BCEDCE 3 - BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit 1 12 Periods
Introduction
Classification – Investigations and planning-Choice of type-IRC specifications for road bridges-
Loads and forces acting on bridges-Different IRC loading- Linear waterway-scour depth-design
discharge-economical span.

Unit II 15 Periods
Reinforced Concrete Bridges
Types of culverts-Design of slab culvert for IRC loading - Design of tee beam bridges - Courbon's
theory - Pigeaud's curves - Balanced cantilever bridges - Deck slab - Design of articulation.

Unit III 15 Periods

Prestressed Concrete Bridges
Design of prestressed concrete bridges - Preliminary dimensions - Flexural and torsional parameters -
Courbon's theory - Distribution coefficient by exact analysis - Design of girder section - Maximum
and minimum prestressing forces - Eccentricity - Live load and dead load, shear forces.

Unit IV 18 Periods
Bearings, Substructure and Foundation

Bearings – types-RC, Steel and Elastomeric bearings-design of elastomeric pad bearings-

Substructure-Forces governing pier and abutment-shapes of abutment-design of pier and abutment-
Foundations-shallow and deep-design of pile and well foundations.

Text Books:
1. Johnson Victor D., "Essentials of Bridge Engineering", Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New
Delhi, 2005.
2. Krishna Raju, N., Design of Bridges, Third Edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company
Private Ltd., New Delhi, 2005

References:
1. Phatak D.R., “Bridge Engineering ", Satya Prakashan, New Delhi, 1990.
2. Ponnuswamy S., “Bridge Engineering ", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1996.
 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University

BCEDCE 4 - THEORY OF PLATES AND SHELLS

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Rectangular Plates
Assumptions Thin plate bending theory– Small deflection theory of thin plates in bending – Strain
Displacement relations – Stress – Strain relations – Moment – Curvature relations – Equilibrium
Equations – Plate Equation. Plates with various edge conditions and loading.

Unit II 15 Periods
Circular Plates
Derivation of the fundamental deflection equation Example – Simply supported and fixed boundary
conditions. Point load or uniformly distributed load – solution for ax symmetric loading. Annular
plates.

Unit III 15 Periods

Folded Plates
Advantages – Assumptions – Structural behaviour – Slab action – Plate action – Equation of three
shears – Derivation. Illustrative examples – V- shaped - Prismatic Folded Plate – Stress distribution.

Unit IV 15 Periods
Thin Shells
Shell Roofs Classification as per IS 2210 code. Membrane theory of shell – cylindrical, conical and
spherical shells. Membrane displacements. Simple example.
Limitations of membrane theory – bending theory only cylindrical shell. Simple problems.

Textbook:
1. N. K. Bairagi -A textbook of Plate Analysis - Khanna Publishers.
2. B. K. Chaterjee - Theory and Design of Concrete Shells - Oxford and IBH
References:
1. N. Krishna Raju - Advanced Concrete Design CBS Publishers - NewDelhi
2. D. J. Hearn - Mechanics of Materials Volume – 2 - Pergamon Press
3.
Code:
IS-2210 – Shell and Folded Plates (permitted in the examination)

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University

BCEDCE 6 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Introduction
Basic concept of measurement - Measurement of displacement, strain, pressure, force, torque etc.
Strain gauges - Characteristics of a strain gauge - Types of strain gauges (Mechanical, electrical
resistance , acoustical etc.,) Electrical resistance strain gauges - Gauge construction, adhesive and
mounting methods - Gauge sensitivity and gauge factor - Environmental effects - Strain analysis
methods - Rosette analysis.

Unit II 15 Periods
Photoelasticity
Photoelasticity - Optics of photoelasticity - Polariscope - Basic elements - Effects of a stressed
model in a plane polariscope and circular polariscope - Integral fringe orders - Fringe sharpening -
Fringe multiplication - Mesnager's theorem - Properties of stress trajectories - Isoclinics and
Isochromatics - Determination of fractional fringe order - Calibration techniques - Selection and
properties of photoelestic materials.

