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ME251A‐ Engineering Design and Graphics
LINES
Continuous thick Visible outlines‐ A1
Visible edges‐ A2
Continuous thin Imaginary Lines of intersection‐ B1
(straight or curved) Dimension Lines‐ B2
P j ti li
Projection lines‐ B3
Leader Lines‐ B4
Hatching‐ B5
Outlines of revolved sections‐ B6
Short center lines‐ B7
Continuous thin freehand Limits of partial or interrupted views‐ C1
Continuous thin straight
with Zig‐Zags
Dashed thick Hidden outlines‐ E1
Hidden edges‐ E2
F Dashed thin Hidden outlines‐ F1
Hidden edges‐ F2
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LINES
Center lines‐ G1
Chain thin Lines of Symmetry ‐ G2
Trajectories‐ G3
Chain thin, thick at Cutting planes ‐ H1
ends and change of
direction
Indication of lines and surfaces to
Chain thick which a special requirement applies ‐ J1
Outlines of adjacent parts‐ K1
Chain thin double
Alternative and extreme
Alternative and extreme
dashed
positions of movable parts‐ K2
Centroidal lines‐ K3
Initial outlines prior to forming ‐ K4
Parts situated in front of cutting plane‐ K5
B2 – Dimension line
G2 – Line of symmetry A1 – Visible outline
G1 – Center line
B4 – Leader line
G1 – Center line
B1 – Imaginary lines
G3 – Trajectory F1 – Hidden outlines of intersection
B3 – Projection line F
B7 – Short center line
B5 – Hatching
B6 – Outline of revolved section K2 – Extreme position
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LINES
Priority:
o Visible outlines and edges (A)
o Hidden outlines and edges (B)
Hidden outlines and edges (B)
o Cutting planes
o Centerlines and lines of symmetry
o Projection lines
Scale 1:1 Priority of Lines
ME251
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Sections
Sections
Sectional views are required to provide internal details of
complicated parts which cannot be clearly depicted otherwise
A sectioning plane is defined and it is imagined that the object is
cut by this plane
Remove the part of the object between the observer and
sectioning plane
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Hatching of sections
Hatching is used to indicate sectioned areas
Thin lines (B) are drawn at a convenient angle; preferably 45o to the
principle outlines or lines of symmetry of the cross‐section
Separate areas of the section of a same component should have
f h f h ld h
same line orientation and spacing
Hatching of adjacent components should have different line
orientation and/or spacing
Line spacing should be uniform within one area (> 0.7mm)
Hidden edges are not to be shown in the hatched area
Hatching patterns
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Different types of sections
Full section Broken section
Half section Auxiliary section
Revolved section Assembly section
Removed section
Full section: Cutting plane passes entirely through the object
Line type H
Offset/ Inclined sections
Line type H
Offset Inclined and Offset
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Half section
Revolved section
Use thin lines (B)
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Removed section
The out lines of removed sections should be drawn with thick
lines (A)
Section is placed either near to and connected with the view by a
chain thin line (G) or in a different position with identification
Aligned or revolved section
Used when the part contains ribs, webs spokes etc
Gives distorted impression
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Broken or partial section Assembly section
Line type C1
Bolt is not sectioned
Conventions in sectioning
Cutting plane is indicated by chain line type H
Cutting plane is named by identification letters A‐A, X‐X etc.
Hidden edges inside sectioned areas should not be shown
Thin parts like stiffeners, webs, bolts, rivets are not hatched if
the cutting plane cuts at right angles to their axis
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Conventions in sectioning
Dimensioning
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Dimensions
Dimensions are numbers written on the drawing and specify the size
of the object
Basic dimension: Dimensions without specifying any tolerances‐
Tolerances are important in production drawings
Types of dimensions
o Functional (F): Essential for the functioning of the part
o Non‐functional (NF): Not essential for the functioning of the part
o Auxiliary: Given for information purpose only
Elements of Dimensioning
Leader line
Projection line
Value of dimension
Dimension line
Projection line (starts 1 to 2 mm away from feature and
extends beyond the dimension line)
d b d h di i li )
Leader line
Origin indication
Dimension line termination
Dimension itself
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Elements of dimensioning
Termination indication Origin indication
40
30
15 7.5
15
Size should be proportional to drawing size
Dimensioning
Features in a drawing: Individual characteristics such as a
o a flat surface, a cylindrical surface, two parallel surfaces
o a shoulder, a slot, a screw thread, a profile etc.
Each feature should be dimensioned only once in a drawing
Each feature should be dimensioned only once in a drawing
Dimension should be placed in the view or section that most
clearly shows the feature dimensioned
Dimension should be placed outside the view as afar as
possible
Each drawing should use same units for dimensioning
Crossing of projection lines and/or dimension lines should be
avoided
Dimension line should be unbroken
even if the feature is shown broken
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Orientation and placement of dimension value
Method ‐1 Aligned system
Oblique dimension Angular dimension
Orientation and placement of dimension value
Method 2 – Uni‐directional system
We will follow this system
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Dimensioning practices
Larger dimension placed outside smaller
Due to symmetry only one termination
Chain dimensioning: Should be used when accumulation
of tolerances will not affect function of part
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Dimensioning from a common feature: A number of
dimensions of same direction relates to a common origin
Parallel dimensioning Running dimensioning
Indicating diameter and radius
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Dimensioning holes
Four holes of 5 mm diameter
One hole of 9.5 mm diameter and 18 mm depth
Dimensioning chamfers
OR OR OR
Here 2 is the axial length
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Dimensioning counter sinks/repeated features
OR
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