Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Microgrids
Sunil Sontakke Arun Thorat
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Islampur Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Islampur
Sangli, Maharashtra, India. Sangli, Maharashtra, India.
Sontakke.sunil@gmail.com Arun.thorat@ritindia.edu
Abstract— Due to evolution in the power system, the emergence converters as interface between the source and the power
of smaller generating systems such as micro turbines, Wind system injects power quality problems for the operation of
Turbines, Solar PV system, etc., have opened new opportunities machines, transformers, capacitors and power systems. power
for onsite power generation which is located at user’s site called electronics equipment, such as adjustable speed drives,
Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The DER consists of
controlled rectifiers, cyclo-converters, electronically ballasted
generators, energy storage, load control and advanced power
electronics interfaces between bulk power providers and the lamps, arc and induction furnaces, and clusters of personal
generators. The significant potential of DER to meet customers computers, represent major nonlinear and parametric loads
need and utilities independently can be captured by organizing used among industrial and commercial customers. Such load
these resources into Microgrid. The establishment of Microgrid creates disturbances for the utility and the end user's
systems within the network appears as an alternative that may be equipment. The main problem forms the basis for the flow of
used during blackouts when some areas like electrical transport non-active energy caused by harmonic currents and
system financing activities, academic institutes, industries, health voltages[3].
centres with no emergencies some communication systems, fail to The subject of power quality is very broad in nature. It
operate. With the ever increasing use of Power Electronics
covers all aspects of power system engineering from
devices, Power Quality has become a major concern for utility
operators as well as consumers. Power Quality mainly affect due transmission and distribution level analyses to end-user
to disturbances like voltage sag, swell, transients (oscillatory and problems. Therefore, electric power quality has become the
impulsive) momentary interruptions, harmonics, flicker etc. This concern of utilities and end users. Microgrid has become a
necessitates monitoring these disturbances continuously so that it better solution for this purpose because of its compact size and
can be corrected almost instantly. easy control. Power Quality mainly affect due to disturbances
The different methods for power quality indices estimation like voltage sag, swell, transients (oscillatory and impulsive)
are RLS, LMS, LES, FFT, Kalman Filter, Wavelet Transform, momentary interruptions, harmonics, flicker etc. In microgrid
etc. In this paper very simple and faster, Modified Recursive these disturbances are mainly due to power electronics
Gauss Newton (MRGN) algorithm for power Quality estimation
circuits. Therefore it is necessary to monitor these
is used. This estimation is done for the output terminals of the
DG and it further fed to the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), a disturbances continuously. So that it can be corrected almost
series compensating device for power quality improvement in instantly. Further due to deregulated environments, the use of
terms of Voltage Sag, Swell and Harmonics during supply distributed generators has a greater impact on power
disturbances. distribution networks. Thus according to IEEE Std:1459-2000
guidelines for estimation of PQ indices is framed [7].
Keywords— DER, DVR, MRGN, Power Quality, Distributed The Renewable energy sources, which have been expected
Generation, Microgrid. to be a promising alternative energy source, can bring new
challenges when it is connected to the power grid. The power
I. INTRODUCTION
arising out of the DG when it connected to grid system
The Microgrid concept has the potential to solve major concerning the power quality measurements are-the active
problems arising from large penetration of distributed power, reactive power, voltage sag, voltage swell, flicker,
generation in distribution systems. Microgrids are almost 85% harmonics, and electrical switching transients, and it will
efficient as they have very little transmission losses and use exists when DG is connected to main grid. The power quality
the surplus heat to warm or cool buildings. During power will be seriously affected by distribution and transmission
outage or disturbance, Microgrids can island themselves and network. System parameters are detected by various methods
retain power availability, avoiding blackouts and lost such as voltage, phase angle, frequency, rate of change of
productivity [1-2]. The increased use of power electronic frequency, impedance, power output. These methods are
components within the distribution system and the increased Wavelet Transform [9], S-Transform[9-10], Fast Fourier
dependency on renewable energy sources which employs Transform (FFT), Least Mean Square Algorithm Based
Thus it is very essential to estimate the Power Quality z (k ) A (k 1)sin( w k ( k 1)) v( k )
r r r
(1)
problems faster so that its severity can be assessed and r 1
suitable remedial action can be taken to minimize potential where,
loss. FACTS devices such as STATCOM (Static z(k) = time varying voltage or current signal sample.