Unit III 15 Periods

Photoelastic Coatings and Brittle Coatings
Photoelastic coatings - Theory - Fringe measurements - Stress separation methods - Selection of
coating materials Calibration methods - instrumentation - Photoelastic gauges - Application -
Advantages and Disadvantages.
Brittle coatings - Coating stresses - Crack patterns - Crack detection methods - Types of brittle
coatings - Test procedure - Calibration method - Advantages - Applications.

Unit IV 15 Periods

Fringe Methods and Non-Destructive Testing Techniques

Moir'e Fringe methods - Properties - Analysis Techniques - Mismatch techniques - Fringe ordering
- Sensitivity - Sharpening and multiplication of fringes - Shadow & reflection Moir'e methods -
Advantages - Applications.

Non-destructive testing techniques - Surface hardness methods - penetration techniques - Pull out
tests - Resonant Frequency method - Pulse Attenuation method - Pulse echo method - Radioactive
method - Electrical method - Acoustic emission technique.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Experimental stress analysis - Dr.Sadhu Singh
2. Experimental stress analysis - Dr.L.S.Srinath

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University

REFERENCES

1. Experimental Stress analysis by JWDally and WFRiley, McGraw Hil

2. Photoelasticity – Principles and Methods by H.T.Jessop and F.C.Harris, clever Hume Press
Limited.
3. The Strain Gauge Primer by C.C.Perry and H.R.Lissener, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
4. Data Analysis for scientists and Engineers by Staurt L.Mayer, John wiley and sons, Inc., New
York.
5. Experimental Stress Analysis and Motion Measurement by R.C.Dove and P.H.Adams, Prentice
Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University

BCEDCE 7 PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Introduction-Need for prefabrication – Principles – Materials – Modular coordination –
Standardization – Systems – Production – Transportation – Erection.

Unit II 15 Periods
Prefabricated components-Behaviour of structural components – Large panel constructions –
Construction of roof and floor slabs – Wall panels – Columns – Shear walls

Unit III 15 Periods

Design principles-Disuniting of structures- Design of cross section based on efficiency of material
used – Problems in design because of joint flexibility – Allowance for joint deformation.
Joint in structural members- Joints for different structural connections – Dimensions and detailing –
Design of expansion joints

Unit IV 15 Periods
Design for abnormal Loads- Progressive collapse – Code provisions – Equivalent design loads for
considering abnormal effects such as earthquakes, cyclones, etc., - Importance of avoidance of
progressive collapse.

Text Books
1. CBRI, Building materials and components, India, 1990
2. Gerostiza C.Z., Hendrikson C. and Rehat D.R., Knowledge based process planning for
construction and manufacturing, Academic Press Inc., 1994

References
1. Koncz T., Manual of precast concrete construction, Vols. I, II and III, Bauverlag, GMBH,
1971.
2. Structural design manual, Precast concrete connection details, Society for the studies in the use
of precast concrete, Netherland Betor Verlag, 1978.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University
BCEDCE 8 SMART STRUCTURES AND SMART MATERIALS

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Introduction to Smart Materials and Structures – Instrumented structures functions and response –
Sensing systems – Self diagnosis – Signal processing consideration – Actuation systems and
effectors.

Unit II 15 Periods
Measuring Techniques-Strain Measuring Techniques using Electrical strain gauges, Types –
Resistance – Capacitance – Inductance – Wheatstone bridges – Pressure transducers – Load cells –
Temperature Compensation – Strain Rosettes.

Unit III 15 Periods

Sensors-Sensing Technology – Types of Sensors – Physical Measurement using Piezo Electric Strain
measurement – Inductively Read Transducers – The LVDT – Fiber optic Techniques.
Chemical and Bio-Chemical sensing in structural Assessment – Absorptive chemical sensors –
Spectroscopes – Fibre Optic Chemical Sensing Systems and Distributed measurement.

Unit IV 15 Periods
Actuators- Actuator Techniques – Actuator and actuator materials – Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive
Material – Magneto structure Material – Shape Memory Alloys – Electro orheological Fluids–
Electro magnetic actuation – Role of actuators and Actuator Materials.

Signal Processing and Control Systems -Data Acquisition and Processing – Signal Processing and
Control for Smart Structures – Sensors as Geometrical Processors – Signal Processing – Control
System – Linear and Non-Linear.

