Kleine Mitteilungen 817

Now substitnting the constants equation (2.19) can be A p p e n d i x : R a n g e of p o r o s i t y p a r a m e t e r m,

written as I n case for first order porosity the pressure distribution is
given by the equations

- m, [2r'
- 3-__
32
- (3 - m,) 7 -
m,+1
-~ + m ,T+Q1
~
+
whereas
Where MI is unknown permeability constant of second order.
Carrying out the OSEEN expansion of (2.22), we have
(2 - OSEEN) (2 - STOKES)

y ,-
-.
1 1
2-
~. zi-sin? 0 +
22

Thus we have the expression for pressure outside and inside

the sphere respectively.
p = p , + R cos e (3 - m,)
3 - m, 2r2
and this matches (2.21) if C, = 38 Thus we have .
p = p, + 10 Rm,r COB 0 , ('4.4)
found two terms of STOKESexpansion near the sphere and
interior expansion inside the sphere. Thus we have p, being the arbitrary constant.
It is quite evident from (A.3) and (A.4) that there is a
jump in the pressure a t r = 1. Let
p = (P),=,+o - (P),=I-O
(-4.5)

The range of porosity parameter mownbeobtained by putting

the normal velocity equal to zero or Yeo = 0 = !Pi0 which
gives m, = 0, the lower range, while putting P = 0 gives
for r 2 1 , (2.24) the upper range. It is quite evident that mo = 1/7 from
nnd (A.6). Thus we have 0 5 m, 5 117. In case m, = 0 the
sphere will behave as a solid sphere without porosity.
3-m
Yi =
(1 + -
8
R ):
2 -2r* (2 - r2) (1 - y2) +
References
1 SINGE, M. P.and Q m a , J. L.,The effect of permeabllity on the Drag of
RN1 13(3r2 - 5 ) y(1 - 14
+T for r 5 1. (2.25) a porous sphere In a nnlform atream ZAYY 61, 27-32 (1971).
2 LEO?lr)V, A. I., The slow statlonary flow of a viscoun fluld above a porous
sphere. PhlM 26, 584 (1962).
3 WOVDYAN, I. and PEARSON, J. X. A , , Journ. of fluid 3Iech. 0 , p. 237,
3. D r a g f o r c e o n t h e p o r o u s s p h e r i c a l s h e l l (1957).
4 OSEEN, C. W.,Arklv Math. Astron. Fyaik 6, KO.29 (1910).
5 V A N DYKE, Perturbatlon methods In fluid hlerhanics Acndeniic Press,
The contribution to the drag coefficient comes from Yl~oin New York, London (1964).
the STORES expansion (note that Yeihaa Yaoas m component)
and Yio in the interior solution (here also Y ii hae Yio as a Eingereicht a.m 5. 12. 1973 (rev. Fassung am 20. 4.
component) of the stream function. Since all other terms are 1974)
odd in y hence they do not contribute anything to the drag.
Thus it comes out to be
Anschrifl: R. K. GUPTA,Department of Mathematics,
D = 2 n ~ ' u a[ { Q ) , + o - {Di)i-oI * (3.1) M. R. Engineering College, Jaipur, India
Where De comes out from Y e 0 and Di from that of Yio.
Thus we have the total drag to be
Z A M M 64, 817 - 8 1 9 (1974)

I?. D. VERMA / B. S. BHAW

The coefficient of drag can be written as
On the Flow o! Immisoible Incompressible Fluids Betweon
Naturally Permeable Walls

