Physical Properties – observables

Density – mass per unit volume Water absorption – ability to absorb

Bulk density – ratio of
material mass to total
volume of material including
spaces
Solid density – ratio of the
mass of solid material to the
volume of solid material
without any spaces.
Specific gravity/Relative density -
ratio of solid density of material and
density of distilled water at 4° C.
Porosity – ratio of the volume of the
spaces in the material to the overall
volume.
Void ratio – ratio between the size
of voids to the volume of solid material.
and retain water.
Weathering resistance – ability to
endure alternate wet and dry conditions.
Water permeability – capacity of a
material to allow water to penetrate under
pressure.
Glass, steel, bitumen = 1
Frost resistance – ability of water
saturated material to endure
repeated freezing and thawing with
considerable decrease of mechanical
strength. Water contained by the
pores increases in volume even up
to 9 percent on freezing.
Unit weight – ratio of the material
weight to the material volume.

Density (kg/m3)

Brick 1700
Mastic asphalt 2100
Cement 2306
Glass 2520
Concrete 1:2:4 2260
Limestone 2310
Granite 2662
Steel 7850
Aluminum 2700
Copper 9000
Lead 11340
Hardwoods 769
Softwoods(plywoods) 513

Mechanical properties - properties which relate to material behavior under applied

forces define as mechanical properties.
Brittleness – breaks without significant plastic deformation.
Bulk Modulus - measure of how incompressible/resistant to compressibility that substance is.
Ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of
the volume.
Compressive strength – capacity of the material to withstand loads that that tends to reduce
size.
Tensile strength - capacity of the material to withstand loads that that tends to elongate.
Creep – tendency of a material to move slowly or deform permanently under influence of
mechanical stresses. Also called cold flow.
Ductility – ability of material to deform under tensile stress.
Malleability – ability of material to deform under compressive stress.
Durability – ability of a product to perform its function over a period of time without excessive
maintenance or repair.
Elasticity – ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or deforming force and to return its
original shape when that influence is removed.
Fatigue Limit - the amplitude (or range) of cyclic stress that can be applied to the material
without causing fatigue failure.
Flexural Modulus/Bending Modulus – ratio of stress to strain in flexural deformation.
Tendency of material to bend.
Flexural strength – modulus of rupture. bend strength, stress in a material before it yields in
flexural test.
Fracture toughness – ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture.
Hardness – measure of how resistant solid matter to various kinds of permanent shape change.
Poisson’s Ratio – Siméon Poisson. Signed ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
Resilience – ability of material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically. Maximum
energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit without creating a permanent distortion.
Shear Modulus – G, ratio of shear stress to shear strain.
Shear strength - strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural
failure where the material or component fails in shear.
Specific strength – material’s strength divided by its density.
Tenacity - fiber or textile’s strength divided by its density.
Toughness – ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
Material’s resistance to fracture when stressed.
Viscosity – is fluid’s resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress and or tensile stress.
Yield strength – stress at which material begins to deform plastically
Yield point – point where nonlinear deformation begins.

Chemical property - any of material’s property that becomes evident during or after a chemical
reaction.
Corrosion – natural process which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable
form(oxide hydroxide sulfide)
Gradual destruction of materials(usuallyu metal) by chemical or electrochemical
reaction with their environment.
Hygroscopy – phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding
environment.]
Potential hydrogen – numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous
solution.
The negative of the base 10 logarithm of molar concentration.
Reactivity – impetus for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions of substances
Catalysis – increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to catalyst.
Specific surface area – property of solids defined by total surface area of a material per unit of
mass.
Used to determine the type and properties of material.
Surface energy/ Interface energy – quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occur
when a surface is created.
Sublimation – phase transition of a substance from solid to gas.
Surface tension – elastic tendency of a fluid surface.
Atomic mass – mass of an atom. U, Da. 1
1 unified atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of mass of a single carbon-12 atom
at rest.
Atomic number- Z, number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic weight – physical quantity for a chemical element
pH
Blood – 7.4 Seawater - 8
Oven cleaner – 13.5 Lemon - 2
Black Coffee – 5 Battery acid, hydrochloric acid- 0
Electric properties
Relative permittivity – the factor by which the electric field between the charges is decreased
relative to vacuum.
Electrical resistivity – is an intrinsic property that quantifies how strongly a fiven material
opposes the flow of electric current.
Electrical conductivity/ specific conductance – reciprocal of electrical resistivity. Measures a
material’s ability to conduct an electric current.
Seebeck coefficient – measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in
response to a temperature difference across that material, as induced by the seebeck effect.
Capacitance – ability of a body to store an electric charge.
Electrical resistance of an electrc conducter is the measure of the difficulty to pass an electric
current through that conductor.
Electrical conductance – ease ……….. reciprocal of electrical resistance.

Thermal properties
Boiling point – temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure
surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
Thermal expansion – tendency of matter to change in shape, area, volume in response to a
change in temperature.
Curie point – temperature at which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic
properties. To be replaced by induced magnetism. Pierre Curie
Emissivity – effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation.
Flammability – ability of substance to burn or ignite causing fire.
Flash point – lowest temperature at which vapors of the material will ignite when given ignition
source.
Glass transition – glass-liquid. reversible transition in amorphous materials.
Heat of vaporization – amount of energy that must be added to the liquid substance to
transform a quantity of that substance into gas.
Melting point – solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.
Heat capacity – a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to an object
Thermal conductivity – property of material to conduct heat.
 BALL MILL IS A ROTARY STEEL
CYLINDER WITH HARDENED STEEL BALLS.

CORRECTED SLURRY IS FEED TO ROTARY

KILN,
TEMPERATURE ARRANGEMENT IS UP TO
1500-1650 DEGREE C.
150-500 FEET LONG,
8-16 FEET IN DIAMETER
1824, Joseph Aspdin, Leeds, England