Text Books:
1. Brain Culshaw – Smart Structure and Materials Artech House – Borton. London-1996.
2. L. S. Srinath – Experimental Stress Analysis – Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998

References:
1. Brain Culshaw – Smart Structure and Materials Artech House – Borton. London-1996.
2. L. S. Srinath – Experimental Stress Analysis – Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998.
3. J. W. Dally & W. F. Riley – Experimental Stress Analysis – Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University
BCEDCE 9 ADVANCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Pipes and Culverts
R.C.C. Pipes –classification – Design of R.C.C. pipes.
Box culverts - General aspects - Design loads - Design of critical sections.

Unit II 15 Periods
Chimneys
R.C.C. Chimney – Parts of chimney - Design factors - Design of chimney subjected to self weight
and wind loads (no dynamic effects) using charts.

Unit III 15 Periods

Folded Plates and Shells
Analysis and design of prismatic V - shaped and trapezoidal folded plates.
Design of cylindrical shell with single edge beam using beam approximation.

Unit IV 15 Periods
Bunkers and Silos
Bunkers - Design of sidewall and hopper bottom.
Silos - Janssen’s theory - Design of cylindrical wall and hopper bottom.

Textbook:
1. Krishna Raju. N, Advanced Concrete Design, CBS Publishers, NewDelhi, 2005
2. Vargheese. P. C, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, Prentice Hall Publishers Ltd., 2002

References
1. Punmia. B. C., Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, Comprehensive Design of Concrete
Structures, Laksmi Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2006.
2. Dayaratnam. P Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Oxford and I.P.H Publications,2002
3. I.S. Code of Practice for design of concrete pipes, Indian Standard Institutions, New Delhi, 1973.
4. Ramaswamy. G. S., Design and Construction of Concrete Shell Roofs, Tata McGraw Hill Book
Company, 1968.
5. Purushothaman. P, Reinforced concrete structural elements-Behavior analysis & design, Oxford
Publishing Company, New Delhi
6. IS-456-2000, IS-875- 1964 -Wind Force, IS-6533-1989 - Chimney code

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University
BCEDCE 14 WATER RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 periods
Planning for water resources development, objectives, data requirement, project formulation,
environmental considerations, system analysis, multiple-purpose projects, cost allocation
Unit II 15 periods
Reservoir physical characteristics, yield, selection of reservoir capacity, reservoir sedimentation and
control, reservoir clearance, leakage, site-selection, flood mitigation, public view, location and size of
flood mitigation reservoirs, operation problems, levees and flood walls, levee maintenance and flood
fighting, floodways, evacuation and flood-proofing, land management and flood mitigation,
economics of flood mitigation.
Unit III 15 periods
Concept of drought, meteorological drought, hydrological drought, agricultural drought, socio-
economic drought, drought impacts and vulnerability, drought indices, percent normal, standard
precipitation index, Palmer drought severity index, crop moisture index, surface water supply index,
reclamation drought index, deciles.

Unit IV 15 periods
Water law, comparison of riparian and appropriative doctrines, groundwater law, national water
policy, water in Indian constitution, international water sharing, Helsinki rules, law of non-
navigational uses of international water courses, inter-state water disputes, Cauvery issue, Mulla-
Periyar issue, interlinking of rivers.

Text Book
1. Linsley, R.K., and Franzini, J.B., Water-Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1972.
2. National Water Policy, April 2002, Water in Indian Constitution, Ministry of Water Resources,
Government of India. http://wrmin.nic.in/
3. National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.
http://www.drought.unl.edu/

References
1. Mohanakrishnan, A., Water Resources Development and Management, Irrigation
Management Training Institute, Trichy, 2004.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University

BCEDCE 15 OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 periods
General
Definition and classification of open channels and flows, basic equations, energy and momentum co-
efficient, velocity distribution, pressure distribution, Chezy’s equation, Manning’s equation.
Design of channels
Rigid boundary channels, lined channel section, non-scouring erodable boundary channels, most
efficient channel section, alluvial channels, regime approach, specific energy, specific force and
critical depth

