Sunteți pe pagina 1din 6

Application Note: Co-Generation

By Erik Mikkelsen, Product Manager Ms. Sc., SELCO A/S

Co-generation is becoming an increas-


ingly important issue in the electricity
market.

For some companies it is beneficial


always to utilise a certain amount of
their own power generating capacity
and only import the excess power from
the grid. This is also called “base-load”.
See fig. 1.

In case of limited grid capacity,


companies sometimes have to pay a
penalty fee when they exceed a certain
agreed amount of power, and then it is
beneficial to import only this amount of
power from the grid, and produce the
excess power with own power
Fig. 1. Illustration of “base-load”
generating equipment. This is also
called “peak-lopping” or “peak-
shaving”.

Another important factor is the


increasing liberalisation of the
electricity market in many countries. It
is now more and more common to be
permitted to operate in parallel with the
grid, when proper generator control
equipment is used. Also many countries
now have a policy for exporting excess
power to the grid.

SELCO has equipment for control,


protection and monitoring generators
operating in parallel with each other or
with the grid.
Fig. 2. Illustration of “peak-shaving”
The SELCO load sharers provide
automatic load sharing for generators
running in parallel. When applied with
the SELCO B9300 Power Reference
Unit, one or several generators in
parallel operation with the grid can be 17 5 % 18 5 sec.19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
REV. SYNC. FREQ.
controlled. POWER 0 TRIP IN AUTO

50 60 LOAD SHARER
-20 +20 1 10 T4800
LOAD DEV. % SYS. FREQ. STABILITY
Hz PARALLEL INCR. DECR.

The SELCO T4900 VAr (Voltage UN IN


FREQ. FREQ.
UNLOAD OUT IN
WATT
IN
-
TEST
OUT
- COM
LINES
+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ampere reactive) Load Sharer provides
automatic VAr load sharing for parallel
running generators. The VAr Load
Sharer can also be used for power factor
control (“cos φ”) on a generator in
parallel operation with the grid.
The SELCO synchronizers perform
automatic synchronisation of incoming
generators.

Fig. 3. The SELCO T4800 Load Sharer.


Base-load with one or more Generators

Fig. 4 shows an application diagram for to the setting on terminals 12 and 13, When the grid is on, terminals 12 and 28
co-generation with constant generator decrease pulses will be applied to are interconnected, and this will set the
load and optional power factor governor. If the power is lower than VAr load sharer in power factor mode.
regulation using SELCO equipment. On corresponding to the setting, increase The power factor setting is determined
the Power Reference Unit B9300 the pulses will be applied to the governor. by an external potentiometer across
setting determines the amount of power If more than one generator is connected, terminals 29 and 30. Increase and
(in % of generator capacity) to be each generator will produce power decrease pulses control a motorized
produced. An output voltage to according to the setting on terminals 12 potentiometer, connected to the genera-
terminals 12 and 13 on one or more load and 13 on the corresponding load sharer. tors AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulation).
sharers will cause a constant load on the This will cause the generator to produce
generators. There is one load sharer for When the grid is off, the supply to the the amount of reactive power according
each generator. In case of more than reference unit is off. Terminals 12 and to the power factor setting.
one generator, the load sharers will 13 of each load sharer are now used for
share the load proportionally. If the load communicating power and frequency When the grid is off, the VAr load
is larger than the produced power, the balance between the paralleled sharers will cause the generators to
system imports from the grid. If the load generators. share the reactive load proportionally.
is lower than the produced power, the Terminals 12 and 13 of each VAr load
system exports to the grid. An unloading facility is available on the sharer are now used for communicating
load sharer. When terminals 7 and 12 reactive power and voltage balance
The load sharer is supplied from two are interconnected, the load on the between the paralleled generators.
phases of the busbar on terminals 3 and generator is reduced and maintained on
2 (1). The current from the generator is a low value (< 5%). An unloading facility is available on the
measured (on the third phase) via a cur- VAr load sharer. When terminals 7 and
rent transformer connected to terminals For power factor regulation one VAr 12 are interconnected, the reactive
5 and 6. From the current and voltage the load sharer per generator can be added power on the generator is reduced to
power from the generator is determined. as illustrated in fig. 4. Inputs to the VAr zero. If the grid is on, the unit is in
load sharer are similar to the inputs to power factor mode. In this mode the
If the power is higher than corresponding the load sharer. power factor will be adjusted to unity.

POWER FACTOR LOAD GENERATOR


REGULATOR REGULATOR LOAD SET
one per gen. one per gen. only one

FROM 12 12 TO NEXT GRID FROM 12 12 TO NEXT


T4900 13 13 T4900 T4800 13 13 T4800

INDUCTIVE PF SET

28 29 30 3 3 3 5
13
2 2
13
VAr LOAD SHARER LOAD SHARER POWER
T4900 1 1 T4800 REFERENCE
12 + B9300-xx-10
12
6 5
1 2
7 5 6 7
VAr -
UNLOAD UNLOAD
GEN. 14 15 16 14 15 16 GEN.
IN- DE-
CREASE CREASE
BUS
DECREASE
INCREASE

L 1

L 2

L 3

MOTOR MOTOR
SUPPLY SUPPLY

CONSUMER

1 2 3
4 M
5
M
6
AVR GEN.
DROOP
MOTORPOT. DROOP
E7800

Fig. 4. Co-Generation Application Diagram. One or more generators with constant generator load and generator power factor regulation T0199-51E
Peak-shaving with one Generator

Fig. 5 shows an application diagram for terminal 5 and 6. From the current and mode. The power factor setting is
co-generation with constant grid load. voltage the power from the grid is determined by an external
determined. potentiometer across terminals 29 and
In this case the regulation is based on 30. Increase and decrease pulses control
measuring the current from the grid If the power from the grid is higher a motorized potentiometer, connected
rather than the current from the than corresponding to the setting on to the generators AVR (Automatic
generators. Thus we can keep the grid terminals 12 and 13, increase pulses will Voltage Regulation). This will cause the
load constant. Due to the fact that the be applied to the governor. If the power generator to produce the amount of
input is now the current from the grid, from the grid is lower than reactive power according to the power
there is only one measuring current, so corresponding to the setting, decrease factor setting.
in the set-up in fig. 5 we can only pulses will be applied to the governor.
regulate one generator. An unloading facility is available on the
An unloading facility is available on the VAr load sharer. If the grid is on, the
The guidelines are similar to those of load sharer. When terminals 7 and 12 power factor will be adjusted to unity.
base-load. On the Power Reference Unit are interconnected, the load on the
the setting determines the amount of generator is reduced and maintained on
power to be imported (or exported if a low value (<5%).
you change terminals 3 and 5). An
output voltage to terminals 12 and 13 on If power factor regulation is wanted, a
the load sharers will cause a constant VAr load sharer can be added as
grid load. illustrated in fig. 5. Inputs to the VAr
load sharer are similar to the inputs to
The load sharer is supplied from two the load sharer.
phases of the busbar on terminals 3 and
2 (1). The current from the grid is When the grid is on, terminals 12 and
measured (on the third phase) via a 28 are interconnected, and this will set
current transformer connected to the VAr load sharer in power factor

POWER FACTOR LOAD IMPORT


REGULATOR REGULATOR POWER SET
GRID

INDUCTIVE PF SET

29 30 3 3 5
13
POWER
28 VAr LOAD SHARER
2 2 LOAD SHARER REFERENCE
12 T4900 1 1 T4800 3 B9300-xx-10
12
6 5

7 5 6 7
VAr -
UNLOAD UNLOAD
14 15 16 14 15 16 GRID
GRID
DECREASE

DECREASE
INCREASE

INCREASE

BUS
L1

L2

L3

MOTOR MOTOR
SUPPLY SUPPLY

CONSUMER

AVR GEN.

Fig. 5. Co-Generation Application Diagram. Single generator with constant grid load and power factor regulation T0799-51E
Peak-shaving with Multiple Generators

