Military

Military
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Armed forces
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armed_forces&redirect=no>)
Jump to: navigation <#mw-head>, search <#p-search>
For the film, see Military (film)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_(film)>. Several terms redirect
here. For other uses see Armed forces (disambiguation)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces_(disambiguation)> and Japan
Self-Defense Forces
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces>
[hide]*This article has multiple issues.* Please help *improve it

<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&action=edit>* or
discuss these issues on the *talk page
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Military>*. /(Learn how and when to
remove these template messages
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal>)/
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg>
This article *needs additional citations for verification

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability>*. Please help
improve this article
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&action=edit> by
adding citations to reliable sources
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1>
.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. /(August 2008)/
/(Learn how and when to remove this template message
This article includes a list of references

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources>, but *its
sources remain unclear* because it has *insufficient inline citations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations>*.
Please help to improve
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check>
this article by introducing
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite> more precise
citations. /(September 2013)/ /(Learn how and when to remove this
template message

A *military* is a force authorized to use

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force> lethal or deadly force
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_force> and weapons to support the
interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. It typically
consists of an Army <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army>, Navy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy>, Air Force
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force>, and in certain countries the
Marines <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines> and Coast Guard
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_guard>. The task of the military is
usually defined as defence of the state, and its citizens, and the
prosecution of war against another state. The military may also have
additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within a society,
including, the promotion of a political agenda
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_agenda>, protecting corporate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate> economic interests, internal
population control <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_control>,
construction, emergency services, social ceremonies, and guarding
important areas. The military may also function as a discrete subculture
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture> within a larger civil
society, through the development of separate infrastructures, which may
include housing, schools, utilities, logistics, health and medical, law,
food production, finance and banking. In broad usage, the terms "armed
forces" and "military" are often treated as synonymous, although in
technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's
armed forces may include both its military and other paramilitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary> forces. Armed force is the
use of armed forces to achieve political objectives. There are various
forms of irregular military
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_military> forces, not belonging
to a recognized state; though they share many attributes with regular
military forces, they are less often referred to as simply "military".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countries_by_soldier_count.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countries_by_soldier_count.svg>
Countries by number of active soldiers (2009)
The profession of soldiering <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier> as

part of a military is older than recorded history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_history> itself. Some of the
most enduring images of the classical antiquity
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity> portray the power
and feats of its military leaders
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership>. The Battle of Kadesh
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh> in 1274 BC was one of
the defining points of Pharaoh Ramses II
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II>'s reign, and is celebrated
in bas-relief <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief> on his
monuments. A thousand years later, the first emperor of unified China
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China>, Qin Shi Huang
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang>, was so determined to
impress the gods with his military might, he was buried with an army of
terracotta soldiers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army>.^[1]
<#cite_note-ReferenceA-1> The Romans
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome> were dedicated to military
matters, leaving to posterity many treatises
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise> and writings, as well as a
large number of lavishly carved triumphal arches
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch> and victory columns
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_column>.
Part of a series on
War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War>
History <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history>[show]
<#>
* Prehistoric <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare>
* Ancient <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_warfare>
* Post-classical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_warfare>
* Early Modern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare>
* Late Modern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfare>

o Industrial <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare>
o Fourth-Gen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare>
Battlespace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace>[show]
<#>
* Air <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare>
* Cyber <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare>
* Information <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare>
* Land <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_warfare>
* Sea <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare>
* Space <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_warfare>
Weapons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon>[show]
<#>
* Armor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare>
* Artillery <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery>
* Biological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare>
* Cavalry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry>
* Chemical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare>
* Conventional <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfare>
* Cyber <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberweapon>
* Electronic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare>
* Infantry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry>
* Nuclear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare>
* Psychological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare>
* Unconventional <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfare>
Tactics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics>[show]
<#>
* Aerial <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring>
* Battle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle>
* Cavalry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_tactics>
* Charge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(warfare)>
* Counterattack <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterattack>
* Counter-insurgency <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency>
* Cover <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(military)>
* Foxhole <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position>
* Guerrilla warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare>
* Morale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale>
* Siege <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege>
* Swarming <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming_(military)>
* Tactical objective <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_objective>
* Trench warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare>
Operational <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_level_of_war>[show]
<#>
* /Blitzkrieg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg>/
* Deep operation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_operation>
* Maneuver warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuver_warfare>
* Operational manoeuvre group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group>
Strategy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy>[show]
<#>
* Attrition <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare>
* Counter-offensive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-offensive>
* Deception <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception>
* Defensive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_defence>
* Goal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)>
* Naval <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_strategy>
* Offensive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)>
Grand strategy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy>[show]
<#>
* Containment <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment>
* Economic warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_warfare>
* Limited war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_war>
* Military science <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science>
* Philosophy of war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_war>
* Strategic studies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_studies>
* Total war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war>
Organization <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization>[show]
<#>
* Command and control <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control>

* Doctrine <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine>
* Education and training
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education_and_training>
* Engineers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering>
* Intelligence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence>
* Ranks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank>
* Staff <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)>
* Technology and equipment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology>
Logistics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics>[show]
<#>
* Arms industry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry>

* Materiel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel>
* Supply chain management
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management>
Related[show]
<#>
* Asymmetric warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare>

* Broken-Backed War Theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken-Backed_War_Theory>
* Court-martial <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial>
* Cold war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)>
* Deterrence theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory>
* Horses in warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare>
* Irregular warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_warfare>
* Law of war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_war>
* Mercenary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary>
* Military campaign <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign>
* Military operation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation>
* Network-centric warfare
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare>
* Operations research <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research>
* Principles of war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_war>
* Proxy war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war>
* Religious war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war>
* Theater <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)>
* Tripwire force <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripwire_force>
* War crime <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime>
* War film <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film>
* War game <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise>
* War novel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_novel>
* Wartime sexual violence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence>
* Women in war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_war>
* World war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war>
* Colonial war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_war>
Lists <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_lists>[show]
<#>
* Battles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_battles>
* Military occupations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_occupations>
* Military tactics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_tactics>
* Operations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_operations>
* Sieges <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sieges>
* War crimes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_crimes>
* Wars <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars>
* Weapons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_weapons>
* Writers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_writers>
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:War>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:War>
* e <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:War&action=edit>
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Etymology and definitions <#Etymology_and_definitions>

* 2 History <#History>
* 3 Organisation <#Organisation>
o 3.1 Personnel <#Personnel>
+ 3.1.1 Rank and role <#Rank_and_role>
+ 3.1.2 Recruitment <#Recruitment>
+ 3.1.3 Obligations <#Obligations>
+ 3.1.4 Training <#Training>
+ 3.1.5 Perks <#Perks>
o 3.2 Intelligence <#Intelligence>
o 3.3 Economics <#Economics>
o 3.4 Capability development <#Capability_development>
o 3.5 Science <#Science>
o 3.6 Logistics <#Logistics>
o 3.7 Operations <#Operations>
o 3.8 Performance assessment <#Performance_assessment>
* 4 In combat <#In_combat>
o 4.1 Strategic victory <#Strategic_victory>
o 4.2 Operational victory <#Operational_victory>
o 4.3 Tactical victory <#Tactical_victory>
* 5 Technology <#Technology>
* 6 As part of society <#As_part_of_society>
o 6.1 Ideology and ethics <#Ideology_and_ethics>
o 6.2 Antimilitarism <#Antimilitarism>
* 7 Stereotypes <#Stereotypes>
o 7.1 In the media <#In_the_media>
* 8 See also <#See_also>
* 9 References <#References>
* 10 External links <#External_links>
Etymology and definitions[edit

<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&action=edit&section=1>]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuardKandahar.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuardKandahar.jpg>
Soldiers from the Canadian Grenadier Guards
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Grenadier_Guards> in the
Kandahar Province <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Province> of
Afghanistan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldados_do_ex%C3%A9rcito_argentino_2016.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldados_do_ex%C3%A9rcito_argentino_2016.jpg>
Soldiers of the Argentine Army
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Army> in formation
Issue: /Possibly cognate with Thousand

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand>, cf. Latin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language> and Romance
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages> language root word
"mil-")/
The first recorded use of the word military in English, spelled