Unit II 15 periods
Gradually varied flow
Dynamic equation of gradually varied flow, classification and problems, analysis of flow profiles,
methods of computation for natural and prismatic channels – simple problems

Unit III 15 periods

Spatially varied flow
Basic principles and assumptions, dynamic equations spatially varied flow, analysis of flow profile –
simple problems
Rapidly varied flow
Hydraulic jump, types of hydraulic jump, conjugate depths, characteristics and uses of hydraulic
jump, hydraulic jump on a sloping floor

Unit IV 15 periods
Unsteady flow
Gradually-varied and rapidly-varied unsteady flow, dynamic equation of unsteady flow, monoclinal
rising wave, dynamic equation for uniformly progressive flow, moving hydraulic jump, deep and
shallow water waves, celerity of wave, surges

Text Book
1. Subramanya K, Open Channel Hydraulics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

References
1. Chow, VT, Open Cannel Hydraulics, McGraw Hill, New York, 2001
2. Ranga Raju, KG, Flow Through Open Channels, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
3. Hanif Chaudhry, M. Open Channel Flow, Prentice Hall of India, 1993.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University
BCEDCE 16 ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS
Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods

Incompressible flow distribution systems – basic equations - head loss in links, Darcy-Weisbach,
Hazen-Williams and Manning’s formula, series and parallel pipes, minor losses, bends, valves and
other fittings, entrances, exits, contractions and enlargements, reducing complexity of pipe networks
due to series pipes, parallel pipes.

Unit II 15 Periods

Pipe network analysis: basic relationship between network elements, system of equations for steady
flow in networks: Q-equations, H-equations,  Q-equations, solving system of equations: Hardy-
Cross method, Newton-Raphson method, Linear theory method, simple problems limited to two
loops.

Unit III 15 Periods

Design of distribution network, expansion of network, ageing of pipes, pipe roughness estimation by
direct and indirect methods, procedure for roughness calibration, data collection for calibration,
software for simulation, use of EPANET for the simulation of water distribution systems,
introduction to reliability concepts applied to distribution networks.

Unit IV 15 Periods
Causes of unsteady and transient flows, column separation and vapor cavity formation, air and gas
entrainment, fluid-structure interaction, mass oscillation and rigid column behavior, resonance and
auto-oscillation, methods of surge suppression (stronger pipes, re-routing, changing valve
movements, avoiding check valve slam, increasing pump inertia, minimizing resonance hazards, air
vessels and air cushion surge chambers, accumulators, surge shaft, one-way surge tank, air
release/vacuum breaking valves, pressure relief valves, by-pass lines), Derivation of momentum and
continuity equations for water hammer, methods of analysis.

Text Books
1. Bhave, P.R., Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, 2003.
2. Larock, B.E., Jeppson, R.W., and Watters, G.Z., Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems, CRC Press,
New York, 2000.

References
1. Chaudhry, M.H. and Yevjevich, V. Closed-Conduit Flow, Water Resources
Publications, 1981.
2. Streeter, V.L and Wiley, E.B., Hydraulic Transients, McGraw Hill, 1967.
3. Thorley, A.R.D. Fluid transients in pipeline systems, D & L George Ltd., 1991.
4. Walski, T.M. Analysis of Water Distribution Systems. CBS Publishers and
distributors, New Delhi, 1984.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University
BCEDCE 19 MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 periods
Introduction
Vibration of elementary systems-vibratory motion-single degree freedom system-free and forced
vibration with and without damping
Wave propagation in an elastic homogeneous isotropic medium- Raleigh, shear and compression
waves-waves in elastic half space

Unit II 15 periods
Dynamic properties of soils
Elastic properties of soils-coefficient of elastic, uniform and non-uniform compression shear-effect of
vibration dissipative properties of soils-determination of dynamic properties of soil- codal provisions

Unit III 15 Periods

Design Procedures
Design criteria-dynamic loads-simple design procedures for foundations under reciprocating
machines-machines producing impact loads-rotary type machines

Unit IV 15 Periods
Vibration Isolation
Vibration isolation technique-mechanical isolation-foundation isolation-isolation by location-
isolation by barriers- active passive isolation tests

