Kc 0.95
ET = ETo x Kc 3.5055 mm/day
SAT 0 mm
PERC 5 mm/day
P 45
Pe 17 mm/month
IN 91.5055 mm/day
0.0915 m/day
Water Usage
Total Land Area 20000 m2
Number of Blocks 64
Area per Block 312.5 m2
Volume of Water 28.60 m3

IN per interval 115 mm/day

Volume Water / Interval 35.9375 m3/interval

AWD water usage 59 m3

Continuous Water usage 286 m3
Percent Efficiency 79%