/militarie/, was in 1585.^[2] <#cite_note-OED-2> It comes from the Latin
/militaris/ (from Latin /miles/, meaning "soldier") through French, but
is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from /*mil-it-/
– going in a body or mass.^[3] <#cite_note-3> ^[4] <#cite_note-4> The
word is now identified as denoting someone that is skilled in use of
weapons, or engaged in military service, or in warfare.^[5]
<#cite_note-COD-5> ^[6] <#cite_note-Webster-6>
As a noun, the military usually refers generally to a country's armed

forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who
command them.^[5] <#cite_note-COD-5> ^[6] <#cite_note-Webster-6> In
general, it refers to the physicality of armed forces, their personnel,
equipment, and the physical area which they occupy.
As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and

soldiering, but it soon broadened to apply to land forces in general,
and anything to do with their profession.^[2] <#cite_note-OED-2> The
names of both the Royal Military Academy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich> (1741)
and United States Military Academy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy> (1802)
reflect this. However, at about the time of the Napoleonic Wars
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars>, 'military' began to be
used in reference to armed forces as a whole,^[2] <#cite_note-OED-2> and
in the 21st century expressions like 'military service
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service>', 'military
intelligence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence>', and
'military history <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history>'
encompass naval and air force aspects. As such, it now connotes any
activity performed by armed force personnel.
History[edit
Main article: Military history

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history>
This section *does not cite

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources> any sources
improve this section
.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence>.
/(April 2011)/ /(Learn how and when to remove this template message
Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts,

not just the history of the state militaries. It differs somewhat from
the history of war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_war>, with
military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making,
while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the
face of changing technology, governments, and geography.
Military history has a number of facets. One main facet is to learn from
past accomplishments and mistakes, so as to more effectively wage war in
the future. Another is to create a sense of military tradition
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tradition>, which is used to
create cohesive military forces. Still another may be to learn to
prevent wars more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is
largely based on both recorded and oral history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history> of military conflicts
(war), their participating armies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army>
and navies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy> and, more recently, air
forces <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force>.
There are two types of military history, although almost all texts have
elements of both: descriptive history, that serves to chronicle
conflicts without offering any statements about the causes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_war#Historical_causes_of_wars>,
nature of conduct
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_war#Conduct_of_wars>, the
ending, and effects
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_war#Effects_of_war> of a
conflict; and analytical history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Military_history_(analytical)&action=edit&redlink=1>,
that seeks to offer statements about the causes, nature, ending, and
aftermath of conflicts – as a means of deriving knowledge and
understanding of conflicts as a whole, and prevent repetition of
mistakes in future, to suggest better concepts or methods in employing
forces, or to advocate the need for new technology.
Organisation[edit
Main article: Military organization

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png>
An example of military command; a map of Argentina
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina>'s military zones (1975–1983)
Personnel[edit
Main article: Military personnel

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel>
See also: Military reserve
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve> and Military service
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CF-18A_launches_LGB_Eglin_AFB_2006.JPG>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CF-18A_launches_LGB_Eglin_AFB_2006.JPG>
CF-18 Hornet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF-18_Hornet> drops a
laser-guided bomb
Despite the growing importance of military technology

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology>, military activity
depends above all on people. For example, in 2000 the British Army
declared: "Man is still the first weapon of war."^[7] <#cite_note-7>
Rank and role[edit

title=Military&action=edit&section=5>]
Main article: Military personnel

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel>
The military organization is characterized by a strict hierarchy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy> divided by military rank
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_rank>, with ranks normally
grouped (in descending order of authority) as officers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)> (e.g. Colonel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel>), non-commissioned officers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer> (e.g. Sergeant
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant>), and personnel at the lowest
rank (e.g. Private Soldier
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)>). While senior officers
make strategic decisions, subordinated military personnel (soldiers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier>, sailors
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor>, marines
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(military)>, or airmen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmen>) fulfil them. Although rank
titles vary by military branch
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_branch> and country, the rank
hierarchy is common to all state armed forces worldwide.
In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many trade roles,

which are often grouped according to the nature of the role's military
task on combat operations: combat <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat>
roles (e.g. infantry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry>), combat
support <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_support> roles (e.g.
combat engineers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer>), and
combat service support
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_service_support> roles (e.g.
logistical support).
Recruitment[edit
Main article: Military recruitment

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment>
Personnel may be recruited

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment> or conscripted
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription>, depending on the system
chosen by the state. Most military personnel are males; the minority
proportion of female personnel varyies internationally (approximately 3%
in India,^[8] <#cite_note-8> 10% in the UK,^[9] <#cite_note-9> 13% in
Sweden,^[10] <#cite_note-10> 16% in the US,^[11] <#cite_note-11> and
27% in South Africa^[12] <#cite_note-12> ). While two-thirds of states
now recruit or conscript only adults, as of 2017 50 states still relied
partly on children under the age of 18 (usually aged 16 or 17) to staff
their armed forces.^[13] <#cite_note-:2-13>
Whereas recruits who join as officers

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)> tend to be
upwardly-mobile <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwardly_mobile>,^[14]
<#cite_note-:4-14> ^[15] <#cite_note-15> most enlisted personnel have a
childhood background of relative socio-economic deprivation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-economic_gap>.^[16]
<#cite_note-:0-16> ^[17] <#cite_note-17> ^[18] <#cite_note-18> For
example, after the US suspended conscription in 1973, "the military
disproportionately attracted African American men, men from lower-status
socioeconomic backgrounds, men who had been in nonacademic high school
programs, and men whose high school grades tended to be low".^[14]
<#cite_note-:4-14>
Some groups, which actively oppose military recruitment practices in the

belief that they are misleading, harmful or immoral, engage
in counter-recruitment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-recruitment> activity.
Obligations[edit
Main article: Military recruitment

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment>
The obligations of military employment are many. Full-time military

employment normally requires a minimum period of service of several
years; between two and six years is typical of armed forces in
Australia, the UK and the US, for example, depending on role, branch,
and rank.^[19] <#cite_note-19> ^[20] <#cite_note-:522-20> ^[21]
<#cite_note-:622-21> Some armed forces allow a short discharge
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge> window, normally
during training, when recruits may leave the armed force as of
right.^[22] <#cite_note-:72-22> Alternatively, part-time military
employment, known as reserve service
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_service>, allows a recruit to
maintain a civilian job while training under military discipline at
weekends; he or she may be called out to deploy on operations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation> to supplement the
full-time personnel complement. After leaving the armed forces, recruits
may remain liable for compulsory return to full-time military employment
in order to train or deploy on operations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation>.^[22]
<#cite_note-:72-22> ^[21] <#cite_note-:622-21>
Military law <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Law> introduces

offences not recognised by civilian courts, such as absence without
leave (AWOL) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion>, desertion,
political acts, malingering <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malingering>,
behaving disrespectfully, and disobedience (see, for example, Offences
against military law in the United Kingdom
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offences_against_military_law_in_the_United_Kingdom>
).^[23]
<#cite_note-:82-23> Penalties range from a summary reprimand
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprimand> to imprisonment for several
years following a court martial
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial>.^[23] <#cite_note-:82-23>
Certain fundamental rights are also restricted or suspended, including
the freedom of association (e.g. union organizing) and freedom of speech
(speaking to the media).^[23] <#cite_note-:82-23> Military personnel in
some countries have a right of conscientious objection
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector> if they believe
an order is immoral or unlawful, or cannot in good conscience carry it out.
Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas,

according to operational need, and may be deployed from those bases on
exercises <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise> or
operations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation> anywhere
in the world. During peacetime, when military personnel are generally
stationed in garrisons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison> or other
permanent military facilities, they mostly conduct administrative tasks,
training <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_training> and education
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education> activities,
technology maintenance
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations>, and
recruitment <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_recruitment>.
Training[edit
Main article: Recruit training

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_training>
Initial training <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_training>

conditions recruits for the demands of military life, including
preparedness to injure and kill other people, and to face mortal danger
without fleeing. It is a physically and psychologically intensive
process which resocializes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resocialization> recruits for the unique
nature of military demands. For example:
* Individuality is suppressed (e.g. by shaving the head of new

recruits, issuing uniforms, denying privacy, and prohibiting the use
of first names);^[24] <#cite_note-:22-24> ^[25] <#cite_note-:42-25>
* Daily routine is tightly controlled (e.g. recruits must make their
beds, polish boots, and stack their clothes in a certain way, and
mistakes are punished);^[26] <#cite_note-:6-26> ^[25]
<#cite_note-:42-25>
* Continuous stressors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressor>
deplete psychological resistance to the demands of their instructors
(e.g. depriving recruits of sleep, food, or shelter, shouting
insults and giving orders intended to humiliate);^[27]
<#cite_note-:32-27> ^[25] <#cite_note-:42-25> ^[26]
<#cite_note-:6-26> and
* Frequent punishments serve to condition group conformity and
discourage poor performance.^[25] <#cite_note-:42-25>
* The disciplined drill instructor is presented as a role model of the
ideal soldier.^[28] <#cite_note-28>
Perks[edit
Military employment can bring perks including, for example, adventurous

training; subsidised accommodation, meals and travel; and a pension
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension>. Some armed forces also
subsidise recruits' education before, during and/or after military
service in return for a minimum period of formal military employment.
Intelligence[edit
Main article: Military intelligence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence>
This section *needs additional citations for verification

.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. /(March 2017)/ /(Learn
how and when to remove this template message
The next requirement comes as a fairly basic need for the military to
identify possible threats
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_threat> it may be called upon to
face. For this purpose, some of the commanding forces and other
military, as well as often civilian personnel participate in
identification of these threats. This is at once an organisation, a
system and a process collectively called military intelligence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence> (MI).
The difficulty in using military intelligence concepts and military

intelligence methods is in the nature of the secrecy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security> of the information
they seek, and the clandestine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_operation> nature that
intelligence operatives work in obtaining what may be plans for a
conflict escalation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_escalation>,
initiation of combat <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(combat)>, or
an invasion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion>.
An important part of the military intelligence role is the military

analysis performed to assess military capability
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_capability> of potential future
aggressors, and provide combat modelling that helps to understand
factors on which comparison of forces can be made. This helps to
quantify and qualify such statements as: "China
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army> and India
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_India> maintain the largest
armed forces in the World" or that "the U.S. Military
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Military> is considered to be the
world's strongest".^[29] <#cite_note-29>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg>
Guerrilla structure
Although some groups engaged in combat, such as militants or resistance

movements <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_movement>, refer to
themselves using military terminology, notably 'Army' or 'Front', none
have had the structure of a national military to justify the reference,
and usually have had to rely on support of outside national militaries.
They also use these terms to conceal from the MI their true
capabilities, and to impress potential ideological recruits.
Having military intelligence representatives participate in the
execution of the national defence policy is important, because it
becomes the first respondent and commentator on the policy expected
strategic goal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)>, compared to
the realities of identified threats
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)>.
When the intelligence reporting is compared to the policy, it becomes
possible for the national leadership to consider allocating resources
over and above the officers and their subordinates military pay, and the
expense of maintaining military facilities and military support services
for them.
Economics[edit
Main article: Military budget

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_per
centage_of_GDP.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_per
centage_of_GDP.png>
Map of military expenditures as a percentage of GDP
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product> by country,
2015.^[30] <#cite_note-30>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_top_10_countries_by_military_expenditure_M
ER.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_top_10_countries_by_military_expenditure_M
ER.svg>
Military spending in 2007, in USD <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD>,
according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_militrary_expenditures_absolute.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_militrary_expenditures_absolute.svg>
Military expenditure of 2014 in USD <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD>
Defense economics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_economics> is

the financial and monetary efforts made to resource and sustain
militaries, and to finance military operations, including war.
The process of allocating resources is conducted by determining a

military budget <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget>, which
is administered by a military finance organisation within the military.
Military procurement is then authorised to purchase or contract
provision of goods and services to the military, whether in peacetime at
a permanent base, or in a combat zone from local population.
Capability development[edit
.
Capability development, which is often referred to as the military

'strength', is arguably one of the most complex activities known to
humanity; because it requires determining: strategic, operational, and
tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats;
strategic, operational
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_doctrine>, and tactical
doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying
concepts, methods, and systems involved in executing the doctrines;
creating design specifications for the manufacturers who would produce
these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase
the concepts, methods, and systems; create a forces structure that would
use the concepts, methods, and systems most effectively and efficiently;
integrate these concepts, methods, and systems into the force structure
by providing military education
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education>, training
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_training>, and practice
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise> that preferably
resembles combat environment of intended use; create military logistics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics> systems to allow
continued and uninterrupted performance of military organisations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organisation> under combat
conditions, including provision of health services to the personnel, and
maintenance for the equipment; the services to assist recovery of
wounded personnel, and repair of damaged equipment; and finally,
post-conflict demobilisation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilisation>, and disposal of war
stocks surplus to peacetime requirements.
Development of military doctrine

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine> is perhaps the more
important of all capability development activities, because it
determines how military forces were, and are used in conflicts, the
concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately
military skilled, armed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier> and
equipped <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_equipment> personnel in
achievement of the tangible goals and objectives of the war
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War>, campaign
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign>, battle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle>, engagement, action or a duel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel>.^[31] <#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-31>
The line between strategy and tactics is not easily blurred, although
deciding which is being discussed had sometimes been a matter of
personal judgement by some commentators, and military historians. The
use of forces at the level of organisation between strategic and
tactical is called operational mobility
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_mobility>.
Science[edit
Main article: Military technology


.
/(March 2017)/ /(Learn how and when to remove this template message
Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many
of its systems are not found in commercial branches, much of the
material is researched, designed, developed, and offered for inclusion
in arsenals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal> by military science
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science> organisations within
the overall structure of the military. Military scientists are therefore
found to interact with all Arms and Services of the armed forces, and at
all levels of the military hierarchy of command.
Although concerned with research into military psychology

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology>, and particularly
combat stress
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combat_stress&action=edit&redlink=1>,
and how it affect troop morale <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale>,
often the bulk of military science activities is directed at military
intelligence technology, military communications
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications>, and improving
military capability <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_capability>
through research. The design, development, and prototyping of weapons
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon>, military support equipment, and
military technology <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology>
in general, is also an area in which lots of effort is invested – it
includes everything from global communication networks and aircraft
carriers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier> to paint and food.
Logistics[edit
Main article: Military logistics

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics>

.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg>
The Kawasaki C-1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_C-1> is a
tactical military transport of the Japan Air Self-Defence Force
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defence_Force>
Possessing military capability is not sufficient if this capability

cannot be deployed for, and employed in combat operations. To achieve
this, military logistics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics> are used for the
logistics management
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics_management> and logistics
planning of the forces military supply chain management
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management>, the
consumables, and capital equipment of the troops.
Although mostly concerned with the military transport

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport>, as a means of
delivery using different modes of transport; from military trucks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_truck>, to container ships
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship> operating from permanent
military base, it also involves creating field supply dumps at the rear
of the combat <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat> zone, and even
forward supply points in specific unit's Tactical Area of Responsibility
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Area_of_Responsibility>.
These supply points are also used to provide military engineering

services, such as the recovery of defective and derelict vehicles and
weapons, maintenance of weapons in the field, the repair and field
modification of weapons and equipment; and in peacetime, the
life-extension programmes undertaken to allow continued use of
equipment. One of the most important role of logistics is the supply of
munitions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munition> as a primary type of
consumable, their storage, and disposal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_disposal>.
Operations[edit
Main articles: Military strategy

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy> and Military tactics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics>

.
While capability development is about enabling

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_readiness> the military to perform
its functions and roles in executing the defence policy, how personnel
and their equipment are used in engaging the enemy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_(military)>, winning battles
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle>, successfully concluding
campaigns <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign>, and
eventually the war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War> – is the
responsibility of military operations. Military operations oversees the
policy interpretation into military plans
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_plan>, allocation of capability
to specific strategic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)>, operational
and tactical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_objective> goals
and objectives, change in posture of the armed forces, the interaction
of Combat Arms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Arms>, Combat
Support Arms, and Combat Support Services during combat operations,
defining of military missions and tasks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_task> during the conduct of
combat, management of military prisoners
title=Military_prisoner&action=edit&redlink=1>
and military civil affairs, and the military occupation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation> of enemy territory,
seizure of captured equipment, and maintenance of civil order in the
territory under its responsibility. Throughout the combat operations
process <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_operations_process>, and
during the lulls in combat, combat military intelligence provides
reporting on the status of plan completion, and its correlation with
desired, expected and achieved satisfaction of policy fulfilment.
Performance assessment[edit

.
/(October 2014)/ /(Learn how and when to remove this template message
The last requirement of the military is for military performance

assessment, and learning from it. These two functions are performed by
military historians <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history> and
military theorists <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_theory> who
seek to identify failures and success of the armed force, and integrate
corrections into the military reform, with the aim of producing an
improved force capable of performing adequately, should there be a
national defence policy review.
In combat[edit

.
The primary reason for the existence of the military is to engage in

combat <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat>, should it be required to
do so by the national defence policy, and to win. This represents an
organisational goal of any military, and the primary focus for military
thought through military history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history>. How victory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory> is achieved, and what shape it
assumes, is studied by most, if not all, military groups on three levels.
Strategic victory[edit
Main article: Strategic victory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_victory>

.
Military strategy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy> is

the management of forces in wars <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War> and
military campaigns <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign> by
a commander-in-chief <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief>,
employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole,
or the component elements of armies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army>, navies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy> and air forces
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force>; such as army groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_group>, naval fleets
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_fleet>, and large numbers of
aircraft <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft>. Military strategy is
a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of
outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military
command. Military strategy is more concerned with the supply of war
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics> and planning, than management
of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military
planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years.^[31]
<#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-31>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_of_Dutch_civilians_celebrating_the_libera
tion_of_Utrecht_by_the_Canadian_Army.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_of_Dutch_civilians_celebrating_the_libera
tion_of_Utrecht_by_the_Canadian_Army.jpg>
Dutch civilians celebrating the arrival of the I Canadian Corps
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps> in Utrecht
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht> as the Canadian Army
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army> liberates the Netherlands
from Nazi occupation
Operational victory[edit

.
Operational mobility
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_mobility> is, within warfare
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War> and military doctrine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine>, the level of command
which coordinates the minute details of tactics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics> with the overarching
goals of strategy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy>. A common
synonym is operational art.
The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight
and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level,
where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the
operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own,
and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant
impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the German
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany> army prior to and during the
Second World War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II>. At this
level, planning and duration of activities takes from one week to a
month, and are executed by Field Armies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Army> and Army Corps
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Corps> and their naval and air
equivalents.^[31] <#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-31>
Tactical victory[edit
Main article: Tactical victory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_victory>

.
Military tactics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics>

concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in
direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or
days, and are focused on the specific, close proximity tasks and
objectives of squadrons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(army)>,
companies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)>,
battalions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion>, regiments
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment>, brigades
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade>, and divisions
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)>, and their naval and
air force equivalents.^[31] <#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-31>
One of the oldest military publications is /The Art of War

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War>/, by the Chinese
philosopher <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers>
Sun Tzu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu>.^[32] <#cite_note-32>
Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as
military instruction, and not as military theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_theory>, but has had a huge
influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on
European and United States military planning
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_plan>. It has even been used to
formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and
political areas.^[/where?
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)>/]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg>
Battle formation and tactics of Macedon
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedon>^[33] <#cite_note-33>
The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on military

campaigning <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign>. Among the
best-known Roman works are Julius Caesar
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar>'s commentaries on the
Gallic Wars <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars>, and the Roman
Civil war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war> – written
about 50 BC.
Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: /Taktike
Theoria/ by Aelianus Tacticus
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelianus_Tacticus>, and /De Re Militari
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Re_Militari>/ ('On military matters')
by Vegetius
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus>.
/Taktike Theoria/ examined Greek military tactics, and was most
influential in the Byzantine <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine>
world and during the Golden Age of Islam
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age>.
/De Re Militari/ formed the basis of European military tactics until the
late 17th century. Perhaps its most enduring maxim is /Igitur qui
desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum/
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_vis_pacem,_para_bellum> (let he who
desires peace prepare for war).
Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of artillery

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery> in the European Middle Ages
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages>, and infantry firearms in
the Renaissance <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance>, attempts
were made to define and identify those strategies, grand tactics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tactics>, and tactics that would
produce a victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying
to the gods before the battle.
Later this became known as military science

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science>, and later still, would
adopt the scientific method
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method> approach to the
conduct of military operations under the influence of the Industrial
Revolution <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution>
thinking. In his seminal book /On War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_War>/, the Prussian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia> Major-General
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General> and leading expert
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert> on modern military strategy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy>, Carl von Clausewitz
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz> defined military
strategy as 'the employment of battles to gain the end of war'.^[34]
<#cite_note-34> According to Clausewitz:
strategy forms the plan of the War, and to this end it links
together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision,
that is to say, it makes the plans for the separate campaigns and
regulates the combats to be fought in each.^[35] <#cite_note-35>
Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above military goals

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)>, ensuring
civilian control of the military
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military>.
Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of 'arts
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_art_(Military_science)>' or
'sciences' that governed the conduct of warfare, the others being:
military tactics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics>, the
execution of plans and manoeuvring of forces in battle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_mobility>, and maintenance of
an army.
The meaning of military tactics has changed over time; from the
deployment and manoeuvring of entire land armies on the fields of
ancient battles, and galley fleets; to modern use of small unit ambushes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush>, encirclements
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encirclement>, bombardment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment> attacks, frontal assaults
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_assault>, air assaults
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_assault>, hit-and-run tactics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics> used mainly by
guerrilla <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla> forces, and, in some
cases, suicide attacks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack> on
land and at sea. Evolution of aerial warfare
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare> introduced its own air
combat tactics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring>.
Often, military deception
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception>, in the form of
military camouflage <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage>
or misdirection using decoys <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy>, is
used to confuse the enemy as a tactic.
A major development in infantry tactics

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tactics> came with the increased
use of trench warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare> in
the 19th and 20th centuries. This was mainly employed in World War I
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I> in the Gallipoli campaign
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli>, and the Western
Front <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)>.
Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, only broken by a large loss
of life, because, in order to attack an enemy entrenchment, soldiers had
to run through an exposed 'no man's land
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_man%27s_land>' under heavy fire from
their opposing entrenched enemy.
Technology[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg>
Arrow-head <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow-head>. Bronze, 4th
century BC. From Olynthus <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olynthus>,
Chalcidice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcidice>.
Main article: Military technology

.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. /(October 2014)/
As with any occupation, since the ancient times, the military has been
distinguished from other members of the society by their tools, the
military weapons, and military equipment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_equipment> used in combat. When
Stone Age <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age> humans first took a
sliver of flint to tip the spear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear>,
it was the first example of applying technology
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_research> to improve the weapon.
Since then, the advances made by human societies, and that of weapons,
has been irretrievably linked. Stone weapons gave way to Bronze Age
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age> weapons, and later, the Iron
Age <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age> weapons. With each
technological change, was realised some tangible increase in military
capability, such as through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in
defeating leather armour <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_armour>,
or improved density of materials
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics_of_materials> used in
manufacture of weapons.
On land <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_warfare>, the first really

significant technological advance in warfare was the development of the
ranged weapons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranged_weapon>, and
notably, the sling <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_(weapon)>. The
next significant advance came with the domestication of the horses
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse> and mastering
of equestrianism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism>.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_Armadura_4_Alcazar_Segovia_2010.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caballero_Armadura_4_Alcazar_Segovia_2010.jpg>
Mounted armoured <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour> knight
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight>. Armour and cavalry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry> dominated the battlefield, until
the invention of firearms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms>.
Arguably, the greatest invention that affected not just the military,
but all society, after adoption of fire, was the wheel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel>, and its use in the construction
of the chariot <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot>. There were no
advances in military technology, until, from the mechanical arm action
of a slinger, the Greeks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece>,
Egyptians <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians>, Romans
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire>, Persians
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia>, Chinese
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China>, etc.,
development the siege engines
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine>. The bow
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(weapon)> was manufactured in
increasingly larger and more powerful versions, to increase both the
weapon range, and armour penetration performance. These developed into
the powerful composite and recurve bows, and crossbows of Ancient China
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China>. These
proved particularly useful during the rise of cavalry, as horsemen
encased in ever-more sophisticated armour
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour> came to dominate the battlefield.
Somewhat earlier, in medieval China, gunpowder

