Optical Design and Standards

Optical Design and Standards
Materials in lighting
Peter Thorns · Head of Strategic Lighting Applications · Thorn G.P.S. · 20th April 2010
The purpose of materials in luminaires
 Housing of components
 Environmental protection
 Optics for light emission control
 Insulation of conductors
 Enclosure appearance and aesthetics
 Fixings supports and seals
2 Optical Design and Standards · Peter Thorns · 13-Apr-2010 20th April 2010 © ZLD
The purpose of materials in luminaires
 Housing of components
 Environmental protection
 Optics for light emission control
 Insulation of conductors
 Enclosure appearance and aesthetics
 Fixings supports and seals
Controlling light
“Optical control is achieved by various mechanical devices : reflectors, baffles,

louvres, diffusers, refractor, etc…... Many believe they want luminaires that will
provide the “most light for the money”. Unfortunately as efficiency increases,
luminaire brightness usually does to and excess high angle brightness can
create discomfort (glare) - enough in fact to defeat the purpose of additional
lux. Thus fixture choice is a trade off between quantity (efficiency) and quality
(comfort).”
Controlling light
“Optical control is achieved by various mechanical devices : reflectors, baffles,

louvres, diffusers, refractor, etc…... Many believe they want luminaires that will
provide the “most light for the money”. Unfortunately as efficiency increases,
luminaire brightness usually does to and excess high angle brightness can
create discomfort (glare) - enough in fact to defeat the purpose of additional
lux. Thus fixture choice is a trade off between quantity (efficiency) and quality
(comfort).”
Controlling light
Methods of optical control
 Reflection
Ii Ir Ii Ii I
Io
 
Reflectance  Reflectance  Reflectance 
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
Ii
Ii Ii
Ir Io I
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
 Obstruction
Limiting
angle
Limiting
Perforated
ray
baffle
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
 Obstruction
 Refraction
Ii A
D
i r r' i'
B C n1
P Q n2
n3
I
r
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
 Obstruction
 Refraction
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
 Obstruction
 Refraction
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
 Obstruction
 Refraction
Controlling light
 Reflection
 Diffusion
 Obstruction
 Refraction
A brief look backwards
Metal vs. Plastic - metal
 Why Metals?
 Low cost
 Long life
 Appropriate
 Versatile
 Optics quality
 Easy to process
 Strength
 Conductive
 Reusable
 Recyclable
 Selection criteria
 Photometric Performance: LOR

and distribution
 Subjective feel: Iridescence,Milkiness,

Dark Light appearance, brightness
 Cost: Material cost, fabrication ease/scrap
 Service life
Enhanced
95%
Raw
88%
High
specular
88%
Satin
84%
Low
Specular
88%
Texture
84%
MATERIAL TOTAL DIFFUSE

REFLECTIVITY REFLECTIVITY
% %
Multi-layer polymer mirror >98 <2
Ag PVD oxide enhanced 98 <2
Super-pure Al oxide enhanced 95 <5
Enhanced anodised 92 <12
White powder paint 92 >98
White polycarbonate 92 >94
Mirrored glass 90 <2
Mill brite unanodised 89 <18
Standard anodised 88 5-20
White Pre-coated steel 88 >98
Etched satin/textured Al 85 40-80
Porcelain enamel 80 >90
White glass 80 >90
Chromium 65
Stainless steel 65
Metal vs. Plastic – effect of reflectance
Metal vs. Plastic – effect of reflectance
Metal vs. Plastic - plastic
 Why Plastics?
 Light weight
 Corrosion resistant
 Easy to process
 Insulator
 Low cost process
 Less waste
 Recyclable
 Plastics Development
 1920’S-1930’S: polystyrene, acrylic, PVC
 1940’S: polyester, nylon, polyethylene
 1950’S: GRP, polypropylene,

polycarbonate, ABS
 1960’S-1970’S:high temperature
materials, PPS
 1980’S-PRESENT: Blends
PMMA PC PS PP PP TV20
Polymethylmethacr
Polycarbonate Polystyrol Polypropylen Polypropylen
ylat
environmentally
visually high-quality high-quality
good for compatible
material with a high tranparent talcum
transparent alternative to
aging and weather thermoplastic concentrated PP
applications PVC for interior
stability material
applications
Density g/cm² 1.18 1.2 1.05 0.9 1.05
UV resistance high good poor poor medium
Temperature resistance good high good good/medium high
Light transmission high high high poor bad
Impact strength poor high bad high good
Scratch resistance high poor good poor medium
Chemical resistance poor poor medium high high
Surface glossy glossy glossy matt matt
MATERIAL Transmission % Reflectance %

2mm Diffusion material 83 8
2mm Thick opal light 38 47
 Micro-prisms
 Microprism/lenses are small lenses,
generally with less than a millimetre
(mm) in diameter.
 Excellent for deglaring indirect or

diffused light by redirecting high angle
incident light down towards the working
plane. However the fact that it is
injection moulded often limits the size
and shape available.
0.4mm
(Pitch)
 These materials do not hide the lamp.
The prisms tend to just displace the
lamp image or make 1 lamp look like 3.
 The light can be split into the spectrum

at some angles as well.
 Micro-prisms
 Can give improved optical control due to
less aberration in prism forming
 MCPET
 99% total reflectance
 Relatively expensive
 Glossy finish (so try to use it where you
can’t see it!)
 MCPET is very easy to thermoform and
doesn’t lose any of its reflectance
 WhiteOptics
 97% total reflectance
 Highly diffuse
 Less expensive
 Laminated on a steel or aluminium
substrate, therefore easy to use
 The gloss level is only 8%, meaning you
could use it in place of textured painted
steel
 Satinated material
 High light transmission
 Good hiding power
 Low inner reflection
 Impact resistant + UV stable
 Light weight
 Diffuser beads suspended in clear

acrylic or polycarbonate material scatter
the light while the matt, textured finish
reduces losses via reflection.
 This has the added bonus of appearing
higher tier than opals.
 It is very good when used as a light
chamber material, diffusing indirect light.
Glass
 Glass for optics
Clear glass: 80-90%
Sandblasted or frosted:
70-85%
Opalescent: 55-80%
Solid Opal: 15-40%
Prismatic Glasses
OMS OMP OMW OME
Standard Semi intensive Semi extensive Extensive Super extensive
Refractors
N°1 N°2 N°3
Symmetrical optic With refractor N°1 With refractor N°2 With refractor N°3
Metal vs. Plastic Metal + Plastic
Light Shaping Diffusers (LSDs)
 Light shaping diffusers precisely

control and distribute light
 Transmission can be in the region of

92%
 The structure of light shaping diffusers

can be considered as micro-lenses
 Light shaping diffusers can be

combined with other optical
components such as lenses and
prismatics
 Light shaping diffusers precisely

control and distribute light
 Transmission can be in the region of

92%
 The structure of light shaping diffusers

can be considered as micro-lenses
 Light shaping diffusers can be

combined with other optical
components such as lenses and
prismatics
 They come in various materials

including polycarbonate, acrylic and
epoxy
 No good at hiding the lamp
LEDs
 Light produced by the diode has to

pass through a number of materials
LEDs

 Each material will have a different

refractive index meaning
- Light is lost due to internal reflection at
material boundaries
- Light is bent, making optical control more
difficult
LEDs


material boundaries
difficult
 So it is important to match the RI of

materials as closely as possible
LEDs


material boundaries
difficult
 So it is important to match the RI of

materials as closely as possible
LEDs
PMMA PC PS PP PP TV20
Polymethylmethacr
Polycarbonate Polystyrol Polypropylen Polypropylen
ylat
environmentally
visually high-quality high-quality
good for compatible
material with a high tranparent talcum
transparent alternative to
aging and weather thermoplastic concentrated PP
applications PVC for interior
stability material
applications
Density g/cm² 1.18 1.2 1.05 0.9 1.05
UV resistance high good poor poor medium
Temperature resistance good high good good/medium high
Light transmission high high high poor bad
Impact strength poor high bad high good
Scratch resistance high poor good poor medium
Chemical resistance poor poor medium high high
Surface glossy glossy glossy matt matt
LEDs
 Short wavelengths, typically below

450nm, result in yellowing of plastic
causing
- Loss of light output
- Shift of CCT
LEDs
 Short wavelengths, typically below

450nm, result in yellowing of plastic
causing
- Loss of light output
- Shift of CCT
 Short wavelengths, typically <460nm,

give greater efficiency when exciting
phosphors
LEDs
 The most common issues affecting

quality in LED luminaires are
-
-
-
LEDs

-
-
- Thermal issues (poor heat sink design)
LEDs

-
- Electrical overstress (poor driver design)
LEDs

- Chemical incompatibility
LEDs

 Due to the silicone based encapsulants

(silicone lens) reacting with volatile
hydrocarbons
LEDs


hydrocarbons
 Materials used in the luminaire

construction can emit volatile
hydrocarbons (conformal coatings,
adhesives, gaskets, secondary lens)
LEDs


hydrocarbons
 Materials used in the luminaire

construction can emit volatile
hydrocarbons (conformal coatings,
adhesives, gaskets, secondary lens)
 These then diffuse through the silicone

lens and react with the LED chip,
causing discoloration and loss in light
output
LEDs

 The effect is dependant upon heat,

photonic energy (brightness) and
wavelength of light.
 It occurs even when no phosphor is

present, although not for red or green
LEDs.
Why test?
 In God we trust……
Breakdown mechanisms in materials
 Oxidation (UV, thermal attack)
Accelerated UV exposure rig

25
Flame retardant acrylic

20
Yellowness
Index
Polycarbonate
15
10
Acrylic styrene copolymer
Flame retardant acrylic

0 1000 2000 3000 4000
The Acid attack test

 Chemical attack
 Chemical attack
 Chemical attack
 Oxidation (UV, thermal attack) Plastic viewed between cross polariser to revel stress in
the material.
 Chemical attack The greater the number of fringes the higher is the stress
level.
 Hydrolysis
 Stress attack
Concentrated stress
Poorly annealed/tempered
 Chemical attack
 Hydrolysis
 Stress attack
Distributed stress
Well annealed
 Oxidation (UV, thermal attack) Modelling of profile of

a plastic toggle
 Chemical attack
Red spots show
 Hydrolysis concentrated stress
 Stress attack
 Chemical attack
 Hydrolysis
 Stress attack
 Micro-organism attack
 Insect/animal attack
 Fire attack
FLAMMABILITY TEST
MATERIAL Fire Growth rate Total heat Release Smoke Growth rate Total Smoke prod'n Lateral Flame Spread Flaming Droplets
FIGRA W/s (0.2MJ) THR MJ (600s) SMOGRA (m2s2) TSP m2 (600s) LFS Yes/No
Polycarbonate 3mm 0 0.3 0 26 N N
GRP Class 1 1mm 967 6.1 557 428 N N
Prismatic polystyrene 3mm 286 28 156 1513 N Y
PET 3mm 12 1.4 11 0 N N
PVC prismatic 3mm 99 1.8 138 253 N N
Acrylic sheet 3mm 2904 126 93 346 N N
Tensile test
 Chemical attack
 Hydrolysis
 Stress attack
 Fire attack
 Misuse
 Chemical attack
 Hydrolysis
 Stress attack
 Fire attack
 Misuse
 Chemical attack
 Hydrolysis
 Stress attack
 Fire attack
 Misuse
Environmental factors
 Solid objects
 Fingers
 Dust
 Solid objects
 Fingers
 Dust
 Solid objects
 Fingers
 Dust
 Moisture
 Humidity
 Drips
 Jets
 Immersion
 Solid objects
 Fingers
 Dust
 Moisture
 Humidity
 Drips
 Jets
 Immersion
TP(a) and TP(b)
 The BS2782 Rate of Burning Test is

called up by the UK Building
Regulations, Approved Document B
covering Fire Safety, as a suitable test
for TP(a) and TP(b) rating assessment
 Part B2 gives requirements for wall an

ceiling linings, with clause 6.10 to 6.16
covering use of thermoplastic materials.
Clauses 6.13 to 6.15 being specific to
lighting diffusers
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Criteria for TP(a) rating  Criteria for TP(b) rating
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Clause 6.13 restricts the scope of

requirements to recessed
luminaires only.
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Clause 6.14 is concerned just with fire

rated ceilings – for luminaire diffusers
this would really be a very special case.
Protection of the integrity of a fire rated
ceiling would normally be provided by a
separate cover (or casing) over the back
of the luminaire so that the luminaire is
not critical to the fire rating of the ceiling
system.
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Clause 6.15 is the main clause giving

details to the use of TP(a) and TP(b)
rated plastic materials
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Clause 6.15 is the main clause giving

details to the use of TP(a) and TP(b)
rated plastic materials
 As you can see you are free to use

TP(a) rated materials in almost all
situations without any special
restrictions. The more flammable TP(b)
rated materials can still be used but only
under prescribed conditions – Table 11
and Diagram 27 give more information
to this.
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Clause 6.15 is the main clause

giving details to the use of TP(a)
and TP(b) rated plastic materials
 As you can see you are free to

use TP(a) rated materials in
almost all situations without any
special restrictions. The more
flammable TP(b) rated materials
can still be used but only under
prescribed conditions – Table 11
and Diagram 27 give more
information to this.
TP(a) and TP(b)
 Clause 6.15 is the main clause

giving details to the use of TP(a)
and TP(b) rated plastic materials
 As you can see you are free to

use TP(a) rated materials in
almost all situations without any
special restrictions. The more
flammable TP(b) rated materials
can still be used but only under
prescribed conditions – Table 11
and Diagram 27 give more
information to this.
European standards
Societies Associations Standards Laws and

directives
World CIE WTO ISO UN
Continents IESNA, NEMA ANSI, ASTM Federal

CIEChina, CCI CCC Governments
IESAustralia AMF ASI..
European (Lux Europa) CELMA CEN EU

ELC
National, LiTG, CIBSE, ZVEI, FEEI, DIN, BSI, ON, National laws
in each LTG, SLG, LIF, SdlE AFNOR, SNI, e.g. Building
country, f.e. AFE, NsVV, ... regulations
European standards
Societies Associations Standards Laws and

directives
World CIE WTO ISO UN
Continents IESNA, CIEChina, NEMA ANSI, ASTM Federal
IESAustralia CCI CCC Governments
AMF ASI..
European (Lux Europa) CELMA CEN EU
ELC
National, LiTG, CIBSE, ZVEI, FEEI, LIF, DIN, BSI, ON, National laws f.e.
in each country, LTG, SLG, AFE, SdlE AFNOR, SNI, Building
f.e. NsVV, ... regulations,
EnEV, ....
Exploitation Dedicated Companies Appointed Politicans,

lighting experts lighting experts national lobbyists
delegates
European standards
 CEN TC169 Light and Lighting
 WG1 – Terms and definitions  WG7 – Photometry
 WG2 – Lighting of work places  WG8 – Exposure to incoherent

radiations
 WG3 – Emergency lighting
 WG9 – Energy requirements for
 WG4 – Sports lighting lighting in buildings
 WG5 – Road lighting  WG10 – Characterisation of

optical materials
 WG6 – Tunnel lighting
European standards
 A CEN working group (WG10) is

looking into producing a standard(s)
with respect to the performance of
materials
European standards
 A CEN working group (WG10) is

looking into producing a standard(s)
with respect to the performance of
materials
 The current work will cover

- Untreated base materials, including
- Aluminium
- Steel
- Plastic
- Glass
- Surface treated materials, including

- Polished materials
- Anodized materials
- Vacuum metallized materials
- Painted materials
- Multilayer systems
European standards
 It involves measurement methods and

performance criteria
- Diffuse reflectance
- Specular reflectance
- Colour
- Durability with respect to
- Temperature
- Humidity
- UV-exposure
- Abrasion
- Scratch resistance
European standards
 A material will be given a reflectance

class (1 – 10) based upon total
reflectance
European standards
 Additional data will be provided by the

manufacturer based upon durability
tests
Trends in materials
 Use less materials

 Use finished materials
 Use efficient materials
 Reduce range of materials
 Recycle materials
 Blend with efficient light sources
Trends in materials
 Use less materials

 Use finished materials
 Use efficient materials
 Reduce range of materials
 Recycle materials
 Blend with efficient light sources
Thank-you

Optical Design and Standards

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Optical Design and Standards

 Optics for light emission control

 Enclosure appearance and aesthetics

 Fixings supports and seals

 Optics for light emission control

 Enclosure appearance and aesthetics

 Fixings supports and seals

“Optical control is achieved by various mechanical devices : reflectors, baffles,

“Optical control is achieved by various mechanical devices : reflectors, baffles,

Methods of optical control

Reflectance  Reflectance  Reflectance 

Methods of optical control

Methods of optical control

Methods of optical control

Methods of optical control

Methods of optical control

Methods of optical control

Methods of optical control

 Photometric Performance: LOR

 Subjective feel: Iridescence,Milkiness,

 Cost: Material cost, fabrication ease/scrap

MATERIAL TOTAL DIFFUSE

 1920’S-1930’S: polystyrene, acrylic, PVC

 1940’S: polyester, nylon, polyethylene

 1950’S: GRP, polypropylene,

Density g/cm² 1.18 1.2 1.05 0.9 1.05

UV resistance high good poor poor medium

Temperature resistance good high good good/medium high

Light transmission high high high poor bad

Impact strength poor high bad high good

Scratch resistance high poor good poor medium

Chemical resistance poor poor medium high high

Surface glossy glossy glossy matt matt

MATERIAL Transmission % Reflectance %

 Excellent for deglaring indirect or

 The light can be split into the spectrum

 Diffuser beads suspended in clear

 Glass for optics

Clear glass: 80-90%

Solid Opal: 15-40%

OMS OMP OMW OME

Standard Semi intensive Semi extensive Extensive Super extensive

N°1 N°2 N°3

 Light shaping diffusers precisely

 Transmission can be in the region of

 The structure of light shaping diffusers

 Light shaping diffusers can be

 Light shaping diffusers precisely

 Transmission can be in the region of

 The structure of light shaping diffusers

 Light shaping diffusers can be

 They come in various materials

 No good at hiding the lamp

 Light produced by the diode has to

 Light produced by the diode has to

 Each material will have a different

 Light produced by the diode has to

 Each material will have a different

 So it is important to match the RI of

 Light produced by the diode has to

 Each material will have a different

 So it is important to match the RI of

Density g/cm² 1.18 1.2 1.05 0.9 1.05