Problem Set in Strength

of Materials
Submitted to: Engr. Glenn F. Dejucos
Submitted by: Joseph Louis M. Guevara, BSPE 3-B
NORMAL STRESS
1. Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that
d1 = 50 mm and d2 = 30 mm, find the average normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB and
(b) rod BC.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: the average normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB and
(b) rod BC

SOLUTION:

For Rod AB:

P = 40 KN + 30 KN = 70 KN = 70,000 N
𝜋 𝜋
A= 𝑑2 = (50 𝑚𝑚)2 = 1.963495408 x 103 mm2
4 1 4

A = 1.963495408 x 10-3 m2
𝑃 70,000 𝑁
σAB = 𝐴 = 1.963495408 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2 = 35,650,707.26 Pa

σAB = 35.65070726 MPa

For Rod BC
P = 30 KN = 30,000 N
𝜋 𝜋
A== 𝑑22 = (30 𝑚𝑚)2 = 706.8583471 mm2 = 7.068583471 x 10-4 m2
4 4
𝑃 30,000 𝑁
σBC = 𝐴 = 7.068583471 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2 = 42,441,318.16 Pa = 42.44131816 MPa

ANSWER: (a) σAB = 35,650,707.26 Pa = 35.65070726 MPa

(b) σBC = 42,441,318.16 Pa = 42.44131816 MPa

2. Each of the four vertical links has an 8 x 36-mm uniform rectangular cross section and each of
the four pins has a 16-mm diameter. Determine the maximum value of the average normal
stress in the links connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and F
 GIVEN:

REQ’D: maximum value of the average normal stress in the links connecting (a) points B and D,
(b) points C and F

SOLUTION:

∑ MC = 0 ∑ MB = 0

0 = (0.4 m)FBD – (0.25 m + 0.4 m)(20,000 N) 0 = -(0.4 m)FCE – (0.25 m)(20,000 N)

13,000 𝑁𝑚 5,000 𝑁𝑚
FBD = 0.4 𝑚
= 32,500 N (t) FCE = = = 12,500 N (c)
0.4 𝑚

A = 2[(0.008 m)(0.036 m – 0.016 m)] A = 2[(0.008 m)(0.036 m)]

A = 320 x 10-6 m2 (for tension) A = 576 x 10-6 m2 (for compression)

𝐹𝐵𝐷 32,500 𝑁 𝐹𝐶𝐸 12,500 𝑁
σBD = 𝐴
= 320 𝑥 10−6 𝑚2 = 101,562,500 Pa σCE = 𝐴
= 576 𝑥 10−6 𝑚2 = 21,701,388.89 Pa

σBD = 101.5625 MPa σCE = 21.70138889 MPa

ANSWER:

(a) σBD = 101.5625 MPa (for link in tension)

(b) σCE = 21.70138889 MPa (for link in compression)

SHEAR STRESS
1. When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden specimen shown failed in shear along the surface
indicated by the dashed line. Determine the average shearing stress along that surface at the
time of failure.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: average shearing stress

SOLUTION:

A = 90 mm x 15 mm = 1350 mm2 = 1.35 x 10-3 m2

Force = P = 8 x 103 N

Τ = 𝑃𝐴 = 1.358000 𝑁
𝑥 10−3 𝑚2
= 5,925,925.926 Pa = 5.925925926 MPa

ANSWER: Τ = 5,925,925.926 Pa = 5.93 MPa

2. The hydraulic cylinder CF, which partially controls the position of rod DE, has been locked in the
position shown in the figure. Member BD is 5/8 in. thick and is connected to the vertical rod by a
3/8 in. diameter bolt. Determine the average shearing stress in the bolt.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: average shearing stress in the bolt

SOLUTION:
∑MC = 0 *counterclockwise is positive*
8 1.8
0 = (4in)(cos20)( FAB) – (4in)(sin20)( FAB) – [(7in)(cos20)][(400lb)(sin75)] – [(7 in)(sin20)][(400
8.2 8.2
lb)(cos75)

2789.345155 𝑙𝑏●𝑖𝑛
FAB = 3.366782785 𝑖𝑛
= 828.4897877 lb (1)

∑Fx = 0
1.8
0 = − 8.2 𝐹𝐴𝐵 + CX + 400lb●cos75
1.8
CX = 8.2 (828.4897877 𝑙𝑏) - 400lb●cos75 = 78.33599289 lb
∑Fy = 0
8
0 = − 8.2 (𝐹𝐴𝐵 ) + Cy - 400lb●sin75
8
Cy = (828.4897877 𝑙𝑏) + 400lb●sin75 = 1194.65305 lb
8.2

𝑪 = √𝐶𝑥2 + 𝐶𝑦2 = √(78.33599289 𝑙𝑏)2 + (1194.65305 𝑙𝑏)2 = 1197.218626 𝑙𝑏

*shearing stress in the bolt*

𝜋 𝜋 3
𝐴 = 4 𝑑2 = ( 𝑖𝑛)2 = 0.1104466167 𝑖𝑛2
4 8
𝑃 1197.218626 𝑙𝑏
𝜏= = = 10,893.79448 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 10.83979448 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴 0.1104466167 𝑖𝑛2

ANSWER: τ = 10,893.7945 psi = 10.8399 ksi

BEARING STRESS
1. A 40 kN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that is supported by a concrete footing
resting on undisturbed soil. Determine the maximum bearing stress on the concrete footing.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: maximum bearing stress on the concrete footing

SOLUTION:

𝑃 = 40 𝑘𝑁 = 40,000 𝑁
𝐴 = (100 𝑚𝑚)(120 𝑚𝑚) = 12,000 𝑚2 = 0.012 𝑚2
𝑃 40,000 𝑁
𝜏= = = 3,333,333.333 𝑃𝑎 = 3.333333333 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 0.012 𝑚2

ANSWER: τ = 3,333,333.3330 Pa = 3.3333 MPa

2. Determine the (a) average bearing stress at C in member BC and the (b) average bearing stress
at B in member BC in the given figure below.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: (a) average bearing stress at C in member BC, (b) average bearing stress at B in member
BC

SOLUTION:

*Law of Sines
𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐹𝐵𝐶 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛45 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 sin 75
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 8.965754722 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Bearing stress at C in member BC

𝐴 = 𝑡𝑑 = (0.5 𝑖𝑛)(0.8 𝑖𝑛) = 0.4 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝐵𝐶 8.965754722 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜎𝑏 = = = 22.41438681 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴 0.4 𝑖𝑛2

Bearing stress at B in member BC

𝐴 = 2𝑡𝑑 = 2(0.5 𝑖𝑛)(0.8 𝑖𝑛) = 0.8 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝐵𝐶 8.965754722 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜎𝑏 = = = 11.2071934 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴 0.8 𝑖𝑛2

ANSWER: (a) Bearing stress at C in member BC: σb = 22.4144 ksi

(b) Bearing stress at B in member BC: σb = 11.2072 ksi
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
1. Link AB is to be made of a steel for which the ultimate normal stress is 450 MPa. Determine the
cross-sectional area for AB for which the factor of safety will be 3.5. Assume that the link will be
adequately reinforced around the pins at A and B.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: cross-sectional area for AB

SOLUTION:
8 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = (1.2 𝑚) ( ) = 9.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑚

∑MD = 0
9.6 𝑘𝑁
0 = −(0.8 𝑚)(𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛35) + (0.2 𝑚) ( ) + (0.4 𝑚)(20 𝑘𝑁)
𝑚
9.6 𝑘𝑁
(0.2 𝑚) (
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚 ) + (0.4 𝑚)(20 𝑘𝑁) = 9.92 𝑘𝑁
= 21.6187 𝑘𝑁 = 21,618.74 𝑁
(0.8 𝑚)(𝑠𝑖𝑛35) 0.4588611491

𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝜎𝑈
𝐹. 𝑆. = =
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐹𝐴𝐵

(𝐹. 𝑆. )𝐹𝐴𝐵 (3.5)(21,618.74 𝑁)

𝐴𝐴𝐵 = = = 1.681457556 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2 = 168.1457556 𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑈 450,000,000 𝑃𝑎

ANSWER: 𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 1.6815 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2 = 168.1458 𝑚𝑚2

2. The horizontal link BC is ¼ in. thick, has a width w = 1.25 in., and is made of steel with a 65-ksi
ultimate strength in tension. What is the factor of safety if the structure shown is designed to
support a load of P = 10 kips?

GIVEN:

REQ’D: factor of safety

SOLUTION:
∑𝑀𝐶 = 0 *counterclockwise is positive*
0 = (12 𝑖𝑛. )(𝑐𝑜𝑠30)𝐹𝐵𝐶 − (18 𝑖𝑛)(𝑠𝑖𝑛30)(10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠)
(18 𝑖𝑛)(𝑠𝑖𝑛30)(10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠)
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = = 8.660254038 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
(12 𝑖𝑛)(𝑐𝑜𝑠30)

1
𝐴 = 𝑡𝑑 = ( 𝑖𝑛) (1.25 𝑖𝑛) = 0.3125 𝑖𝑛2
4

𝐹𝐵𝐶 𝜎𝑈
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = =
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐹. 𝑆.

𝑘𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝜎𝑈 (0.3125 𝑖𝑛2 ) (65 2 )
𝐹. 𝑆. = = 𝑖𝑛 = 2.345485469 = 2.35
𝐹𝐵𝐶 8.660254038 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

ANSWER
F.S. = 2.35
INCLINED PLANE
1. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at A when ϴ = 60∘, knowing that the average
shearing stress in the 10-mm-diameter pin at B must not exceed 120 MPa and that the average
bearing stress in member AB and in the bracket at B must not exceed 90 MPa.
GIVEN:

REQ’D: The largest load P

SOLUTION:

*Triangle ABC is an Isoceles triangle*

𝑃 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐹
𝐴𝐶
= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝑠𝑖𝑛30 𝑠𝑖𝑛120
𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝑃= = 0.5773502692𝐹𝐴𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛120
𝐹𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝑃= = 𝐹𝐴𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛30

Critical shearing stress in pin at B:

 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑝 = 𝑑 = (0.010𝑚)2 = 7.853981634 𝑥 10−5 𝑚2
4 4
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐴𝜏 = (2)(7.853981634 𝑥 10−5 𝑚2 )(120,000,000 𝑃𝑎) = 18,849.55592 𝑁

Critical bearing stress in member AB at A:

𝐴𝑏 = 𝑡𝑑 = (0.016 𝑚)(0.010 𝑚) = 1.6 𝑥 10−4

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑏 𝜎𝑏 = (1.6 𝑥 10−4 )(90,000,000 𝑃𝑎) = 14,400 𝑁

Critical bearing stress at B:

𝐴𝑏 = 2𝑡𝑑 = (2)(0.012 𝑚)(0.010 𝑚) = 2.4 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑏 𝜎𝑏 = (2.4 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2 )(90,000,000 𝑃𝑎) = 21,600 𝑁

The smallest value will be chosen to calculate for the allowable load P, which is FAB = 14,400 N:

𝑃 = (0.5773502692)(𝐹𝐴𝐵 ) = (0.5773502692)(14,400 𝑁) = 8313.843876 𝑁 = 8.313843876 𝑘𝑁

ANSWER:

P = 8313.8439 N = 8.3138 kN
 2. Two wooden members of 75 x 125 mm uniform rectangular cross section are joined by the
simple glued joint shown. Knowing that P = 3.6 kN and that the ultimate strength of the glue is
1,100,000 Pa in tension and 1,400,000 Pa in shear, determine the factor of safety.
GIVEN:

REQ’D: Factor of Safety

SOLUTION:

𝛳 = 90𝑜 − 65𝑜 = 25𝑜

𝑃 = 3.6 𝑘𝑁 = 3,600 𝑁

𝐴𝑏 = (75 𝑚)(125 𝑚𝑚) = 9.375 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚2 = 0.009375 𝑚2

Tension on glued area:

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛳 (3,600 𝑁)(cos 25)2

𝜎= = = 315,415.2211 𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑜 0.009375 𝑚2
𝜎𝑈 1,100,000 𝑃𝑎
𝐹. 𝑆. = = = 3.487466446 = 3.49 = 3.5
𝜎 315,415.2211 𝑃𝑎
Shear on glued area:

𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳 (3,600 𝑁)(𝑠𝑖𝑛50)

𝜎= = = 147,080.5331 𝑃𝑎
2𝐴𝑜 (2)(0.009375 𝑚2 )
𝜎𝑈 1,400,000 𝑃𝑎
𝐹. 𝑆. = = = 9.518594817 = 9.52 = 9.5
𝜎 147,080.5331 𝑃𝑎

The smaller F.S. will be chosen: F.S. = 3.49

ANSWER: F.S. = 3.49

Normal Strain
1. Determine the stress in each section of the bar shown in Fig. 1.19 when subjected to an axial
tensile load of 20 kN. The central section is 30 mm square cross-section; the other portions are
of circular section; their diameters being indicated. What will be the total extension of the bar?
For the bar material E = 210GN/m 2.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: total extension of the bar

SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃
𝜎= =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

Stress in section 1:
20,000 𝑁 20,000 𝑁
𝜎=𝜋 = = 63,661,977.24 𝑃𝑎 = 63.66 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(0.002 𝑚)2 3.141592654 𝑥 10−6
4
Stress in section 2:
20,000 𝑁 20,000 𝑁
𝜎= 2
= = 22,222,222.22 𝑃𝑎 = 22.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(0.03 𝑚 𝑥 0.03 𝑚) 9 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2
Stress In section 3:
20,000 𝑁 20,000 𝑁
𝜎=𝜋 = = 113,176,848.4 𝑃𝑎 = 113.18 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(0.015 𝑚)2 1.767145868 𝑥 10−4
4
Extension of section 1:
𝜎 𝜎𝐿 (63,661,977.24 𝑃𝑎)(0.25 𝑚)
𝐸= => 𝛿 = = = 7.578806814 𝑥 10−5 𝑚
𝛿/𝐿 𝐸 (210,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

Extension of section 2:
𝜎 𝜎𝐿 (22,222,222.22 𝑃𝑎)(0.1 𝑚)
𝐸= => 𝛿 = = = 1.058201058 𝑥 10−5 𝑚
𝛿/𝐿 𝐸 (210,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

Extension of section 3:
𝜎 𝜎𝐿 (113,176,848.4 𝑃𝑎)(0.4 𝑚)
𝐸= => 𝛿 = = = 21.55749493 𝑥 10−5 𝑚
𝛿/𝐿 𝐸 (210,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐸𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥3 ) = (7.57 𝑥 10−5 𝑚 + 1.05 𝑥 10−5 𝑚 + 21.55 𝑥 10−5 𝑚)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.01945028 𝑥 10−4 𝑚 = 0.301945028 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3019 𝑚𝑚

ANSWER: Total Extension = 0.3019 mm

 2. A 1/8 in. thick hollow polystyrene cylinder (E = 0.45 x 106 psi) and a rigid circular plate (only part
of which is shown) are used to support a 10-in long steel rod AB (E = 29 x 106 psi) of ¼ in
diameter. If an 800-lb load P is applied at B, determine (a) the elongation of rod AB, (b) the
deflection of point B.
GIVEN:

REQ’D: (a) the elongation of rod AB, (b) the deflection of

point B

SOLUTION:
𝜋 𝜋 1
Rod AB: 𝐴𝑏 = 4
(𝑑)2 = 4 (4 𝑖𝑛)2 = 0.04908738521 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 (800 𝑙𝑏)(10 𝑖𝑛)

𝛿𝐴𝐵 = =
𝐸𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵 (29 𝑥 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(0.04908738521 𝑖𝑛2 )
6

𝛿𝐴𝐵 = 5.619815922 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛 [Ans.]

Deflection of point B:
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑏 = (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖2 )
4 𝑜
𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = (2 𝑖𝑛2 − 1.75 𝑖𝑛2 ) = 0.7363107782 𝑖𝑛2
4

𝑃𝐿 (800 𝑙𝑏)(1.2 𝑖𝑛)

𝛿𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = =
𝐸𝐴 (0.45 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(0.7363107782 𝑖𝑛2 )
𝛿𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2.89732732 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛

𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 5.619815922 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛 + 2.89732732 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛

𝛿𝐵 = 8.517143242 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛 [Ans.]

ANSWER: (a) 𝛿𝐴𝐵 = 5.6198 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛

(b) 𝛿𝐵 = 8.5171 𝑥 10−3 𝑖𝑛

Shear Strain
1. The plastic block shown is bonded to a fixed base and to a horizontal rigid phase to which a
force P is applied. Knowing that for the plastic used G= 55ksi, determine the deflection of the
plate when P = 9 kips.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: the deflection of the plate

SOLUTION:

𝐴 = (3.5 𝑖𝑛)(5.5 𝑖𝑛) = 19.25 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃 9000 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜏) = = = 467.5324675 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 19.25 𝑖𝑛2
𝜏 467.5324675 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝛾) = = = 0.008500590319
𝐺 55,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝛿
𝛾= => 𝛿 = ℎ𝛾 = (2.2 𝑖𝑛. )(0.008500590319) = 0.0187012987 𝑖𝑛
ℎ

ANSWER: Deflection (γ) = 0.01870 in

 2. A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of hard rubber bonded to plate AB and to rigid
supports as shown. For the type and grade of rubber used τall = 220 psi and G = 1800 psi.
Knowing that a centric vertical force of magnitude P = 3.2 kips must cause a 0.1 in. vertical
deflection of the plate AB, determine the smallest allowable dimensions a and b of the block.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: the smallest allowable dimensions a and b of the

block

SOLUTION:
𝑃
𝜏= => 2𝐴𝜏 = 𝑃
2𝐴
𝑃 3200 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐴= = = 7.272727273 𝑖𝑛2
2𝜏 2(220 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
but also,
𝐴
𝐴 = (3.0 𝑖𝑛)(𝑏) => 𝑏 =
(3.0 𝑖𝑛)
7.272727273 𝑖𝑛2
𝑏= = 2.424242424 𝑖𝑛
3.0 𝑖𝑛

𝜏 220 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛) 𝛾 = = = 0.1222222222
𝐺 1800 𝑝𝑠𝑖
but also,
𝛿 𝛿
𝛾= => 𝑎𝛾 = 𝛿 => 𝑎 =
𝑎 𝛾
𝛿 0.1 𝑖𝑛
𝑎= = = 0.8181818182 𝑖𝑛
𝛾 0.1222222222

ANSWER:

(a) a = 0.8182 in
(b) b = 2.4242 in
Stress-strain Curve
1. The following data were recorded during the tensile test of a 14-mm diameter mild steel rod.
The gage length was 50 mm. Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine: (a)proportional limit;
(b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) ultimate strengths; (e) rupture strengths
GIVEN:

REQ’D: (a)proportional limit; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) ultimate strengths; (e) rupture
strengths