Fig. 6 shows an application diagram for produced by the generators. The inputs The system can also be equipped with
co-generation with constant grid load to the lower load sharers are the current VAr load sharers in a similar manner to
using multiple generators. When the from the generators. From the current that shown in fig. 7.
grid is on there will be constant grid and voltage the generated power is
load (within set limits). When the grid calculated. With increase and decrease When the grid is on, power factor
is off, the generators will have active signals to the governor on the regulation is obtained according to the
load sharing. generators, the generator output is setting of the potentiometer on
controlled so that it corresponds to the terminals 29 and 30 on the upper VAr
The Load Reference Unit is a special required power. Load Sharer. The lower VAr load
version (-1V to +1V). The setting on this sharers will control the generators to
determines the amount of power to Note that there is an adjustment on the produce the required reactive power.
import or export (minus for import and motorized potentiometer, where one can When the grid is off, the lower VAr load
plus for export). The current to the grid adjust the generator maximum limit (in sharers will perform reactive load
is measured and fed to terminals 5 and order to protect the generators from sharing and voltage control.
6 on the upper load sharer. From the overload). The output from the
current and the voltage the power to the motorized potentiometer can not go
grid is calculated. The increase and below zero (thus avoiding power to the
decrease signals from this load sharer generators from the grid).
will adjust a motorized potentiometer.
In fig. 6 it is also indicated on the load
The output voltage from the motorized sharers how an optional trip for reverse
potentiometer will tell the lower load power and unload can be used.
sharers how much power to be

GRID
POWER DIRECTION

+ 24V

TRIP 24V POWER REFERENCE


EXPORT
+ -
GEN. MAX. B9300-38-11
LIMIT
IMPORT

LOAD REF.
UNIT
M
LOAD SHARER
- 24V
T4800-31
E7800-90
REDUCED SPEED
GRID ON: CONSTANT GRID LOAD
GRID OFF: ACTIVE LOAD SHARING AND
UNLOAD
FREQUENCY CONTROL
BUS
GRID

TRIP TRIP

CONSUMER

LOAD SHARER LOAD SHARER


T4800-31 T4800-31

UNLOAD
GEN.

UNLOAD
GEN.

GEN. GEN.
SUPPLY
M NEXT T4800
M
DECREASE DECREASE
DROOP DROOP

Fig. 6. Co-Generation Application Diagram. Multiple generators with constant grid load. T0699-51E
EXPORT

GRID

+ 24V
POWER DIRECTION

COS : 1.0 - 0.7 INDUCTIVE

IMPORT VAr
UNLOAD TRIP 24V
+ -
GEN. MAX.
LIMIT
IMPORT

M
VAr LOAD SHARER GRID IMPORT OR EXPORT
T4900 - 24V
E7800-90 GRID ON: CONSTANT GRID POWER FACTOR
(COS ) INDUCTIVE
REDUCED SPEED
GRID OFF: REACTIVE LOAD SHARING AND
VOLTAGE CONTROL
VAr UNLOAD
GRID
BUS

VAr VAr
UNLOAD TRIP UNLOAD TRIP

CONSUMER

VAr LOAD SHARER VAr LOAD SHARER


T4900 T4900

NEXT
T4900
VAr UNLOAD
GEN.

VAr UNLOAD
GEN.

GEN. AVR M
SUPPLY
GEN. AVR M
SUPPLY

(DROOP) (DROOP)

MOTORPOT. MOTORPOT.
E7800 E7800

Fig. 7. Co-Generation Application Diagram. Multiple generators with constant grid power factor regulation. T0599-51E
SELCO Denmark
SELCO subsidiary
SELCO representation
Area of supply

SELCO Worldwide
Type Approvals and Certificates Argentina France Korea Singapore
Australia Germany Malaysia South Africa
Austria Greece Morocco Spain
Belgium Hong Kong Netherlands Sweden
Brazil Hungary Norway Taiwan
Bulgaria Iceland Pakistan Thailand
China India Philippines Turkey
Croatia Indonesia Poland Ukraine
Czech Republic Iran Portugal United Kingdom
Egypt Italy Romania U.S.A.
Finland Japan Russia
The SELCO equipment has been thoroughly
tested by certified laboratories with regard to
high vibration levels, heat, cold, humidity, salt mist,
EMC emission and immunity as well as other
parameters.

SELCO products are in accordance with all


significant international standards and have been
approved and certified by the major marine
classification societies.

Main office: Subsidiary:


Betonvej 10 3 Blackhorse Lane
DK-4000 Roskilde Ipswich IP1 2EF
Denmark United Kingdom
Phone: + 45 - 70 26 11 22 Phone : +44 (0) 1473 210544
Fax: + 45 - 70 26 25 22 Fax: +44 (0) 1473 230439
e-mail: selco.dk@selco.com e-mail: selco.uk@selco.com
www.selco.com www.selco.com
T0899-51E

The specifications are subject to change without notice.

S-ar putea să vă placă și