Compensator) which is also called as SSC (Static k = sampling instant (time instant).
Synchronous Compensator), DVR, UPQC, UPFC, DPFC and v(k) = random noise.
some other combinations of custom power devices are very r = rth harmonic component.
useful for mitigation of power quality problems. Ar = amplitude of the rth harmonic component.
Each method of PQ estimation has got its own limitation. Φr = phase of the rth harmonic component.
For example the Least Mean Square based adaline is simplest wr = angular frequency of the rth harmonic component.
but it is not useful for frequency estimation during time N = Harmonic order.
varying conditions. Recursive Newton method can estimate e = error signal
any frequency of power quality signal. Whereas recursive the estimation error is given by,
Gauss – Newton method when frequency is known and can N
estimate the amplitude and phase of the given signal[3-5].This
ek z k Aˆ r k 1 sin wr k ˆ r k 1 (2)
necessitates a need of have robust algorithm which can r 1
H r k k r (i ) r (i )
k i T
(7)
i 0
the inverse of Hessian Matrix is calculated as,
1
Fig. 1. Use of MRGN for voltage sag mitigation 1 1 1 Hr k 1 r ( k ) rT ( k ) H r1 k 1
Hr k Hr
k 1 T 1 (9)
k k r ( k ) r ( k ) H r k 1
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to have the approximation of Hessian matrix in equation (8)
which at the end of the document, off diagonal elements are
neglected and H-1(k) can be calculated with off diagonal
elements equal to zero as,
1/ C ( k ) 0 0
(10)
H 1 k 0 1 / Aˆr 2 k 1 C (k )C 0
ˆ 2 k 1)
0 0 1/ ( C k C Ar
where,
1 λ k 1 , C k 2 12k 1 / 2k 2 12k 2 and
C (k )
2(1 λ k )
C k 2 12k 1 / 6k 1 (11)
using equations (4) - (11), the amplitude, phase and frequency
are obtained in recursive manner as,
r k 1 e(k ) / C (k )
Aˆr k Aˆr k 1 sin wr k 1 k
ˆ r k ˆ r k 1 cos w r k 1 k r k 1 e ( k ) / Aˆ r k 1 C k C
wˆ r k wˆ r k 1 cos wr k 1 k r k 1 e(k ) / Aˆ r k 1 C k Cw
C k k C k 1 1 / 2
Thus above equations of Ar(k), Φr(k), ωr(k) represents
amplitude, phase and angular frequency of voltage or current
signals. These equations are suitable for power system real
time operation because of its decoupled nature.
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF MRGN ALGORITHM
The proposed MRGN algorithm is tested for a microgrid
shown in figure 3 for L-G fault (non-islanding conditions) on
phase A.
Fig. 3. MRGN Algorithm
TABLE I. SIMULATION DATA FOR MICROGRID
Sl
Component Component Parameters
No.
GEN V = 79 kV, Base Voltage = 79 kV, f = 60 Hz.,
1 Rs = 0.377 Ω, Ls = 16.8 mH
(Generator)
10 MVA,13 kV, 60 Hz, H=3.8s, Rs = 0.048 p.u.
Xs =0.18 p.u., Xd =1.315 p.u. Xd’ = 0.286 p.u.,
2 DG – 1
Xd”=0.255 p.u. Xq=0.574 p.u. Xq”=0.254 p.u.,
T’d0 = 5.485 s, T”d0 = 0.068 s, T”q0 = 0.1 s
Fig. 2. Microgrid tested for MRGN 2 MW, 575 V, 60 Hz, wind farm, rated wind
speed = 11 m/s,H=5.012s, Rs=0.0072 p.u.