(3.3)
since 0 I;m, 5 1/7 (see appendix).
The result (3.2) shows that the drag is reduced due to
por0sit.y and if we do not consider the drag due to the inside
stream function then the effect of permeability up to an
order O ( R ) is that i t reduces the effective radius. We can
easily verify that if m, = 0 the result is the classical drag
force for the case of the impervious sphere.
1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
I n the present problem an attempt has been made to study
the flow of two immiscible incompressible fluids between
naturally permeable walls in the following two cases:
(i) Generalized C ~ U ETTEflow with porous material a t the
lower wall.
(ii) POISEUILLE flow with porous material at both the walls.
In the viscous flow problems past a porous solid it has
frequently been assumed that the tangential velocity at the
surface is zero. When the porous solid has an open structure
with large pores the external surface stress may produce
a tangential flow. Following BEAVERS and JOSEPH [2], the
818 Kleine Rlitteilungen

matching condition is taken as The muss flow rate per iinit, width for upper and lower
fluids nre

where (u),, -0 = I'J: is the surface velocity, Q is the volume

flow rate per unit cross-section within the porous materinl
due to pressure gradient, K is the DARCY'S constant and 1is
a constant of the material.
(3.10)
2. N a t h e m a t i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n
I t follows t h a t the fractional increase in mass flow rate
I n both the cases two immiscible incompressible fluids of through the channel with permeable lower wall over what it
equal height are filled in the free space. We take up axis would be if the wall were impermeable for both the fluids are
of .r to be along the interface of two fluids and y be measwed
perpendicular to it. A constant pressure gradient ( - ap/2x (3.11)
7- ( 7 ) is applied. Thus the flow is unidirectional.
The flow in the free fluid region is given by NAVIER-
STOKESequations:
d2Ui
-- -
c i=l.2,
.- - - , (2.1)
I' i

whwe i = 1 gives flow of upper fluid and i = 2, that, of the

lower fluid. The boundaries are given by y = h and y = -h.
The flow through naturally permeable material is governed
hy DARCT'S law and

The houndnry conditions used are: 4. P O I S E U I L Lf lE

o w of t w o i m m i s c i b l e f l u i d s
(i) A t the interface of two fluids are givcn in 113. I n this case we consider semi-infinite boundaries with free
( i i ) At the interface of the free surface and porous niatrrinl fluid region between y = h and y = - h. The porous
are given as (1.1). materials are taken above and below t o the boundaries
(iii} No slip condition a t the impermeable wall. y = 11 and y = - h respectively. The two immiscible fluids
are filled in the regions where the separating layer is the
3. G e n e r a l i z e d C O U E T T E f l o w of t w o i m n i i s - axis of x and a constant pressure gradient is applied at, the
cible flnids mouth so t h a t the boundary conditions are
The free fluid region is defined to be between the boundaries ul=C:, at y=h.
y = h and y = - h. The porous material is taken at where (4.1)
y = - h and below it. The upper boundary is given a
uniform velocity U so that the boundary conditions for
t h e problem can be written as follows:
Ul=U at y = h , (3.1) u1 = u2 at. y = 0,
ul = u2 at. y 0, (3.2)
du, du,
/ I l -- = p2 at. y = 0, (3.3)
d?I u2 = rJ, at - h,
u2 = v2 at IJ = - 11, (3.4) whrre
whcrc (4.3)

(3.5) The soliitions of (2.1) give the velocity profiles in the channel
as
The soliitions of (2.1) givc the vrlocity profiles i n the c-hnnnrl
Xi

(3.6)

(3.7)
 Kleine Mitteilungen 819

Die GREENsche Matrix G(t - 7 ) ergibt sich dahei fur t , 7 E [O,T]

aus der Fundamentalmatrix Y ( t )= elA und der Einheits-
matrix E zu
Mnss flow rate per unit width of upper and lower fluids are [ E - Y ( T ) ] - l Y(t - t) fur t f .
T)- El-' Y(t - T) .
Es ist
(4.6) lim [a(&)
S-PO
- a(- E)] = E .
Durch die Festlegufigen
G(s) = [E - Y ( T ) ] - l H(?) fur 0 8 T< <
G(8 +
k T ) = Q(8) fur k E Z
wird G(s) uber die ganze reelle a-Achse, auBer a n den Stellen
s = kT, k E Z, stetig und periodisch fortgesetzt. An den
Stellen s = kT, k c Z springt G um E.
Die Elemente giE(s)nnd Q(s) lassen sich in (0, 2') durch
die entsprechenden FouRrERreihen darstellen :
m
G(s) = A, +pC= 1[cos ( p u s ) A, + sin (pws) BPI, w = 2n/T I