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder> had been invented, and was
increasingly used by the military in combat. The use of gunpowder in the
early vase-like mortars <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)>
in Europe, and advanced versions of the long bow
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bow> and cross bow
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_bow>, which all had armour-piercing
arrowheads <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead>, that put an end to
the dominance of the armoured knight. After the long bow, which required
great skill and strength to use, the next most significant technological
advance was the musket <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket>, which
could be used effectively, with little training. In time, the successors
to muskets and cannon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon>, in the
form of rifles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle> and artillery
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery>, would become core battlefield
technology.
As the speed of technological advances accelerated in civilian

applications, so too warfare became more industralised
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare>. The newly invented
machine gun <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun> and repeating
rifle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_rifle> redefined
firepower <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firepower> on the battlefield,
and, in part, explains the high casualty rates of the American Civil War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War>. The next
breakthrough was the conversion of artillery parks from the muzzle
loading guns <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzleloader>, to the
quicker loading breech loading guns
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon> with recoiling
barrel that allowed quicker aimed fire and use of a shield. The
widespread introduction of low smoke (smokeless) propellant powders
since the 1880s also allowed for a great improvement of artillery ranges.
The development of breech loading had the greatest effect on naval

warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare>, for the first
time since the Middle Ages, altering the way weapons are mounted on
warships <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship>, and therefore naval
tactics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_tactics>, now divorced from
the reliance on sails <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail> with
the invention of the internal combustion
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion>. A further advance
in military naval technology was the design of the submarine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine>, and its weapon, the torpedo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo>.
Main battle tanks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank>, and

other heavy equipment such as armoured fighting vehicles
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle>, military
aircraft <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft>, and ships
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship>, are characteristic to organised
military forces.
During World War I <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I>, the need

to break the deadlock of trench warfare saw the rapid development of
many new technologies, particularly tanks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank>. Military aviation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation> was extensively used,
and bombers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber> became decisive in
many battles of World War II
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II>, which marked the most
frantic period of weapons development in history. Many new designs, and
concepts were used in combat, and all existing technologies of warfare
were improved between 1939 and 1945.
During the war, significant advances were made in military

communications <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications>
through increased use of radio, military intelligence through use of the
radar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar>, and in military medicine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_medicine> through use of
penicillin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin>, while in the air,
the guided missile <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile>, jet aircraft
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft>, and helicopters
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter> were seen for the first time.
Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation
of the atomic bomb <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb>, although
the exact effects of its radiation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation> were unknown until the early
1950s. Far greater use of military vehicles
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_vehicles> had finally eliminated
the cavalry from the military force structure
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_structure>.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg>
AIM-7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-7> Sparrow medium range
air-to-air missile <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile>
from an F-15 Eagle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Eagle>
After World War II, with the onset of the Cold War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War>, the constant technological
development of new weapons was institutionalised, as participants
engaged in a constant 'arms race
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race>' in capability development.
This constant state of weapons development continues into the present,
and remains a constant drain on national resources, which some^[/who?
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported
_attributions>/]
blame on the military-industrial complex
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-industrial_complex>.
The most significant technological developments that influenced combat

have been the guided missiles, which can be used by all branches of the
armed services. More recently, information technology
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology>, and its use in
surveillance <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance>, including
space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasing role in
military operations.
The impact of information warfare
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare> that focuses on
attacking command communication systems, and military databases, has
been coupled with the new development in military technology, has been
the use of robotic systems in intelligence combat, both in hardware and
software applications.
Recently, there has also been a particular focus towards the use of
renewable fuels <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_fuels> for
running military vehicles on. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can
be produced in any country, creating a strategic advantage. The US
military <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_military> has already
committed itself to have 50% of its energy consumption come from
alternative sources.^[36] <#cite_note-36>
As part of society[edit

.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. /(October 2014)/
For much of military history

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history>, the armed forces were
considered to be for use by the heads of their societies, until
recently, the crowned heads of states. In a democracy or other political
system run in the public interest, it is a public force
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_force>.
The relationship between the military and the society

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society> it serves is a complicated and
ever-evolving one. Much depends on the nature of the society itself, and
whether it sees the military as important, as for example in time of
threat or war, or a burdensome expense typified by defence cuts in time
of peace.
One difficult matter in the relation between military and society is

control and transparency. In some countries, limited information on
military operations and budgeting is accessible for the public. However
transparency in the military sector is crucial to fight corruption
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption>. This showed the Government
Defence Anti-corruption Index
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Defence_Anti-
corruption_Index&action=edit&redlink=1>
Transparency International UK
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International> published in
2013.^[37] <#cite_note-37>
These relationships are seen from the perspective of political-military

relations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil-military_relations>, the
military-industrial complex mentioned above, and the socio-military
relationship. The last can be divided between those segments of society
that offer support for the military
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism>, those who voice opposition
to the military <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimilitarism>, the
voluntary and involuntary civilians in the military forces, the
populations of civilians in a combat zone, and of course the military's
self-perception.
Militaries often function as societies

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society> within societies, by having
their own military communities, economies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-industrial_complex>, education
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_education_and_training>,
medicine <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_medicine>, and other
aspects of a functioning civilian society
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society>. Although a 'military' is
not limited to nations in of itself as many private military companies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_companies> (or PMC's)
can be used or 'hired' by organisations and figures as security, escort,
or other means of protection; where police, agencies, or militaries are
absent or not trusted.
Ideology and ethics[edit

Main article: Militarism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism>


.
Militarist ideology is the society

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society>'s social attitude
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_attitude> of being best served, or
being a beneficiary of a government
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government>, or guided by concepts
embodied in the military /culture, doctrine, system/, or /leaders/.
Either because of the cultural memory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_memory>, national history, or
the potentiality of a military threat
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_threat>, the militarist argument
asserts that a civilian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian>
population is dependent upon, and thereby subservient to the needs and
goals of its military for continued independence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence>. Militarism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism> is sometimes contrasted with
the concepts of comprehensive national power
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_national_power>, soft power
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power> and hard power
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power>.
Most nations have separate military laws

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_law> which regulate conduct in
war and during peacetime. An early exponent was Hugo Grotius
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius>, whose /On the Law of War
and Peace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis>/ (1625)
had a major impact of the humanitarian approach to warfare development.
His theme was echoed by Gustavus Adolphus
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus>.
Ethics of warfare have developed since 1945, to create constraints on

the military treatment of prisoners and civilians, primarily by the
Geneva Conventions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions>;
but rarely apply to use of the military forces as internal security
troops during times of political conflict that results in popular
protests and incitement to popular uprising
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_uprising>.
International protocols restrict the use, or have even created

international bans on weapons, notably weapons of mass destruction
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction> (WMD).
International conventions
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_convention> define what
constitutes a war crime <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime>, and
provides for war crimes prosecution. Individual countries also have
elaborate codes of military justice
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_justice>, an example being the
United States' Uniform Code of Military Justice
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice> that
can lead to court martial <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial>
for military personnel found guilty of war crimes.
Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a

humanitarian cause, such as disaster relief
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_relief> operations, or in
defence of refugees. The term military humanism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_humanism> is used to refer to
such actions.
Antimilitarism[edit
Main article: Antimilitarism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimilitarism>


.
Antimilitarism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimilitarism> is the

society <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society>'s social attitude
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_attitude> opposed to war between
states, and in particular, countering arguments based on militarism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism>. Following Georg Wilhelm
Friedrich Hegel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel>'s
exploration of the relationship between history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history> and violence,
antimilitarists argue that there are different types of violence, some
of which can be said to be legitimate, others non-legitimate.
Anarcho-syndicalist <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist>
Georges Sorel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Sorel> advocated
the use of violence as a form of direct action
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action>, calling it 'revolutionary
violence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution>', which he opposed
in /Reflections on Violence/ (1908), to the violence inherent in class
struggle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle>. Sorel thus
followed the International Workingmen's Association
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association>
theorisation of propaganda of the deed
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed>.
War, as violence, can be distinguished into war between states, and

civil war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war>, in which case class
struggle is, according to antimilitarists theorists, a primordial
component. Hence, Marx <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx>'s influence
on antimilitarist doctrine was not surprising, although making Marx
accountable for the antimilitarist tradition is a large overstatement.
The belief in the eternal antimilitarist spirit, present in all places
and time, is however, a myth, because the modern military as an
institution is a historic achievement formed during the 18th and 19th
centuries, as a by-product of the modern nation-states. Napoleon's
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France> invention of
conscription <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription> is a
fundamental progress <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(history)>
in the organisation of state armies. Later, Prussian militarism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire> would be exposed by 19th
century social theorists
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_theorists>.
Stereotypes[edit

.
A military brat
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_brat_(U.S._subculture)> is a
colloquial <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial> term for a child
with at least one parent who served as an active duty member (vice
reserve) in the armed forces. Children
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children> of armed forces members may
move around to different military bases
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_base> or international postings,
which gives them a childhood differing from the norm. Unlike common
usage of the term /brat/, when it is used in this context, it is not
necessarily a derogatory term.
In the media[edit
Main article: Military in the media

