Jan 2009
cholesterol-reducing drug, Drug A or Drug B.
1 Read through the following passage that describes the process of
blood clotting, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate
word or words to complete the passage. (6)
A blood clot may form when a blood vessel wall becomes damaged.
Cell fragments called .......................................................... stick to the
wall of the damaged blood vessel forming a plug. A series of
chemical changes occur in the blood, resulting in
.......................................................... being converted into thrombin.
Thrombin is an .......................................................... that catalyses the
conversion of .......................................................... into long insoluble
strands of .......................................................... . These strands form a
mesh that trap .......................................................... to form the clot.
(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)
5 (a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram to show the
structure of an artery. (3)
(b) Explain how the structure of an artery relates to its function. (2)
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
(c) Give two differences between the structure of a vein and the
structure of a capillary. (2)
1.......................................................
........................................................
.............................................
2.......................................................
........................................................
.......................................................
(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)
High blood cholesterol levels are associated with an increased risk of
developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are cholesterol-
reducing drugs available to lower this risk.
(a) Two groups of patients were treated with a different type of
The graphs below show the percentage changes of total cholesterol
(TC), lowdensity lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins
(HDL) in the blood of
these patients, after treatment.
(i) Compare the effects of Drug A and Drug B on the percentage
changes in total cholesterol (TC), LDL and HDL in the blood of these
two groups of patients. (3)
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
(ii) The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase catalyses the synthesis of
cholesterol. When this enzyme is active, there are fewer LDL
receptors on liver cells. These receptors are needed to remove LDL
from the blood. Statins are a group of cholesterol-reducing drugs that
act by inhibiting this enzyme. Suggest which of the two drugs, Drug
A or Drug B, is more likely to be a statin. Give reasons for your
answer. (3)
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
3 The cardiac cycle involves the contraction and relaxation of heart
(b) State two risks of treatments using statins. (2) muscle. This brings about changes in blood pressure within the heart.
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (a) The table below refers to the three phases of the cardiac cycle.
........................................................ Complete the table by stating whether the atria and ventricles are
2....................................................... contracted or relaxed in each of these three phases.
.......................................................
(c) Age and gender are two other factors that may influence the
development of heart disease in an individual. The graph below
shows the results of a survey in America, on the incidence of
heart disease in adults aged 18 and older.

(b) Describe the roles of the atrioventricular (bicuspid and tricuspid)

valves during the
cardiac cycle.
(4)
................................................................................................................
(i) Using the information in the graph, describe how the incidence of ................................................................................................................
heart disease is affected by age and gender. (3) .................................................
........................................................ ................................................................................................................
........................................................ ................................................................................................................
........................................................ .................................................
........................................................
(c) The graph below shows changes in the blood pressure in the aorta
(ii) Calculate the increased risk that a man who is 75 or older has of and the left ventricle during two complete cardiac cycles.
developing heart disease, compared to a man aged between 18 and 44
years old. (2)
Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........................................................
(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks

june 2009

(i) Use the information in the graph to calculate the heart rate. Show
your working. (3)
Answer .............................................................
(ii) During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the right ventricle rises
to a maximum of about 3.3 kPa. Suggest reasons for the difference
between this pressure and the maximum pressure in the left ventricle,
as shown in the graph. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
...............................................................................................................
(Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)
4 Data on the cholesterol levels and blood pressure for different adult
populations in America were collected. The mean cholesterol level
and the percentage of each population with high blood pressure were
calculated. The results are shown in the table below.
(a) There could be a causal link or correlation between high blood
pressure and the other variables shown in the table. Distinguish
between the terms causation and correlation. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(b) (i) Using the information in the table above, describe the
relationship between ethnic group, cholesterol levels and the
percentage of the population with high blood pressure. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Suggest one reason why the data on the American Indian and
Alaskan Native population are described as statistically unreliable.
(1)
................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
(c) A student concluded from the results for gender, shown in the
table below, that higher cholesterol levels cause lower blood pressure
Using the information in both tables, explain why this is not a valid
conclusion(3)..........................................................................................
................................................................................................................ Describe how atherosclerosis develops. (4)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................... ....................................................................
................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks) .............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

5 The graph below shows the mortality rate (number of deaths per
100 000) from coronary heart disease in people aged between 65 and
74 in Scotland between 1995 and 2001.

jan 2010

4 Many animals have hearts that pump blood through a network of

blood vessels. (a) The table below refers to blood flow in the four
major blood vessels of the human heart. If the statement is correct,
place a tick (􀀹) in the appropriate box and if the statement is
incorrect, place a cross (􀀹) in the appropriate box.

