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* The negative effects of hasty and unplanned development and mismanagement of the
ecosystem result in various environmental problems.
* These problems bring about negative effects that are increasingly threatening the economic
resources, health and survival of the ecosystem.
(1) Deforestation:
* The rapid destruction of woodlands or removal of trees from forests is known as deforestation.
* Contain many unique species which provide food, medicine and other biological products.
* Regulate the world’s climate by influencing wind, rainfall, humidity and temperature patterns.
* Called the ‘carbon sink’ of the Earth because they absorb vast amount of carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere.
Deforestation results in :
* Soil erosion
* Flash flood
* Landslides
* The absence of plant root systems makes the soil structure unstable.
* When it rain heavily for a long period of time, the top layer of the soil disintegrates easily and
this leads to landslides on steep hillsides.
* The eroded soil is then carried away by moving water and deposited at the bottom of river.
* Together with depletion of water catchment areas, cause flash flood during rainy seasons.
* Soil erosion causes the land to be depleted of minerals and natural resources, making the land
useless for cultivation.
* The extinction of countless species and varieties of plants and animals, many of which have
never been catalogued scientifically. Extinction of flora and fauna species reduces biodiversity
* The destruction of storehouse of genetic diversity on Earth. The Earth’s biodiversity is a rich
source of food and priceless medicines for mankind
* The removal of plants in the rainforests disrupts the natural cycle of nutrients.
* The level of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises as less carbon dioxide is removed by plants while
the level of atmospheric oxygen drops as less oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
* Tree roots bind soil particles together, and the tree canopy reduces the force of rain beating
down on the soil and cause nutrients to be lost through leaching and run-off.
* Deforestation disrupts normal weather patterns, creating hotter and drier weather and causing
global climatic changes.
* Removal of trees reduces transpiration and rainfall cause the increase in carbon dioxide level in
atmosphere and prevent heat from escaping from atmosphere.
* Excessive use of land for intensive farming decrease the space and resources available for
other species
* A rapidly expanding human population also generates an increase in both domestic and
industrial waste.
1. Air pollution is caused by the presence of pollutants in the air which are harmful to life and the
environment.
a) Burning
- Rubbish
- Forest
- Solid waste
- Burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, diesel and gas in factories and power stations.
- Agricultural industries that use agrochemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and
herbicides.
c) Motor vehicles
3. Burning of fossil fuels produces gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Burning of
rubbish and emission of smoke and fumes from car exhausts and chimneys in factories produce
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and soot (unburnt carbon particles).
4. Increase in carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere will trap the Sun’s radiation
and retain it as heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. This contributes to the greenhouse effect.
(b) Pollutant: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
Acid Rain
1. The combustion of fossil fuels (cool, air and gas) in power station, factories, domestic boilers and
internal combustion engines releases large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) and oxides of
nitrogen (NO and NO2).
2. Both sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen combine with water vapour in the atmosphere to
form sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively.
4. Rain is naturally acidic, with pH of about 5.6. This acidity is due to the carbon dioxide in the air,
which dissolve in rain to form carbonic acid.
(a) Agricultural:
1. The soil becomes very acidic and unsuitable for the cultivation of crops.
2. Acid rain causes the leaching of minerals such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. This
affects the growth of crops.
1. Acid rain causes insoluble aluminum ions to accumulate in lakes and rivers. The
concentration of aluminum ions eventually reaches a toxic level which can kill aquatic
organisms such as fish and invertebrates.
(c) Health:
1. Acidic soil releases the ions of certain heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury which
may contaminate the supply of drinking water.
2. Increased acidity in the aquatic ecosystems also kills phytoplankton which changes the food
chain.
3. Photosynthesis tissues are destroyed. Plant leaves turn yellow and fall off. The roots are
damaged and cannot absorb minerals.
(d) Buildings:
2. Limestone, stonework and marble monuments are eroded due to chemical weathering.
(III) Solutions:
1. Cleaning up emissions from vehicle exhausts through the use of catalytic converters. The
pollutants react with one another in the catalytic converters to produce less harmful
products.
2. Cleaning emissions from power stations and industrial plants wit scrubbers. This process
involves the spraying of water to trap pollutants.
2. It normally includes the major air pollutants which could cause potential harm to human
health.
3. In Malaysia, the air pollutants included are ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
sulphur dioxide and suspended particulate matter.
4. This index is calculated by using the concentrations of major air pollutants, but it is
developed in easily understood ranges of values as shown below.
waste
Underground Lead (highly toxic -Accumulate in the -Replace lead pipes used in
pipes heavy metal) tissues of living plumbing with copper-based
organisms pipes.
Defination: Artificial nutrient enrichment of an aquatic system with organic material or inorganic
nutrients, causing an excessive growth of aquatic plant life.
Causes by
a) Leaching of inorganic fertilisers, especially nitrates and phosphates, from agricultural lands
c) Run-off of animal waste from pastures and farmlands into lakes, rivers or ponds.
Process of eutrophication
1) Run-off of excess nutrients into water encourage rapid growth of algae, results in a population
explosion known as an algae bloom
2) At night, high respiration rate of the algae results in a high demand for oxygen.
3) Excessive growth of algae restricts the penetration of light into the water. The rate of
photosynthesis of aquatic plants reduced and further reduced the supply of oxygen in water.
4) The algae grow faster than their consumers. Most of algal population dies without being
consumed.
5) Decomposing microorganisms especially aerobic bacteria used up the oxygen in deeper water
at a fast rate.
6) Untreated sewage or animal wastes from farm that contain high concentration of organic
matter encourage the rapid growth of aerobic bacteria.
7) The aerobic bacteria use up oxygen faster than it can be replenished. An increase in biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) results in a severe depletion of oxygen.
8) Low level of oxygen concentration kills larger aerobic aquatic organisms and organisms that
require higher oxygen levels (freshwater shrimps and mayfly nymphs)
9) If the oxygen levels continues to drop and water become completely deoxygenated, anaerobic
bacteria will grow and release toxic gases (eg. hydrogen sulphide), causing the death of aquatic
organisms.
10) During the growth of algae, certain blue green bacteria also produce toxins.
11) At night BOD levels, organisms that are more tolerant of lower concentration of dissolved
oxygen (eg. leeches, Tubifex worms, and sludge worms) may appears and multiply.
What is BOD?
1. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen required by the
microoganisms to decompose the organic matters in the water.
3. If there is a large amount of organic waste in the water, the population of aerobic bacteria
will increase to decompose the organic matter. The dissolved oxygen level in the water
decreases, and the value of BOD will be high.
A lower BOD level (or higher dissolved oxygen level) indicates better water quality. A higher BOD
level (or lower dissolved oxygen level) indicates poor water quality.
1. Causes:
¾ Hot water is discharged into nearby lake and river from the effluent of industrial processes and
cooling tower of electrical power station, which use water as a cooling agent.
¾ The excess heat that is released into the environment leads to thermal pollution.
2. Effects:
¾ Thermal pollution causes the temperature in a body of water to rise above the normal value.
¾ As the temperature of the water increases, oxygen become less insoluble in water.
¾ If the temperature increase persists over a longer period, this may result in permanent changes
in the species composition of the aquatic ecosystem.
3. Ways to prevent:
¾ Control the amount of hot water discharged into still or slow - moving rivers.
¾ Control the amount of hot water discharged from industrial plants and power station to the
surrounding lakes and rivers.
1. Causes:
¾ Noises from cars, motorcycles, aeroplanes, construction sites, agriculture and industrial
machinery.
2. Effects:
¾ High level of noise can contribute to the development and aggravation of stress – related
problems such as high blood pressure, coronary disease, ulcers, depression and headache.
¾ Loud noise can cause an arousalresponse in which a series of reactions occurs in the body.
¾ Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream. A person’s heartbeat, blood pressure and
Causes:
1. Increases of the greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to:
(b) deforestation
2. As the concentration of greenhouse gases rises, more heat is trapping in the atmosphere and
raising the average temperature on earth. Hence, this phenomenon brings to global warming.
Effects:
1. Occurrence of floods
· As the average temperature rises, the polar ice caps and glaciers melt.
2. Climate changes
· Global warming leads to changes in wind directions and distribution of rainfall. As a result,
agricultural activities are affected.
· Global warming causes weather patterns to change. This affects the distribution of species
which may lead to the extinction of species in certain region.
3. Occurrence of droughts
· The land becomes dry and infertile. This leads to a drop yields.
4. Spread of diseases
· With warmer climates, pests and vectors may spread to new areas.
2. Develop alternative sources of energy such as wind, solar and geothermal energy.
3. Reduce deforestation
In the stratosphere, CFCs molecules are broken down by ultraviolet rays, releasing chlorine radicals
which destroy ozone in a chain reaction.
(b) cataracts
(c) sunburns
2. Ultraviolet radiation weakens the immune system and the ability of the body to resist
infectious diseases.
4. Ultraviolet rays destroy the leaf cells and chlorophyll. This lowers the rate of photosynthesis
and reduces crop yield.
5. Ultraviolet rays kill microorganisms and phytoplankton that are at the bottom of the marine
food chain.
Implementation of laws
*control pollution
Use of Technology
*use methods to reduce & capture methane emissions,a by-product of cattle & other
livestock waste & uses better controls on nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen
fertilizers
segregating waste materials according to their types & turning them into new products.
~RENEW means to renew the use of materials after they are cleaned.
*Preservation involves efforts to protect an ecosystem so that natural resources are utilised in a
suitainable manner & the equilibrium of the ecosystem is maintain.
*Sustainable agricultural development is the effective use & preservation of soil to ensure
continuous agricultural production.
*Forests
~reforestation
~restoration programmes
~forest reserves
*Biological control is the use of natural predators to control the population of pest species.
~cheap
*RENEWABLE ENERGY is the energy flow that occurs naturally in the environment &
can be harnessed for the benefit of human.(inexhaustible & does not pollute the
environment)
~solar , wind , wave , flowing water , geothermal , biomass & palm oil fuel energy
*use more hybrid car which combine electric & gasoline engines