Text Books
1. S.Prakesh & V.K Puri, Foundation for machines, McGraw Hill 1993
2. Srinivasulu, P & Vaidyanathan, Hand book of Machine Foundations, McGraw Hill
1996

Reference
1. P.J.Moore, Analysis and dDesign of Foundations for Vibrations, Oxford and IBH,
1985.
2. S.Arya, S.O.Niel, Design of structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines, Prentice Hall,
1981.
3. D.D.Barkon, Dynamics of Basis of Foundations, MCGraw Hill, 1974.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University
BCEDCE 24 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING
Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Probability concept, rule for addition of probabilities, complementary events, definition of reliability,
failure data, mean failure rate, Mean Time to Failure (MTTF), Mean Time Between Failures
(MTBF), graphical plots, MTTF in terms of failure density, reliability in terms of hazard rate and
failure density, mean time to failure in integral form, conditional probability, multiplication rule,
independent events, Venn diagrams-sample space, probability calculation by Venn diagrams,
probability rules, hazard rate as conditional probability, Bayes’ Theorem

Unit II 15 Periods
System reliability- series configuration, parallel configuration, mixed configuration, application to
specific hazard models, An ‘r’ out of ‘n’ structure, methods of solving complex systems, systems not
reducible to mixed configurations, mean time to failure of systems., logic diagrams, Markov models,
Markov graphs, systems subjected to probability laws

Unit III 15 Periods

Reliability improvement – improvement of components, redundancy, element redundancy, unit
redundancy, standby redundancy, and reliability cost trade off, tie-set and cut-set

Unit IV 15 Periods
Maintainability, availability, system downtime, availability, reliability and maintainability trade off,
instantaneous repair rate, Mean time to repair (MTTR), reliability and availability functions

Text Book
1. Srinath LS, Reliability Engineering, Affiliated East-West Press Private Limited, New Delhi, 2003

References
1. Balagurusamy E, (2002). Reliability Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2. Ranganathan R, (1999). Structural Reliability – Analysis and Design, Jaico Publishing House,
Chennai.
3. Ebeling, CE, (1997). An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering. McGraw
Hill.
4. Nowak AS and Collins KR, (2000). Reliability of Structures, McGraw Hill.
5. Kottegoda, NT, and Rossa R, (1998). Statistics, Probability and Reliability for Civil and
Environmental Engineering.

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 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University

BCEDCE 25 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

Credits :4
Lecture periods/week :3
Tutorial period/week :1

Unit I 15 Periods
Formulation of Design synthesis -Linear Programming: Definitions and properties of LP problems,
formulation, canonical and standard forms, graphical solution of two variable LP problems, simplex
method, optimality and feasibility conditions, computational procedure of simplex method, artificial
variable technique, software applications.

Unit II 15 Periods
Dynamic Programming: Basic concepts, Multi-stage decision problems, formulation of dynamic
programming model, Bellman’s principle of optimality, Recursion equation approach, forward and
backward computations, continuous and discrete type problems.

Unit III 15 Periods

Non-Linear Programming: Unconstrained optimization, pattern search and gradient methods,
Univariate method, Hooke and Jeeves method, and Conjugate direction method, Steepest descent
method, Conjugate gradient method and Newton’s method, software applications.

Unit IV 15 Periods
Heuristic Algorithms: Introduction to genetic algorithm (GA), simple GA, genetic operators,
selection, crossover, mutation, fitness, inversion, examples, simple problems in optimization using
GA, Introduction to Particle Swarm Optimization and hybrid optimization

Text Book
1. Rao S.S., Optimization Theory and Application, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.
2. Wildeics and Beightler Optimization Techniques, McGraw Hill

References
1. Belegundu A.D., and Chandrupatla T.R., Optimization concepts and applications in engineering,
Pearson Education, 2003
2. Goldberg, D.E., Genetic algorithms, Addison-Wesley, (low priced edition by Pearson Education
Asia, India.), 2000.
3. Hillier, P.S. and Lieberman G.I., Operations Research, Holden – Day Inc., 2002.
4. Taha, H.A., Operations Research; An Introduction, Prentice Hall of India 1995.
5. Vohra, N.D., Quantitative techniques in management, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.

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