(a) Compare the mortality rate from coronary heart disease in

males with that of females, between 1995 and 2001. (3)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................

(a) Compare the mortality rate from coronary heart disease in

males with that of females, between 1995 and 2001.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................
(b) Humans and fish are both animals that have a heart and a network
of blood vessels. However, there are some differences in their
(c) One cause of coronary heart disease is atherosclerosis. circulatory systems. The diagrams below illustrate a human
circulatory system and the circulatory system in a fish.
(i)Using the information in the diagram, describe the circulation of
blood in a fish. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
. human blood to clot in the presence of different masses of Factor Xa.
(ii) Using the information in both diagrams, suggest the advantages
that the human circulatory system has compared with that of a fish.
(2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(c) The heart of an insect is a long tube. It pumps blood into the body
cavity so that blood surrounds the cells. The blood then passes back
into the heart from the body cavity. The diagram below illustrates the
circulatory system of an insect.
Suggest why the insect does not need blood vessels to transport its
blood around the body. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)
5 There are many venomous (poisonous) snakes in the world. Many
of the venoms from these snakes affect the blood clotting process.
*(a) Describe the blood clotting process. (4)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(b) Factor Xa is a clotting factor present in human blood.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the time taken for
The experiment was repeated using snake venom in place of Factor
Xa. The graph below shows the results of these experiments.
(i)
Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of the snake
venom on the clotting time of human blood. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................

(ii) Suggest why the clotting time of the human blood with snake
venom added was compared with the clotting time in the presence of
Factor Xa. (1)
................................................................................................................
(c) The component of the snake venom that affects blood clotting is
an enzyme.
(i) Describe the structure of an enzyme.(3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest how the enzyme in the snake venom could be involved
in the blood clotting process. (2)
................................................................................................................
(a) Using the information in the graph, describe the conclusions that
................................................................................................................ the student could make about the caffeine content of these drinks. (3)
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................
. .................................................
(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks) ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
6 A number of different drinks contain the drug caffeine. These
.................................................
drinks may be consumed to increase mental alertness. Caffeine also
increases the heart rate and can interrupt sleep in some people. (b) A friend of the student suggested that herbal tea might have a
A student found that certain drinks affected her sleep, so she carried lower caffeine content than these drinks. The student decided to use
out some research into the caffeine content of these drinks. The graph Daphnia to compare the caffeine content of herbal tea with the
below shows the caffeine content of the drinks that the student
caffeine content of these other drinks.
researched. (i) Describe an experiment that the student could perform, using
Daphnia, to confirm that herbal tea has the lowest caffeine content.(4)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(b) The graph below shows one analysis of relative mortality
(ii) The friend did not agree with using Daphnia in this experiment. compared with BMI, for men and women.
Give one ethical reason for the use of invertebrates and one ethical
reason against the use of invertebrates in experiments of this type. (2)
Reason for the use of invertebrates
................................................................................................................
................................................................
Reason against the use of invertebrates
................................................................................................................
....................................................
(Total for Question 6 = 9 marks)

8 Obesity is a significant problem in western countries and an

increasing problem in other parts of the world. An obese person has a
greater risk of developing heart disease. Body Mass Index (BMI) is
one measure used to help decide if a person’s weight is reasonable for
their height. The BMI can be calculated by dividing mass in
kilograms by height in metres squared. A table is then used to judge
if the BMI is reasonable or not. A copy of this table is shown below.

Compare the effect of BMI on relative mortality for men and women.
(a) A man was concerned that he was overweight and could be at risk (3)
from coronary heart disease. He was 1.8 m tall and had a mass of ................................................................................................................
83.0 kg. ................................................................................................................
(i) Calculate this man’s body mass index (BMI) using the .................................................
formula below. (2) ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................

(ii) Using the information in the table, interpret this man’s BMI.
(2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(c) (i) A relative mortality of 1.2 or less indicates a low risk of dying.
Using the information given, discuss whether or not a woman with a
BMI of 32.5 should be concerned about her risk of dying. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
*(ii) Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for many deaths.
Describe two changes that this woman may be able to make to her
lifestyle, to reduce her risk of dying from CVD. Explain how each
change would reduce the risk. (4)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ Suggest which stage of the cardiac cycle is shown in the diagram and
................................................. give a reason for your answer. (2)
................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................
................................................. .................................................
................................................................................................................ (Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)
................................................................................................................
................................................. 4 Cocaine use increases the risk of a heart attack. Cocaine also affects
................................................................................................................ the levels of a number of blood components, including von
................................................................................................................ Willebrand factor and fibrinogen. These two components are
................................................. involved in blood clotting.
(Total for Question 8 = 13 marks) (a) The normal range for von Willebrand factor is 50 to 150 mg per
june 2010 cm3 and for fibrinogen is 150 to 300 mg per cm3. The graphs below
show the effects of frequent and occasional cocaine use on the mean
2 (a) Read through the following passage about the heart and its concentration of von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen in the blood.
major blood vessels, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage. (5)
The mammalian heart consists of four chambers, two upper chambers
called
............................................... and two lower chambers called
ventricles.
The ............................................... carries oxygenated blood away
from the ...............................................
ventricle to the cells of the body and the pulmonary
............................................... carries
deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The ...............................................
returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.
(b) The diagram below shows the structure of the heart.

(i) Describe the effects of frequent and occasional cocaine use on the
mean concentrations of von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen in the
blood. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Using the information given, explain why conclusions cannot be
made about the effect of occasional cocaine use on the concentrations
of these blood components.(1)
................................................................................................................
*(b) The diagram below shows two functions of von
Willebrandfactor.
Using the information in this diagram and your own knowledge of the
blood clotting process, suggest why frequent cocaine use could
increase the risk of a blood clot forming. (4)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(c) It has been suggested that there is a correlation between the
change in the concentrations of fibrinogen in the blood and the
increased risk of heart disease due to cocaine use. Explain why this
suggestion is valid. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
. ................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)
7 Plant statins are used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease
(CVD). Some fungim can produce chemicals that can be used as
statins. One example is a chemical referred to as drug S. One study
into the effect of drug S on the health of people taking it involved 20
000 people and ran for a period of 5 years. One group of people was
given drug S and the other group was given a placebo. Each group
had 10 000 people in it.
The table below shows some of the findings from this study.
(a) (i) Name two factors that increase the risk of CVD. (1)
1
................................................................................................................
2
................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why it was necessary to have so many people involved in
this study. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(b) Suggest what the placebo could be in this study.(1)
................................................................................................................
(c) Suggest why this study had to run for a number of years. (1)
................................................................................................................
(d) Using the data in the table, what is the evidence that drug S is safe
for people to take? (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(e) (i) Calculate how many more people given the placebo had CVD
compared with those given drug S. (3)
Answer
(ii) Explain why drug S could be a potential statin. (1) A cancer
................................................................................................................ B a heart attack
................................................................................................................ C kidney damage
................................................. D a stroke
(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)
(b) A clinical trial was carried out to investigate the effect of a drug
January 2011 on the volume of plaques in patients with atherosclerosis.
Forty patients with atherosclerosis were divided into two groups of
twenty. Each patient had the volume of their plaque determined. One
1 Cardiovascular diseases are very common in the Western World. group was the control group and the treatment group took the drug
(a) Many cardiovascular diseases result from atherosclerosis. daily for two months. At the end of the two months, the volume of
Place a cross in the box next to the correct word or words to complete the plaque in each patient was determined again. The mean change in
each of volume of the plaque was calculated. The results of the clinical trial
the following statements. are shown in the graph below.
(i) Atherosclerosis usually results from the formation of plaques
inside (1)
A arteries
B capillaries
C veins
D ventricles
(ii) The plaques begin to form after damage to (1)
A endothelial cells
B epidermal cells
C red blood cells
D white blood cells
(iii) These cells may be damaged due to (1)
A blood flowing slowly under low pressure
B blood flowing quickly under low pressure
C blood flowing slowly under high pressure
D blood flowing quickly under high pressure

(iv) The plaque consists of (1)