SOLUTION:
𝜋
𝐴= ( 14 𝑚𝑚)2 = 153.93894 𝑚𝑚2
4
 a. Proportional limit: 246.20 MPa
b. Modulus of elasticity:
𝜎 246.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸= = = 205,166.6667 𝑃𝑎 = 205.1666667 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛿 0.0012
c. Yield Point: 270.24 MPa
d. Ultimate Strength: 441.74 MPa
e. Rupture Strength: 399.51 MPa

ANSWERS:

(a) Proportional limit = 246.20 MPa

(b) Modulus of Elasticity = 205.1667 GPa
(c) Yield Point = 270.24 MPa
(d) Ultimate Strength = 441.74 MPa
(e) Rupture Strength = 399.51 MPa
 2. The following data were obtained during a tension test of an aluminum alloy. The initial
diameter of the test specimen was 0.505 in. and the gage length was 2.0 inches. Plot the stress-
strain diagram and determine the following mechanical properties: (a) proportional limit; (b)
modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point
GIVEN:

REQ’D: (a) proportional limit; (b) modulus of

elasticity; (c) yield point

SOLUTION:
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= (𝑑)2 = (0.505 𝑖𝑛)2
4 4
𝐴 = 0.2002961666 𝑖𝑛2
Length = 2 in

Strain = Elongation/Length

Stress = Load/Area

From stress-strain diagram:

1. Proportional Limit = 57,914.24 psi

2. Modulus of Elasticity:
57914.24 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐸= = 10,529,861.82 𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.0055
3. Yield Point = 69,896.49 psi

ANSWER:

Proportional Limit = 57,914.24 psi

Modulus of Elasticity:

E = 10,529,861.82 psi = 10,529.86 ksi

Yield Point = 69,896.49 psi

Strain Energy Density

1. Three round bars having the same length ‘L' but different shapes are shown in fig below. The
first bar has a diameter ‘d' over its entire length, the second had this diameter over one – fourth
of its length, and the third has this diameter over one eighth of its length. All three bars are
subjected to the same load P. Compare the amounts of strain energy stored in the bars,
assuming the linear elastic behavior.
GIVEN:

REQ’D: Compare the amounts of strain energy stored in the bars

SOLUTION:
𝑃2 𝐿
𝑈1 = (𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
2𝐸𝐴

𝐿 3𝐿
𝑃2 (4) 𝑃2 ( 4 ) 𝑃2 𝐿 𝑈1
𝑈2 = = = = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐸9𝐴 6𝐸𝐴 3

𝐿 7𝐿
𝑃2 ( ) 𝑃2 ( ) 2
𝑈3 = 8 + 8 = 𝑃 𝐿 = 𝑈1 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐸(9𝐴) 9𝐸𝐴 9

We can therefore conclude that the strain energy decreases as the volume of the bar increases.

ANSWER: 𝑈1 > 𝑈2 > 𝑈3

 2. Suppose a rod AB must acquire an elastic strain energy of 13.6 N.m using E = 200 GPa.
Determine the required yield strength of steel. If the factor of safety w.r.t. permanent
deformation is equal to 5.
GIVEN:

REQ’D: Required yield strength of steel

SOLUTION:

𝑈 = (𝐹. 𝑆. )(𝛿𝑒 ) = 5(13.6 𝑁. 𝑚) = 68 𝑁. 𝑚

𝜋
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝐴𝐿 = 𝑑2 𝐿
4
𝜋
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑑 = (20 𝑚𝑚)2 (1,500 𝑚𝑚)
4
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 471,238.898 𝑚𝑚3
𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 4.71238898 𝑥 10−4 𝑚3
Strain energy density:
𝑈 68 𝑁. 𝑚
𝑢= = = 144,373.678 𝑃𝑎
𝑉 4.71238898 𝑥 10−4 𝑚3

Yield Strength:

𝜎𝑦2 𝜎𝑦2
𝑈= = > 144,373.678 𝑃𝑎 =
2𝐸 2(200,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)
𝜎𝑦2 = (144,373.678 𝑃𝑎)(400,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎) = 5.77494712 𝑥 1016 𝑃𝑎2