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_in_the_media>

.
Soldiers and armies have been prominent in popular culture

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture> since the beginnings of
recorded history <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History>. In addition to
the countless images of military leaders in heroic poses from antiquity
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity>, they have been an
enduring source of inspiration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration> in war literature.
Not all of this has been entirely complementary, and the military have
been lampooned or ridiculed as often as they have been idolised. The
classical Greek writer Aristophanes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes>, devoted an entire comedy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_comedy>, /Lysistrata
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysistrata>/, to a strike
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_strike> organised by military wives,
where they withhold sex
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse> from their husbands
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband> to prevent them from going to war.
In Medieval Europe <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe>,

tales of knighthood <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight> and chivalry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry>, the officer class of the
period captured the popular imagination
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology>. Writers and poets
like Taliesin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin>, Chrétien de
Troyes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes> and
Thomas Malory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malory> wrote tales
of derring-do, featuring Arthur
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur>, Guinevere
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinevere>, Lancelot
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot> and Galahad
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahad>. Even in the 21st century, books
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book> and films
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film> about the Arthurian legend
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurian_legend> and the Holy Grail
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail> continue to appear.
A century or so later, in the hands of writers

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer> such as Jean Froissart
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart>, Miguel Cervantes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cervantes> and William Shakespeare
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare>, the fictional
knight Tirant lo Blanch
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch>, and the real-life
condottieri <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri> John Hawkwood
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood> would be juxtaposed
against the fantastical Don Quixote
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote>, and the carousing Sir John
Falstaff <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Falstaff>. In just one
play, /Henry V <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(play)>/,
Shakespeare provides a whole range of military characters, from
cool-headed and clear-sighted generals
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General>, to captains
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land)>, and common soldiery.
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg>
Emperor Augustus Caesar

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta> in a martial
pose (1st century)
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg>
/The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus/, by Jean Fouquet

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fouquet>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b84
38605hf336,_crop.jpg>
Medieval view: Richard II of England meets rebels
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG>
Sir John Hawkwood <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood>

(fresco in the Duomo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral>, Florence)
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eduard_von_Gr
%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg>
Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Falstaff> by Eduard von Grützner
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner>
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg>
'The Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert>' (1643)
The rapid growth of movable type

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type> in the late 16th century
and early 17th century saw an upsurge in private publication. Political
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics> pamphlets
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet> became popular, often
lampooning military leaders for political purposes. A pamphlet directed
against Prince Rupert of the Rhine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine> is a typical
example. During the 19th century, irreverence towards authority was at
its height, and for every elegant military gentleman painted by the
master-portraitists <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraitist> of the
European courts, for example, Gainsborough
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough>, Goya
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya>, and Reynolds
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds>, there are the sometimes
affectionate and sometimes savage caricatures
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature> of Rowland
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson> and Hogarth
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth>.
This continued in the 19th century, with publications like Punch

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)> in the British Empire
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire> and Le Père Duchesne
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne_(19th_century)> in
France <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France>, poking fun at the
military establishment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_establishment>. This extended to
media other print also. An enduring example is the Major-General's Song
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song> from the Gilbert
and Sullivan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan> light
opera <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera>, /The Pirates of Penzance
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance>/, where a senior
army officer is satirised <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire> for his
enormous fund of irrelevant knowledge.
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg>
Colonel John Hayes St. Leger (detail) by Sir Joshua Reynolds

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds>
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Rowlandson_(12).jpg>
Rowlandson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson> often
satirised the military
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pirates_of_penzance_restoration.jpg>
'A modern major general' (/The Pirates of Penzance

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance>/)
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wh_russell_cartoon.png>
/Punch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)>/: war

reporter <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reporter>, W H Russell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Russell>, Crimean War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War>
The increasing importance of cinema

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_film> in the early 20th
century provided a new platform for depictions of military subjects.
During the First World War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War>, although heavily
censored <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship>, newsreels
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsreel> enabled those at home to see
for themselves a heavily sanitised version of life at the front line
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_line>. About the same time, both
pro-war <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film> and anti-war films
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_film> came to the silver screen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_screen>. One of the first films on
military aviation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation>,
/Hell's Angels <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)>/,
broke all box office records on its release
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_release> in 1929. Soon, war films
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_films> of all types were
showing throughout the world, notably those of Charlie Chaplin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin> who actively promoted
war bonds <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_bonds> and voluntary
enlistment.
The First World War was also responsible for a new kind of military
depiction, through poetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry>.
Hitherto, poetry had been used mostly to glorify or sanctify war. /The
Charge of the Light Brigade
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)>/
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson>, with its
galloping <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait> hoofbeat
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof> rhythm
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm>, is a prime late Victorian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_literature> example of this,
though Rudyard Kipling <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling>
had written a scathing reply, /The Last of the Light Brigade
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Light_Brigade>/,
criticising the poverty <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty> in which
many Light Brigade veterans <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran>
found themselves in old age <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age>.
Instead, the new wave of poetry, from the war poets
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_poet>, was written from the point of
view of the disenchanted trench <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench>
soldier.
Leading war poets included Siegfried Sassoon

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon>, Wilfred Owen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Owen>, John McCrae
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae>, Rupert Brooke
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Brooke>, Isaac Rosenberg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Rosenberg>, and David Jones
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jones_(poet)>. A similar movement
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_movement> occurred in
literature, producing a slew of novels on both sides of the Atlantic,
including notably: /All Quiet on the Western Front
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front>/, and
/Johnny Got His Gun <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Got_His_Gun>/.
The 1963 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_in_literature> English
stage musical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre> /Oh, What
a Lovely War! <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_What_a_Lovely_War!>/
provided a satirical take on World War I, which was released in a
cinematic version <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War>
directed by Richard Attenborough
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Attenborough> in 1969.
The propaganda <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda> war that

accompanied World War II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II>
invariably depicted the enemy in unflattering terms. Examples of this
exist not only in posters, but also in the films of Leni Riefenstahl
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl> and Sergei Eisenstein
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein>.
Alongside this, World War II also inspired films as varied as /The Dam
Busters <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)>/, /633
Squadron <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/633_Squadron>/, /Bridge on the
River Kwai <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai>/,
/The Longest Day
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(film)>/, /Catch-22
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22>/, /Saving Private Ryan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan>/, and /The Sea Shall
Not Have Them
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_Shall_Not_Have_Them>/. The next
major event, the Korean War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War>
inspired a long-running television series /M*A*S*H
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)>/. With the Vietnam
War <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War>, the tide of balance
turned, and its films, notably /Apocalypse Now
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_Now>/, /Good Morning, Vietnam
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning,_Vietnam>/, /Go Tell the
Spartans <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Tell_the_Spartans>/, /Born on
the Fourth of July
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_on_the_Fourth_of_July_(film)>/, and
/We Were Soldiers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Were_Soldiers>/,
have tended to contain critical messages.
There is even a nursery rhyme

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme> about war, /The Grand Old
Duke of York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Old_Duke_of_York>/, ridiculing
a general for his inability to command any further than marching his men
up and down a hill. The huge number of songs focusing on war include
/And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda>/
and /Universal Soldier
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Soldier_(song)>/.
See also[edit
* Military history portal

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Military_history>
* War portal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:War>
* Deterrence theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory>

* Mercenary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary>
* Military personnel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel>
* Recruit training <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_training>
* Military service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service>
* Conscription <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription>
* Military incompetence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_incompetence>
* Military terminology
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_terminology>
* Militaria <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaria>
* Military fiat <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_fiat>
* Military history <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history>
* Military junta <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta>
* Military dictatorship
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship>
* Military Aid to the Civil Power
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Power>
* Military Aid to the Civil Community
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Community>
* Standing army <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army>
* Civil-military relations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil-military_relations>
* Private military company
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company>
Armed forces of the world
* List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramili
tary_personnel>
* List of countries by Military Strength Index
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Military_Strength_Index>
* List of countries by level of military equipment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_level_of_military_equipment>
* List of countries by Global Militarization Index
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Global_Militarization_Index>
* List of countries without armed forces
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_without_armed_forces>
* List of countries by military expenditures
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures>
* List of countries by past military expenditure
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_military_expenditure>
* List of countries by military expenditure per capita
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_per_capita
>
* List of air forces <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_air_forces>
* List of armies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armies>
* List of navies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_navies>
References[edit
1. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0>* Terra cotta of massed ranks

of Qin Shi Huang's terra cotta soldiers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrakotta_2006_3.jpg>
2. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-OED_2-0> ^/*b*/ <#cite_ref-OED_2-1>
^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-OED_2-2> Oxford English Dictionary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary> (2nd
edition) Oxford: 1994
3. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-3>* Harper, Douglas. "military"
<http://www.etymonline.com/?term=military>. /Online Etymology
Dictionary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary>/.
4. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-4>* Tucker, T.G. (1985) /Etymological
dictionary of Latin/, Ares publishers Inc., Chicago. p. 156
5. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-COD_5-0> ^/*b*/ <#cite_ref-COD_5-1>
Oxford dictionary
6. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-Webster_6-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-Webster_6-1> "Merriam Webster Dictionary online"
<http://www.merriam-webster.com/>. /Merriam-Webster.com/. Retrieved
2011-08-01.
7. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-7>* British Army (2000). "Soldiering: The
military covenant"
<https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/395358/2
000-ADPvol5_Soldiering_the_Military_Covenant_Ver2.pdf>
(PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-13.
8. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-8>* Franz-Stefan Gady. "India's Military to
Allow Women in Combat Roles"
<https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-military-to-allow-women-in-combat-
roles/>.
/The Diplomat/. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
9. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-9>* "UK armed forces biannual diversity
statistics: 2017"
<https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-
statistics-2017>.
/www.gov.uk/. 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
10. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-10>* Försvarsmakten. "Historik"
<https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/om-myndigheten/vara-varderingar/jamstalldhet-
och-jamlikhet/historik/>.
/Försvarsmakten/ (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-12-12.
11. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-11>* US Army (2013). "Support Army Recruiting"
<http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm>.
/www.usarec.army.mil/. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
12. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-12>* Engelbrecht, Leon. "Fact file: SANDF
regular force levels by race & gender: April 30, 2011 | defenceWeb"
<http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=16708:fact-file-sandf-regular-force-levels-by-
race-a-gender-april-30-2011-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159>.
/www.defenceweb.co.za/. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
13. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-:2_13-0>* "Where are child soldiers?"
<https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers>.
/Child Soldiers International/. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
14. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-:4_14-0> ^/*b*/ <#cite_ref-:4_14-1>
Segal, D R; et al. (1998). "The all-volunteer force in the 1970s"
<https://www.jstor.org/stable/42863796>. /Social Science Quarterly/.
72(2): 390–411 – via JSTOR. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al.>)
15. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-15>* Bachman, Jerald G.; Segal, David R.;
Freedman-Doan, Peter; O'Malley, Patrick M. "Who chooses military
service? Correlates of propensity and enlistment in the U.S. Armed
Forces"
<http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1207/S15327876MP1201_1>.
/Military Psychology/. *12* (1): 1–30. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.1207/s15327876mp1201_1
<https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327876mp1201_1>.
16. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-:0_16-0>* Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht.
Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight. Boulder: Lynne Rienner
Publishers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers>,
2004. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number> 1-58826-261-
8
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-261-8>
17. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-17>* "Machel Study 10-Year Strategic Review:
Children and conflict in a changing world"
<https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_49985.html>. /UNICEF/.
Retrieved 2017-12-08.
18. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-18>* Iversen, Amy C.; Fear, Nicola T.;
Simonoff, Emily; Hull, Lisa; Horn, Oded; Greenberg, Neil; Hotopf,
Matthew; Rona, Roberto; Wessely, Simon (2007-12-01). "Influence of
childhood adversity on health among male UK military personnel"
<http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/191/6/506>. /The British Journal of
Psychiatry/. *191* (6): 506–511. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039818
<https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.107.039818>. ISSN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number> 0007-1250
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1250>. PMID
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier> 18055954
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055954>.
19. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-19>* "Army - Artillery - Air Defender"
<https://army.defencejobs.gov.au/jobs/artillery-air-defender?ci=0>.
/army.defencejobs.gov.au/. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
20. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-:522_20-0>* Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel
(2016-11-01). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the
Army?" <https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837>. /The RUSI
Journal/. *161* (6): 36–48. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.1080/03071847.2016.126
5837
<https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071847.2016.1265837>. ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847>.
21. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-:622_21-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-:622_21-1> "What is a Military Enlistment Contract?"
<http://military.findlaw.com/administrative-issues-benefits/what-is-a-military-
enlistment-contract.html>.
/Findlaw/. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
<#cite_ref-:72_22-1> "The Army Terms of Service Regulations 2007"
<https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/3382/contents/made>.
/www.legislation.gov.uk/. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
<#cite_ref-:82_23-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-:82_23-2> UK, Ministry of
Defence (2017). "Queen's Regulations for the Army (1975, as
amended)"
<https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440632/2
0150529-QR_Army_Amdt_31_Jul_2013.pdf>
(PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-09.
24. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-:22_24-0>* McGurk; et al. (2006). /'Joining
the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to
service members', (in 'Military life: The psychology of serving in
peace and combat [vol. 2]')/. Westport: Praeger Security
International. pp. 13–31. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number> 978-
0275983024
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275983024>. CS1
maint: Explicit use of et al. (link
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al.>)
<#cite_ref-:42_25-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-:42_25-2> ^/*d*/
<#cite_ref-:42_25-3> John., Hockey, (1986). /Squaddies : portrait of
a subculture/ <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25283124>. Exeter,
Devon: University of Exeter. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
9780859892483
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859892483>.
OCLC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC> 25283124
<https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25283124>.
26. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-:6_26-0> ^/*b*/ <#cite_ref-:6_26-1>
Bourne, Peter G. (1967-05-01). "Some Observations on the
Psychosocial Phenomena Seen in Basic Training"
<https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1967.11023507>. /Psychiatry/. *30*
(2): 187–196. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.1080/00332747.1967.110
23507
<https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00332747.1967.11023507>. ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2747>. PMID
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier> 27791700
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791700>.
27. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-:32_27-0>* Dave., Grossman, (2009). /On
killing : the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and
society/ <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427757599> (Rev. ed.). New
York: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
9780316040938
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316040938>.
OCLC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC> 427757599
<https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427757599>.
28. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-28>* Faris, John H. (2016-09-16). "The Impact
of Basic Combat Training: The Role of the Drill Sergeant in the
All-Volunteer Army"
<http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095327X7500200108>. /Armed
Forces & Society/. *2* (1): 115–127. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.1177/0095327x750020010
8
<https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327x7500200108>.
29. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-29>* Statistics on Americans' opinion about
the U.S. being the world's no1 military power
<http://www.statista.com/statistics/220318/opinion-of-americans-on-the-us-
being-the-no1-military-power-in-the-world/>,
Gallup, March 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
30. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-30>* *2015* data from: "Military expenditure
(% of GDP). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI
), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security"
<http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS>. /World Bank
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank>/. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
31. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_31-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_31-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_31-2>
^/*d*/ <#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_31-3> Dupuy, T.N. (1990)
/Understanding war: History and Theory of combat/, Leo Cooper,
London, p. 67
32. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-32>* "The Art of War"
<http://www.mypivots.com/articles/booktext.aspx?bookname=The%20Art%20of%20War>.
/Mypivots.com/. 11 June 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
33. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-33>* "Welcome to the Department of History"
<http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Home.aspx>.
/westpoint.edu/. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
34. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-34>* MacHenry, Robert (1993). /The New
Encyclopædia Britannica/. Encyclopædia Britannica
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica>,
Incorporated. p. 305.
35. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-35>* "/On War/ by General Carl von Clausewitz"
<http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1946/1946-h/1946-h.htm#2H_4_0023>.
/Gutenberg.org/. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
36. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-36>* Craig Hooper. "Ray Mabus greening the
military"
<http://nextnavy.com/air-force-cedes-the-green-lead-and-the-lede-to-navy/>.
/NextNavy.com/. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
37. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-37>* Pyman, Mark (5 March 2013). "Transparency
is feasible"
<https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/transparency-international-assesses-82-
governments-defence-related-corruption-risks-first>.
/www.DandC.eu/. D+C Development and Cooperation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%2BC_Development_and_Cooperation>,
ENGAGEMENT GLOBAL GmbH. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
External links[edit
* Military Expenditure % of GDP

<http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/MS-MIL-
XPND-GD-ZS/>
hosted by Lebanese economy forum, extracted from the World Bank
public data
Find more about

*military
*at Wikipedia's sister projects

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects>
* Definitions <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/military>
from Wiktionary
* Media <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/military>
from Wikimedia Commons
* News <https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/military> from
Wikinews
* Quotations <https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/military>
from Wikiquote
* Texts <https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/military> from
Wikisource
* Textbooks <https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/military>
from Wikibooks
* Learning resources
<https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/military> from
Wikiversity
* Military <https://curlie.org/Society/Military> at Curlie (based on