A h r-te Partialsumme Gr(a) wird

G,(S) = A, +pi.
=1
[cos ( p m )A, + sin ( p w e ) B ~ I

definiert. Aus
T
lim J [C(9) - a&)]*ds = 0
r-tm 0
folgt, deO G(e) Grenzwert im quadratkchen Mittel der Folge
(4.9) der a&) ist.
A c k n o w 1e d g e m e n t s Nach dem Vorschlag von H. LEIPHOLZ wird Cr(s) in der
Intcgralgleichung als Naherung fur Gr(8) eingesetzt. Dies ist
The authors are extremely grateful to Professor P. L. BEAT- bei physikalischen und technischen Problemen dann eine
NAGAR for his constant encouragement during the preparation Erleichterung, wenn nicht die EinfluDfunktion G(s), sondern
of this paper. One of US (BSB) is thankful to University nur ihr Mittelwert A, und ihre ersten Harmonischen bestimmt
Grants Commission for the award of a Junior Research werden konnen, etwa aus Measungen.
Fellowship. I m linearen Raum der uber [0, TI stetig dilferenzierbaren,
T-periodischen Vektoren z(t) E Rn wird die Norm
References
1 BIRD, R. B., STEWART, W. E. and LIQETFOOT, E. N., Transport Pheno-
mena, John Wiley nnd Sons, Inc., 1980, p. 54.
2 BEAVERS, G. Y. and JOSEPH, D. D.. Boundary condltions at a naturally eingefiihrt. Der erhaltene R a m B ist ein BANACEraUm.
permeable Wall, J . Fluld Mech. 80,1,p. 197 (1967). Wie in [1]-[4] gezeigt wurde, erfullt fur
Eingereicht am 11.12.1973 (gekurzte Fassung am Lo <
1
2. 6. 1974) mit

Amchriff: Dr. P. D. VERMA,B. S. BEATTDepartment

of Mathematics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-4,
India die ursprungliche Integralgleichung und fiir
4 r <1
mit
. ZAMM 64, 819 -822 (1974)
er = ?IQA~V 2e
K. NIXDORFF 0
die nach H. LEIPHOLZabgeiinderte Integralgleichung die
Zur iterativen Bestimmung niehtlinearer Sehwingungen Voraussetzungen dea BaNacHschen Fixpunktaatzes, d. h. die
Integralgleichungen haben genau eine Liisung z(t), bzw. zr(t),
die Iteration
1. D a s V e r f a h r e n T
Vorgelegt sei die Randnertaufgabe di+l)(l) = 1a(t - t ) f ( t , d i ) ( t )dT
) ,
i = AX + f ( t , z), f ( t + T, 5) E f ( t , z),~ ) z(2')
( 0= bzw.
0

mit x E Rn, A eine konstante, beziiglich T nichtkritische

n x n-Matrix und f(t, r) eine uber R, x Rn stetige, be-
schrankte (If:, z)1 <f. fur t E [0, TI, z E Rn) und beziiglich z darf rnit einem beliebigen Element do)@),
bzw. zjo)(t),be-
global mscmrzbeschriinkte (LIPscRITzkonstante L)Vektor- gonnen werden und konvergiert im Mittel gegen diese Lo-
funktion. sung, und es gilt die Fehlerabschatzung
Nach [2] - [4], [8] kann die vorgelegte Randwertaufgabe
in eine Integralgleichung vom HAMMmsTEINschen Typ uber-
gefuhrt werden.
1'
z(1) = J Q(t - t ) f ( 7 ,z ( T ) ) d 7 .
0