3 DG – 2
Ls = 0.17 H, Rr=0.0057p.u. Lr = 0.165 H, Lm =
Simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment 3.34 p.u.
with sampling Time as Ts = 50e-6 sec. Simulation Data is 500V DC, 260V AC, 2 X 100kW
4 DG – 3
given in Table 1. DG1 is a micro-hydro turbine whose input 20kvar capacitor bank
power is provided by a hydraulic turbine combined to PID TR-1
30 MVA, 60 Hz, 79/13 kV,
governor system. Excitation is IEEE type I voltage regulator Vbase = 13 kV, D1Yg
combined to an exciter. DG2 is a wind farm consisting 4 x 500 5 10 MVA, 60 Hz, 13/13 kV,
TR-2
kW doubly fed induction Generators driven by wind turbines. Vbase = 13 kV, YgD1
DG3 is 2 X 100kW at 1000 W/m2 sun irradiance Solar PV TR-3 1.8 MVA, 60 Hz, 13/0.4 kV,
system. Vbase = 13 kV, YgD1
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TR-4 200kVA, 260V/13kV, 3ph, coupling trans. V. CONCLUSION
13 kV, Vbase = 13 kV, In this paper a new faster approach for estimation of power
DL-1, 30 km
6 DL-2, 30 km
R0 = 0.0426 Ω/km, R1 = 0.0148 Ω/km, Quality parameters such as amplitudes of voltage & current,
X0L = 0.0517 Ω/km, X1L = 0.0165 Ω/km, phase angle, frequency is presented. This approach minimizes
DL-3, 15 km
X0C = 5.05 nF/km, X1C = 12.34 nF/km an error cost function by multiplying it with Forgetting Factor,
L1 = 9.4 MW, 3.6 MVAR,
L2 = 3.8 MW, 2 MVAR,
to obtain Hessian Matrix. By neglecting off-diagonal elements
7 Load of Hessian matrix is further simplifies the equations to have the
L3 = 2 MW, 1 MVAR,
L4 = 0.75 MW, 0.4 MVAR faster calculations. Thus these expressions are suitable for real
Other power transformer values are, R1 = 0.00365 pu., X1 = time calculations accurately in recursive manner. Further these
0.105 pu, Rm = 500 pu, Xm = 500 pu. PQ indices can be utilized for control strategy of the custom
power devices such as DVR, UPQC. A test case is presented,
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
MRGN has implemented on three phases of the DG1.
Results of estimated signal for phase A is shown in figure 4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The L-G fault is created on this phase from 0.6 sec to 1 sec. I, first author would like to extend my sincere thanks to
Initially the algorithm takes about 0.06 sec to stabilize. prof. M. B. Ghat, Assistant professor, Electrical Engineering
Voltage sag and its clearing is observed at the same instance. Department, RIT, Islampur for his kind and valuable support to
Estimated signal for other phases is shown in figure 5 and complete this paper.
figure 6.
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sin w ( k 1)i ˆ k 1 w ( k 1) i ˆ r k 1 0.5 Aˆ r k 1 sin 2 wr k 1 i ˆ r k 1 0.5iAˆ r k 1 sin 2 wr k 1 i ˆ r k 1
2
k
r r
sin r
(8)
k i Aˆ k 1 cos w ( k 1)i ˆ k 1 0.5 Aˆ r k 1 sin 2 wr k 1 i ˆ r k 1
2 2
Aˆ r k 1 cos ( wr ( k 1)i ˆ r k 1
2
iAˆ r k 1 cos ( w
2
( k 1) i ˆ r k 1
r r r
r
i0
iAˆ k 1 cos w ( k 1)i ˆ k 1 0.5iAˆ r k 1 sin 2 wr k 1 i ˆ r k 1 iAˆ r k 1 cos (w ( k 1)i ˆ k 1 i Aˆ r k 1 cos ( wr ( k 1) i ˆr k 1
2 2 2 2 2
r r r r r
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