𝜎𝑦 = √5.77494712 𝑥 1016 𝑃𝑎2 = 240,311,196.6 𝑃𝑎 = 240.3111966 𝑀𝑃𝑎

ANSWER:
𝜎𝑦 = 240,311,196.6 𝑃𝑎 = 240.3112 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Multiaxial Loading
1. A standard tension test is used to determine the properties of an experimental plastic. The test
specimen is a 5/8 in. diameter rod and it is subjected to an 800 lb tensile force. Knowing that an
elongation of 0.45 in. and a decrease in diameter of 0.025 in. are observed in a 5-in. gage length,
determine the modulus of elasticity, the modulus of rigidity, and Poisson’s ratio of the material.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: (a) the modulus of elasticity, (b) the modulus of

rigidity, (c) Poisson’s ratio of the material.

SOLUTION:
𝜋 2 𝜋 5
𝐴= 𝑑 = ( 𝑖𝑛)2 = 0.3067961576 𝑖𝑛2
4 4 8
𝑃 = 800 𝑙𝑏
𝑃 800 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑦 = = = 2607.594588 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 0.3067961576 𝑖𝑛2
𝛿𝑦 0.45
𝜀𝑦 = = = 0.09
𝐿 5.0
𝛿𝑥 8(−0.025)
𝜀𝑥 = = = −0.04
𝑑 5

𝜎𝑦 2607.594588 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐸= = = 28,973.2732 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜀𝑦 0.09
𝜀𝑥 −0.04
𝑣 = − =− = 0.4444444444
𝜀𝑦 0.09
𝐸 28,973.2732 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐺= = = 10,029.20995 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2(1 + 𝑣) 2(1 + 0.4444)

ANSWERS:

(a) 𝐸 = 28,973.2732 𝑝𝑠𝑖

(b) 𝑣 = 0.4444
(c) 𝐺 = 10,029.2100 𝑝𝑠𝑖
 2. A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that its change in diameter is 4Pv/πEd

GIVEN:

REQ’D: Show that change in diameter is 4Pv/πEd

SOLUTION:
𝜀𝑦 𝜎𝑥
𝑣= − => 𝜀𝑦 = −𝑣𝜀𝑥 => 𝜀𝑦 = −𝑣
𝜀𝑥 𝐸
𝛿𝑦 −𝑃 𝑃𝑑
= −𝑣 => 𝛿𝑦 =
𝑑 𝐴𝐸 1 2
4 𝜋𝑑 𝐸
𝑃𝑑 4𝑃𝑣
𝛿𝑦 = =>
1 2 𝜋𝐸𝑑
4 𝜋𝑑 𝐸

ANSWER:

A solid cylinder’s change in diameter, 4Pv/πEd, has been proven true.

Thin-walled pressure vessels
1. A water tank, 22 ft. in diameter, is made from steel plates that are ½ in. thick. Find the maximum
height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000 psi. The
specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3. Assume pressure distribution to be uniform.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: maximum height

SOLUTION:
𝑙𝑏𝑚 (12 𝑖𝑛)2
𝜎𝑡 = 6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 6000 𝑖𝑛2
𝑥 1 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜎𝑡 = 864,000
𝑓𝑡 2

𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = 62.4 ℎ
𝑓𝑡 3

𝐹
𝑃= => 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴
𝐴
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐹 = (62.4 ℎ)(𝐷ℎ)
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑙𝑏𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑚 2
𝐹 = (62.4 )(22 𝑓𝑡)ℎ = 1372.8 ℎ
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑇 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = (864,000 ) ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )ℎ = 36,000 ℎ
𝑓𝑡 2 2 12 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡

∑𝐹 = 0
𝐹 − 2𝑇 = 0 => 𝐹 = 2𝑇
𝑙𝑏𝑚 2 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1372.8 𝑓𝑡 2
ℎ = 2(36,000 𝑓𝑡
)(ℎ)
𝑙𝑏
ℎ2 2(36,000 𝑚 )
𝑓𝑡
= = 52.44755245 𝑓𝑡
ℎ 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1372.8 2
𝑓𝑡

ANSWER: h = 52.4476 ft
 2. A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20 mm. The
diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum
internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the
circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: the maximum internal pressure that can be applied

SOLUTION:

Basing on tangential circumferential stress:

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝐹 = 2𝑇

𝑃(𝑑𝐿) = 2𝜎𝑡 𝐿𝑡
𝑃𝑑
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡

𝑃(450 𝑚𝑚)
60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
2(20 𝑚𝑚)

(60 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(40 𝑚𝑚)

𝑃=
(450 𝑚𝑚)

𝑃 = 5.333333333 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃 = 5,333,333.333 𝑃𝑎
Basing on longitudinal stress:

∑𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝐹 − 𝑃 = 0 => 𝐹 = 𝑃
𝜋
𝑃 ( 𝑑2 ) = 𝜎𝑙 (𝜋𝑑)
4
𝑃𝐷
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
𝑃(450 𝑚𝑚)
140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
4(20 𝑚𝑚)

(140 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(80 𝑚𝑚)

𝑃= = 24.88888889 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(450 𝑚𝑚)

𝑃 = 24,888,888.89 𝑃𝑎

*The lowest value would be used since the problem asks for the maximum internal pressure that can be
applied, which is P = 5.3333 MPa

ANSWER:

P = 5.3333 MPa
Thermal Stress
1. A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between two fixed points. The
tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0°F? At what temperature will the stress
be zero? Assume α = 6.5 × 10−6 in/(in·°F) and E = 29 × 106 psi.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: temperature

SOLUTION:

For the stress at O0F:

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 + 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝐿 𝑃𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿(𝛥𝑇) +
𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 6.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑖𝑛 1200 𝑙𝑏
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸(𝛥𝑇) + = ( ) (29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(70∘ 𝐹 − 0∘ 𝐹) +
𝐴 𝑖𝑛 · °F 0.25 𝑖𝑛2

𝜎 = 17,995 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ≈ 18,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖

For the temperature that causes zero stress:

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝐿
𝛼𝐿(𝛥𝑇) =
𝐴𝐸
𝑃
𝛼(𝛥𝑇) =
𝐴𝐸
6.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑖𝑛 1200 𝑙𝑏
( ) (𝑇 − 70∘ 𝐹) =
𝑖𝑛 · °F (0.25 𝑖𝑛 )(29 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
2

𝑇 = 95.46419098∘ 𝐹 ≈ 95.4642∘ 𝐹
ANSWER:

(a) 𝜎 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖
(b) 𝑇 = 95.4642∘ 𝐹
 2. Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. At
what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that
temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume α = 11.7 μm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

GIVEN:

REQ’D: stress

SOLUTION:

Temperature at which 𝛿𝑇 = 3 𝑚𝑚:

𝛿𝑇 = 𝜶𝐿(𝛥𝑇) = 𝜶𝐿(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
μm
3 𝑚𝑚 = (11.7 ) (10,000 𝑚𝑚)(𝑇𝑓 − 15∘ 𝐶)
m · °C
(3 𝑚𝑚)(m · °C)
𝑇𝑓 = + 15∘ 𝐶 = 40.64102564∘ 𝐶
(10,000 𝑚𝑚)(0.0000117 m)

Required Stress:

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇
𝜎𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿(𝛥𝑇)
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) = (0.0000117 𝑚𝑚)(200,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)(40.64102564∘ 𝐶 − 15∘ 𝐶)
𝜎 = 60,000,000 𝑃𝑎 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎

ANSWER:

(a) 𝑇𝑓 = 40.6410∘ 𝐶
(b) 𝜎 = 60,000,000 𝑃𝑎 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