DMOZ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ>)
Authority control <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control>
* GND <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File>:
4039305-7 <https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039305-7>
* NDL <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library>: 00562619
<https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562619>
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&oldid=822082330"
Categories <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category>:
* Military <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military>
* Defense <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Defense>
* Government institutions
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_institutions>
* International security
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_security>
* National security
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_security>
Hidden categories:
* CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)>
* CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al.>
* Use British English from March 2017
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2017>
* Use dmy dates from March 2017
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2017>
* Articles needing additional references from August 2008
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from
_August_2008>
* All articles needing additional references
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references>
* Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2013
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-
text_citations_from_September_2013>
* All articles lacking in-text citations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations>
* Articles with multiple maintenance issues
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues>
* Articles needing additional references from April 2011
_April_2011>
* Articles needing additional references from March 2017
_March_2017>
* Articles needing additional references from October 2014
_October_2014>
* Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2011
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope_from_Ju
ly_2011>
* All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_wease
l-worded_phrases>
* Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March
2017
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-
worded_phrases_from_March_2017>
* Articles with DMOZ links
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DMOZ_links>
* Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers>
Navigation menu
Personal tools
* Not logged in
* Talk <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk>
* Contributions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions>
* Create account
title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Military>
* Log in
title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Military>
Namespaces
* Article
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military>
* Talk
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Military>
Variants
Views
* Read
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military>
* Edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&action=edit>
* View history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&action=history>
More
Search
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>
Navigation
* Main page <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>

* Contents <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents>
* Featured content <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content>
* Current events <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events>
* Random article <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random>
* Donate to Wikipedia
<https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?
utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en>
* Wikipedia store <https://shop.wikimedia.org/>
Interaction
* Help <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents>
* About Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About>
* Community portal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal>
* Recent changes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges>
* Contact page <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us>
Tools
* What links here

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Military>
* Related changes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Military>
* Upload file <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard>
* Special pages <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages>
* Permanent link
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&oldid=822082330>
* Page information
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&action=info>
* Wikidata item <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8473>
* Cite this page
title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Military&id=822082330>
Print/export
* Create a book
title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Military>
* Download as PDF
title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Military&action=show-download-screen>
* Printable version
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military&printable=yes>
In other projects
* Wikimedia Commons <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military>

* Wikiquote <https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Military>
Languages
* Alemannisch <https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r>
* ‫العربية‬
<https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9>
* Aragonés <https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitar>
* Asturianu <https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Azərbaycanca <https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu>
* ‫< تۆرکجه‬https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88>
* বববলব
<https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF
%E0%A6%95>
* Башҡортса
<https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%88>
* Беларуская
<https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_
%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0>
* Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
<https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE
%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0>
* Български
<https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_
%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE>
* Boarisch <https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r>
* བབད་ཡཡག
<https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD
%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D>
* Bosanski <https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska>
* Brezhoneg <https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu>
* Буряад <https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3>
* Català <https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Cymraeg <https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluoedd_milwrol>
* Dansk <https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6r>
* Deutsch <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r>
* Eesti <https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jav%C3%A4gi>
* Ελληνικά
<https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC
%CE%B1>
* Español <https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Esperanto <https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militfortoj>
* Estremeñu <https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melital>
* Euskara <https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudari>
* ‫فارسی‬
<https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_
%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C>
* Fiji Hindi <https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauj>
* Føroyskt <https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herna%C3%B0arliga_verjan>
* Français <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e>
* Frysk <https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%AAr>
* Galego <https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî <https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%BBn-s%E1%B9%B3>
* 한국어 <https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC>
* Հայերեն
<https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF
%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE>
* हहनदद
<https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE>
* Hrvatski <https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska>
* Ilokano <https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Bahasa Indonesia <https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militer>
* Íslenska <https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her>
* Italiano <https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militare>
* ‫< עברית‬https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90>
* Basa Jawa <https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A8r>
* ქართული
<https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98>
* ककशशर / ‫< کٲششر‬https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC>
* Қазақша
<https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_
%D1%96%D1%81>
* Kiswahili <https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshi>
* Latina <https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_militaris>
* Latviešu <https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasp%C4%93ks>
* Lëtzebuergesch <https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r>
* Lietuvių <https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariuomen%C4%97>
* Magyar <https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadsereg>
* Македонски
<https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0>
* മലയയളള
<https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF
%E0%B4%82>
* მარგალური
<https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C
%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB
%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98>
* Bahasa Melayu <https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketenteraan>
* Mìng-dĕĕng-ngṳṳ
<https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%ADng-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3>
* Mirandés <https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitar>
* Монгол
<https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_
%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD>
* မမန မဘသ
<https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B
%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8>
* 日本語 <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B>
* Norsk <https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rvesen>
* Norsk nynorsk <https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rvesen>
* Occitan <https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada>
* ਪਪਜਜਬਬ
<https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C>
* ‫< پنجابی‬https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC>
* ‫< پښتو‬https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%81>
* Patois <https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milichri>
* Piemontèis <https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Plattdüütsch <https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r>
* Polski <https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojska_(wojskowo%C5%9B%C4%87)>
* Português <https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Romani <https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekshan>
* Rumantsch <https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* Русиньскый
<https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE
%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0>
* Русский
<https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD
%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B>
* Scots <https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar>
* සසහල
<https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD
%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92>
* Simple English <https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military>
* ‫< سنڌي‬https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC>
* Slovenčina <https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojenstvo>
* Slovenščina <https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C5%A1tvo>
* ‫کوردی‬
<https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB
%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C>
* Српски / srpski
<https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0>
* Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски <https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska>
* Suomi <https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeija>
* Svenska <https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r>
* Tagalog <https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbo>
* ததததத
<https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D
%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88>
* Татарча/tatarça
<https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%88>
* ไทย
<https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB
%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3>
* Тоҷикӣ <https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88>
* ᏣᎳᎩ
<https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D
%E1%8E%A9>
* Українська
<https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE
%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0>
* ‫< اردو‬https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC>
* Vèneto <https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%82itare>
* Tiếng Việt <https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i>
* Võro <https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5andus>
* Winaray <https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasundalohan>
* 吴语 <https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B>
* Xitsonga <https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusocha>
* ‫יידיש‬
<https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8>
* 粵語 <https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B>
* 中文 <https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B>
Edit links
<https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8473#sitelinks-wikipedia>
* This page was last edited on 24 January 2018, at 08:20.

* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-
ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License><https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
Terms of Use <https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use> and
Privacy Policy
<https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy>. Wikipedia® is
a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
<https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/>, a non-profit organization.
* Privacy policy <https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy>

* About Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About>
* Disclaimers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer>
* Contact Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us>
* Developers
<https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute>
* Cookie statement <https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement>
* Mobile view
<https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Military&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile>
* Enable previews <#>
* Wikimedia Foundation <https://wikimediafoundation.org/>

* Powered by MediaWiki <https://www.mediawiki.org/>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military?action=edit>

Military - Wikipedia

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Military - Wikipedia

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[hide]*This article has multiple issues.* Please help *improve it

This article *needs additional citations for verification

This article includes a list of references

/(Learn how and when to remove this template message

A *military* is a force authorized to use

The profession of soldiering <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier> as

* Early Modern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_warfare>

* Late Modern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_warfare>

Grand strategy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_strategy>[show]

* Command and control <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control>

* Arms industry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry>

* Asymmetric warfare <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare>

* 1 Etymology and definitions <#Etymology_and_definitions>

Etymology and definitions[edit

Issue: /Possibly cognate with Thousand

The first recorded use of the word military in English, spelled

As a noun, the military usually refers generally to a country's armed

As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and

Main article: Military history

This section *does not cite

Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts,

Main article: Military organization

Main article: Military personnel

Despite the growing importance of military technology

Rank and role[edit

Main article: Military personnel

In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many trade roles,

Main article: Military recruitment

Personnel may be recruited

Whereas recruits who join as officers

Some groups, which actively oppose military recruitment practices in the

Main article: Military recruitment

The obligations of military employment are many. Full-time military

Military law <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Law> introduces

Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas,

Main article: Recruit training

Initial training <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_training>

* Individuality is suppressed (e.g. by shaving the head of new

Military employment can bring perks including, for example, adventurous

This section *needs additional citations for verification

The difficulty in using military intelligence concepts and military

An important part of the military intelligence role is the military

Although some groups engaged in combat, such as militants or resistance

Main article: Military budget

Defense economics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_economics> is

The process of allocating resources is conducted by determining a

Capability development, which is often referred to as the military

Development of military doctrine

Main article: Military technology

This section *does not cite

Although concerned with research into military psychology

Main article: Military logistics

This section *does not cite

Possessing military capability is not sufficient if this capability

Although mostly concerned with the military transport

These supply points are also used to provide military engineering

Main articles: Military strategy

This section *does not cite

While capability development is about enabling

This section *does not cite

The last requirement of the military is for military performance

This section *does not cite

[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help *improve it

A military is a force authorized to use

1. Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0> Terra cotta of massed ranks