BITS Pilani

Dubai Campus

Deflections due to bending

Chapter- 8
Outline

 Introduction
 The moment-curvature relation
 Integration of moment-curvature relation
 Numerical Problems

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Assumptions/Simplifications
1. Straight beam with uniform cross-sectional area and
material.
2. Pure Bending.
3. Small deflections of elastic and slender beam.
4. Deflection of the neutral axis 𝑣.
5. The slope angle is 𝜙 .

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Moment curvature relation
• When a symmetrical, linearly elastic beam element is
subjected to pure bending as shown, the curvature of the
neutral axis is related to the applied bending moment as
follows
𝑀𝑏 1 𝑑𝜙
= =
𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝜌 𝑑𝑠

• 𝑀𝑏 is the applied moment.

• 𝐸 is the elastic modulus.
• 𝐼𝑧𝑧 is the moment of inertia.
• 𝜌 is radius of curvature.
• 𝜙 is the slope angle.

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Moment curvature relation
• Slope in the beam is being created by deflection 𝑣

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Moment curvature relation
𝑑𝑣
tan 𝜙 = 𝑑𝜙 𝑑 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 sec 2 𝜙 =
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝜙 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
2
= cos 𝜙
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜙 𝑑 2𝑣
= cos 3 𝜙 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝜙 𝑑 2 𝑣/𝑑𝑥 2
cos 𝜙 = = = 3
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 2 2
𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
1+ 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Moment curvature relation

𝑑𝜙 𝑑2 𝑣/𝑑𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑠 2 2
𝑑𝑣
1+
𝑑𝑥

For small deflections 𝜙 will be small.

𝑑𝑣
tan 𝜙 ≈ 0 𝑜𝑟 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝜙 𝑑2 𝑣
For small deflections: = 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Moment curvature relation

𝑑𝜙 𝑑2 𝑣 𝑀𝑏 1 𝑑𝜙
For small deflections: = 2 = =
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝜌 𝑑𝑠

𝑑2𝑣 𝑀𝑏
Moment Curvature Relationship: 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧

• By integrating this equation we can find the deflection in a beam.

• We need boundary conditions on deflection for integration.
• 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 is known as bending modulus or flexural rigidity.

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Example 8.2: Cantilever

Moment:
𝑀𝑏 𝑥 = −𝑃 𝐿 − 𝑥 − 𝑀

Boundary Conditions:
𝑑𝑣
=0 𝑣 𝑥=0 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

1 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑣=− 𝑃 3𝐿 − 𝑥 + 𝑀
𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 6 2

𝑑𝑣 𝑃𝐿3 𝑀𝐿2
𝜙= 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =− −
𝑑𝑥 3𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Example 8.1
The simply supported beam of uniform cross section as shown
below is subjected to a concentrated load W. Calculate the slope
angle and deflection after application of the load.

𝑊𝑏
𝑀𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑊 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 >1
𝐿
Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
 Example 8.1
𝑊𝑏 𝑑2 𝑣 𝑀𝑏
𝑀𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑊 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 >1 =
𝐿 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧

𝑑𝑣
Integration once: 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 = ∫ 𝑀𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥

Integration twice: 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝑣 = ∫ ∫ 𝑀𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2

𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are integration constants which can be found from

following two boundary conditions.
𝑣 0 = 0 and 𝑣 𝐿 = 0
𝑊 𝑏𝑥 2
Deflection of neutral axis 𝑣=− 𝐿 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑥 2 +< 𝑥 − 𝑎 >3
6𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐿

Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Example 8.1
𝑊 𝑏𝑥 2
Deflection of neutral axis 𝑣=− 𝐿 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑥 2 +< 𝑥 − 𝑎 >3
6𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐿

If 𝑎 = 𝑏, maximum deflection will occur at mid-span 𝑥 = 𝐿/2

𝑊𝐿3
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
48𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧

𝐿 = 3.7 𝑚
𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1.85 𝑚
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −1.15 𝑚𝑚
𝑊 = 1.8 𝑘𝑁
𝐸 = 11 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 3.33 × 107 𝑚𝑚4
Dr. Priyank Upadhyaya, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus