Internet Protocol

Rev 1.0 www.huawei.com

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Objectives
 IP Address and subnet planning

 IP Forwarding

 InterVLAN Routing

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IP Forwarding (Routing)

N4
N2.H1
N1.H1

N1.H2

N3.H1

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IP Header Format
0 3 7 15 31

Message Service type Total length

Version
length

Identification Flag Frag offset

Time to live Protocol Message header checksum

Source IP address

Destination IP address

IP options

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Type of Service

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IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network Host
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

10000000 00000001 11111111 11111110

128 . 1. 255 . 254

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 Classification of IP Addresses
Network(8bit) Host(24bit)
1.0.0.0~
0 Class A·
126.255.255.255

Network(16bit) Host(16bit)
128.0.0.0~
Class B
191.255.255.255 1 0

Network(24bit) Host(8bit)
192.0.0.0~ Class C
1 0
223.255.255.255 1

224.0.0.0~ Class D
1 1 10 Multicast address
239.255.255.255

240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 0 Reserved Class E

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Address Mask
Distinguish network portion and host portion

●First series of ones following by series of zeros

32-bit string, can be represented in dotted-decimal format
as IP address or just count of ones (mask length):
●Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0 or /8 or :
11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

●Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0 or /16:

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

●Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0 or /24 or:

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

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IP address and mask

192 168 1 17 11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

& &
255 255 255 0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

= =
192 168 1 0 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000

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IP address and mask

192 168 1 17 11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

& &
255 255 255 248 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

= =
192 168 1 16 11000000 10101000 00000001 00010000

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Subnets and Subnet Masks
192 168 1 17
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

Network Part Subnet Part Host Part

(n bits) (m bits)

 IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.248 or 192.168.1.16/28

 Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)
 Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 – 2 = 14)
 For 192.168.1.17/28:
● network address 192.168.1.16
● broadcast address 192.168.1.31

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 Subnet Planning

192.168.1.0/25 (128 addresses)

192.168.1.0/24
(256 addresses) 192.168.1.128/27 (32)

192.168.1.160/27 (32)
192.168.1.128/25 (128)

192.168.1.192/26 (64)

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Special IP Addresses
Address
Network part Host part Use
type
Network Representing a network
Any Completely 0
address Segment
All the nodes of a Specially
Broadcast
Any Completely 1 designated network
address
segment
Loopback
127 Any Loop test
address
Huawei Quidway router
used
Completely“0 All networks
Designate default routes

Broadcast All nodes of

Completely“1
address Local network segment

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IP Address For Private Network

10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255

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Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)

192.168.1.32/27

192.168.1.64/27

ISP
Announce
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.0/24

192.168.1.128/27

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Objectives
 IP Address and subnet planning

 IP Forwarding

 InterVLAN Routing

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1 MAC2

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC3 MAC4

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC3 MAC4

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC5 MAC6

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC5 MAC6

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 Mask matching

00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask &
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 /24
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24 = 00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
10.1.1.0
00001010 0000001 00000001 00000000
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0

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 Mask matching

00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask &
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 /24
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24 = 00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
10.2.2.0
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0

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 Mask matching

00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask &
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 /24
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24 = 00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
129.6.1.0
10000001 0000110 00000001 00000000
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0

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 Mask matching

00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask &
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 /0
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24 = 00000000 0000000 00000000 00000000
0.0.0.0
00000000 0000000 00000000 00000000
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0

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 Mask matching

Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0

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 IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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 IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.0/24 10.2.2.0/24

.2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2
E0/0 E0/1 E1/0 E1/1
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 MAC4 MAC5 MAC6
GW:10.1.1.1 Router A Router B GW:10.2.2.1

Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1

Dest./Mask NextHop Interface

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 E0/0 Dest./Mask NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24 129.6.1.2 E0/1 10.1.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.1 E0/1 10.2.2.0/24 10.2.2.1 E1/1
0.0.0.0/0 129.6.1.1 E0/1 129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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IP Forwarding Process

Routing
(selecting path)

Router Router

IP IP

encapsulation
decapsulation

ETH PPP PPP ETH

E1/0 S2/0 S2/1 E0/1

LAN 1 WAN LAN 2

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Objectives
 IP Address and subnet planning

 IP Forwarding

 InterVLAN Routing

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Layer 2 Switching Network-
Broadcast

Broadcast domain

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 Insulating layer 2 broadcast domain

VLAN 100 VLAN 200

 VLAN has insulated the layer 2 broadcast domain, thus

strictly insulating any flow between any two VLANs

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 Inter-VLAN Communication

VLAN 100 VLAN 200

VLAN 300

 Flow between different VLANs cannot directly pass

VLAN boundaries, we should use routers to forward the
packets from one VLAN to another VLAN
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 Route Selection in Inter-VLAN Communication

VLAN 300

3.3.3.30/24

Ping 2.2.2.20 VLAN 100 VLAN 200

Non-local user or gateway Ethernet 3
Send it to default gateway

1.1.1.10/24 2.2.2.20/24

Ethernet 1 Ethernet 2

Ethernet 1 belongs to network 1.1.1.0/24

Ethernet 2 belongs to network 2.2.2.0/24
Ethernet 3 belongs to network 3.3.3.0/24
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 Integration of Switching and Routing

VLAN 100 VLAN 200

VLAN 300

VLAN 100 VLAN 200

VLAN 300

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