A carbohydrate deposits
B fatty deposits
C plasma deposits
D protein deposits

(v) The presence of a plaque in the vessels supplying blood to the

brain could result in (1)
(i) Using the information in the graph, describe what the results of
this trial show. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Suggest two reasons why the results of this trial do not indicate
that this drug could be useful in treating patients with atherosclerosis.
(2)
1
................................................................................................................
................................................
2 (a) Give one reason why many animals have a circulatory system. (1)
................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 1 = 9 marks)
2 Blood is carried around the body of many animals in different types
of blood vessels. The structures of these blood vessels relate to their
function.
(a) The table below refers to the structure of capillaries and veins. If
the statement is correct, place a tick (􀀹) in the appropriate box and if
the statement is incorrect,place a cross (􀀹) in the appropriate box.
Elastic fibres (3)
Location
................................................................................................................
Function
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.......................
(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)
4 Many animals have a heart and circulatory system.
................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram below shows a section through a mammalian heart.
On the diagram, draw arrows to show the flow of blood into and
through the right side of the heart during one beat of the heart.

(b) Semilunar valves and elastic fibres are found in the aorta.
For each of these structures, describe its location in the aorta and
explain its function. Semilunar valves (3)
Location
................................................................................................................
Function
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.......................
(c) Explain why a mammalian heart is divided into a right side and a
left side. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(c) The graph below shows the relative death rate from CVD in some
countries in Western Europe.

june 2011
5 The risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be
reduced in several ways. Lowering blood cholesterol levels and
lowering blood pressure are two ways of reducing CVD.
(a) (i) Complete the diagram below by giving three other ways in
which the risk of CVD may be reduced. Write your answers in the
empty boxes. (3)

(i) Compare the relative death rates from CVD in Finland, Denmark
and Sweden. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................

(ii) Explain how lowering blood cholesterol levels can reduce the risk
of CVD. (2)
................................................................................................................ (ii) The map below shows the number of deaths from CVD in one
................................................................................................................ year in Western Europe.
.................................................

(b) Risk calculators can be used to estimate the probability that a

person will develop CVD. Many of these calculators start by asking
for the age and gender of the person using them. Explain why
information about age and gender is important
in estimating the risk of developing CVD.(2)
Describe two differences between the data presented in the map and
the data shown in the graph. (2)
1..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
...............................................
2..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
...............................................
(iii) Suggest one reason for the differences between the data
presented in the map and the data shown in the graph. (1)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)
8 Many different diets are available for people who want to lose
weight. There is a lot of confusion over the merits of each one.
A scientist carried out an investigation to compare the effects of diet
P and diet Q, on volunteers. The changes in mass of two groups of
volunteers on each of these diets were monitored over a 12-month
period.
The graph below shows the mean changes in mass for each group of
volunteers.
(a) (i) Compare the mean change in mass, over the first 6 months, for
these two groups of volunteers. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Suggest why there was an increase in the mean mass of the
volunteers on both diets between 6 months and 12 months. (1)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(iii) State two variables that the scientist needed to control in this
investigation. (2)
1..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2..............................................................................................................
(b) Suggest why exercise is usually included as part of a weight loss of using plant statins to treat CVD. (2)
programme. (3) ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ ....................................................
................................................. (Total for Question 7 = 9 marks)

8 Obesity is a significant problem in western countries and an

(Total for Question 8 = 9 marks) increasing problem in some other parts of the world. The graph below
shows the percentage of the male population (M) and the female
january 2012 population (F) who are either overweight or obese in five different
countries.
7 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for many deaths.
*(a) One cause of CVD is atherosclerosis. Describe how
atherosclerosis develops. (4)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
....................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
....................................................

(b) A number of factors have been identified that increase the risk of
CVD. One of these factors is genetic. The genotype of some
individuals causes them to be more at risk of developing
CVD. One gene that influences this risk is the KIF6 gene. Carriers of
the 719 Arg allele of this gene are more at risk of CVD.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term genotype. (1)
................................................................................................................
(a) The graph above shows that in Japan 2% of the male population
(ii) Explain the meaning of the term allele. (1) are obese and 23% are overweight. In the female population of Japan,
................................................................................................................ 2% are obese and 16% are overweight. Add this information to the
graph above. (3)
(c) Give two factors, other than genetic factors, that increase the risk (b) For each of the statements below, put a cross in the box that
of developing CVD. (1) corresponds to the correct statement.
1 (i) The graph shows that (1)
................................................................................................................ A a higher percentage of males are overweight than females
2 B a higher percentage of females are overweight than males
................................................................................................................ C there is no correlation between being overweight and gender
D an equal percentage of males and females are overweight
(d) Trials have shown that plant statin therapy is more effective in
719 Arg carriers than in non-carriers of this allele. Describe the risks
(ii) The country with the highest percentage of males who are obese From 1976, the number of obese people in the USA started to
is (1) increase rapidly. It was suggested that there was a correlation
A Australia between the consumption of corn syrup and obesity.
B Canada (i) Explain the meaning of the term correlation. (1)
C Japan ................................................................................................................
D USA ................................................................................................................
(iii) The country with the same percentage of females as the UK who
are overweight is (1) (ii) Using the information in part (d), describe the evidence that
A Australia suggests there is a correlation between the consumption of corn syrup
B Canada and obesity. (3)
C Japan ................................................................................................................
D USA ................................................................................................................
(iv) In the USA, the ratio of overweight males to females is (1) ....................................................
A4:3 ................................................................................................................
B 17 : 18 ................................................................................................................
C 18 : 17 ....................................................
D 24 : 23 (Total for Question 8 = 13 marks)

(c) Explain why it would be incorrect to conclude that, in Japan, the

same number of males as females are obese. (2) june 2012
................................................................................................................ 3 Many animals, such as mammals, have a heart and circulation. This
................................................................................................................ helps them to meet their requirements by overcoming the limitations
.................................................... of diffusion.
*(a) Describe the structure of the mammalian heart. (5)
(d) The graph below shows the consumption of three types of ................................................................................................................
sweetener in the USA, from 1966 to 2002. ................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................

(b) Giraffes are very tall mammals found roaming the plains of
Africa. Two giraffes are shown in the photograph below.
 (a) Calculate the increase in the thickness of the artery wall where the
plaque is located. Take your measurements along the line labelled X
and Y. Show your working. (3)

Using the information in the photograph and your own knowledge,

explain the importance of the heart and circulation to the giraffe. (4)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)
(b) The plaque often increases in size and can block the artery. If the
artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked, blood no longer
flows to the heart muscle cells. Shortly after the loss of blood flow,
heart muscle cells stop contracting and start to die.
In the heart muscle cells, energy (ATP) is made available from
respiration. The graph below shows how the energy (ATP) available
to heart muscle cells changes with time, after the loss of blood flow.

5 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for many deaths. One

cause of CVD is atherosclerosis. The photograph below shows a
section through an artery with a plaque (atheroma) from a patient
with CVD.
(i) Using the information in the graph, describe how the energy
(ATP) available to the heart muscle cells changes with time after the
loss of blood flow. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Suggest why there are changes to the available energy (ATP) in
the heart muscle cells following the loss of blood flow. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(iii) About 8 minutes after the loss of blood flow, the heart muscle
cells no longer contract. After about 20 minutes, the heart muscle
cells begin to die. Using the information in the graph and your own
knowledge, suggest explanations for the timings of these two events.
(3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Explain why many patients, who are over 80 and have high blood
pressure, are routinely prescribed with these drugs. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(b) A study was carried out to investigate the benefit of treating
patients who are over 80 and have high blood pressure.
Patients were randomly put into one of two groups, A and B. Each
group contained 2000 patients. Patients in group A were given two
tablets each containing a different drug. Patients in group B were
given two tablets neither of which contained a drug.
The systolic and the diastolic pressure of each patient was measured.
The systolic pressure is the maximum pressure when the heart
contracts and the diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure when the
heart relaxes. The blood pressure of all patients was recorded over a
period of five years. The mean pressures were then calculated.
The graph below shows the results of this study.

iv) If blood flow is restored within 30 minutes, most heart muscle

cells will eventually recover. Suggest an explanation for this
recovery. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

7 A large number of doctors routinely prescribe drugs to treat patients

who are over 80 and have high blood pressure.
(a) (i) Give the name of the type of drug that is used to treat high
blood pressure. (1)
................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(i) Explain why the patients in group B were given two tablets that
had no drugs in them. (2)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(ii) Using the information in the graph, describe the results of this
study. (3)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................

iii) Suggest why both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were
recorded in this study. (1)
................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest what else could have been recorded in this study to
provide more evidence of other benefits of treating these patients
with the drugs. (1)
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.................................................
(Total for Question 7 = 10 marks)