Table of Contents

Bridge Site Survey.................................................................................................................1

1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1
2. Objectives.......................................................................................................................1
3. Technical Specification..................................................................................................1
4. Equipments.....................................................................................................................2
5. Methodology..................................................................................................................2
5.1 Reconnaissance.......................................................................................................2
5.2 Fixing of the control point......................................................................................2
5.3 Topographic survey.................................................................................................2
5.4 Triangulation and longitudinal section...................................................................3
5.5 Cross section...........................................................................................................3
5.6 Detailing.................................................................................................................3
5.7 Reciprocal Leveling................................................................................................4
6. Traversing......................................................................................................................5
6.1 Traverse angle correction........................................................................................6
7. Calculation.....................................................................................................................7
7.1 Bridge axis length by using triangulation...............................................................7
7.2 Calculation of Bearing............................................................................................8
7.3 Calculation of co-ordinate of bridge station...........................................................8
7.4 Calculation of Leveling of Bridge site survey.......................................................8
7.5 Corrected co-ordinates............................................................................................9
8. Detailing of Bridge site survey....................................................................................10
9. Conclusion and recommendation.................................................................................11
ANNEX-1
ANNEX-2

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 Bridge Site Survey

1. Introduction
Bridge construction is an important aspect in the development of
transportation network and in the development of the national economy. Surveying
is required for topographical mapping, while the knowledge of longitudinal section
of the river and cross-sections at both the upstream and in downstream side of the
river are essential. Also the river flow level in different seasons should be taken in
consideration before the designing of bridge.
With these aims, bridge site survey was conducted in Mahadev Khola, Bhaktapur.

2. Objectives
The main goal of our survey camp was to present the topography of the bridge site
survey with stability, safety such that any field problem could be easily solved. The
following were the main objectives of the bridge site survey.
a. To develop an idea of proper selection of the site for bridges such that the bridge
axis should be as short as possible and should be stable, safe and economic.
b. To prepare the topographical map for the river site by carrying out topographical
survey and hence draw the longitudinal and cross sections of the rivers at
required u/s and d/s of the river.
c. To depict the nature of river flow.

3. Technical Specification
1. Establishments of control points forming well condition triangle on bridge survey.
2. Detailing of the upstream & downstream from the bridge axis.
3. Traversing is done by triangulation.
4. At least one base lines are measured by tape (two ways)

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 4. Equipments
 Theodolite with tripod
 Ranging rod
 Staff
 Tape
 Level
 Tripod
 Wooden Pegs

5. Methodology
5.1 Reconnaissance
The bridge site survey was performed in the MAHADEV KHOLA On the first day;
reconnaissance was done which comprised of the entire area for fixing the intersection
point (I.P) and control point (C.P) to form the triangular network to find out the span
of the proposed bridge. The bridge site was chosen for the smallest span of the bridge.

5.2 Fixing of the control point

After the reconnaissance, altogether six points were fixed. Six control points were
fixed on the both banks of the proposed center line axis of the proposed bridge,. With
the help of these fixed control points we could find out the span of the proposed
bridge.
The length between the baselines was measured with a tape. The horizontal angles
between the control points were observed and the coordinates of control points were
calculated from the given coordinates of T.B.M given on MAHADEV KHOLA
Bridge. The given coordinates of T.B.M were (1000, 2000, 1500).

5.3 Topographic survey

Topography survey of the bridge site was prepared by taking detailing by Theodolite
i.e. detailing by tachometry. The overall area of our bridge site was covered by only
few numbers of triangulation points from which detailing was taking by one set
measurement of horizontal angle and RL of these stations by performing leveling.
And the bridge axis was determined by solving the method of triangulation. Thus,
actual bridge axis was the average of these two spans calculated from triangulation.
The contour lines of one-meter interval were drawn from the calculated RL of each
point around the MAHADEV KHOLA. It was evident that the RL of the points was
higher in upstream axis and lower in the downstream that satisfied our theoretical
concept. The vertical cliff was also present in the left side of the flow of that river.
The RL of that vertical cliff was determined by tachometric method and the contour
was drawn to depict the actual topography of the bridge site.

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5.4 Triangulation and longitudinal section
The main purpose of triangulation was to determine the length of the bridge axis.
With this regard two separate triangles were formed. The triangulation also serves the
purpose of control points for detailing. The triangular stations were setup keeping in
mind the need of well-conditioned triangles.
The longitudinal section of the river was another important task that must be included
in the bridge site survey. The longitudinal section of the MAHADEV KHOLA was
prepared by taking detailing by using the Theodolite at an interval of 10m. According
to the fulfilling the Norms, the longitudinal section was carried out up to upstream
and downstream from the bridge axis to depict the actual natural of the longitudinal
section of the MAHADEV KHOLA.. The details of each point are taken out by using
Theodolite. The Theodolite was set up at some station and detailing was taken at the
center of the MAHADEV KHOLA by Theodolite only.

5.5 Cross section

Cross section runs at right angle to longitudinal profile on either side of the
longitudinal section and was done for the purpose of lateral outline of the ground
surface. Cross- section was done at an interval of 20m up to 120m upstream and 60m
downstream of the proposed bridge site.
The cross- section of the bridge site was done unto 20m on the left and right side of
the centerline of the river to produce the cross- section map.

5.6 Detailing
The triangulation was done to fixed horizontal control points to determine the span of
bridge axis and detailing was taken by tachometric method. The plotting of the bridge
site was done on 1:500 scales.
The detailing was taken to prepare topographic map of the bridge site that depicts the
nature of the ground in Map properly.
Detailing was also carried out from two set of Theodolite station, where it was
impossible to go, to erect staff and also difficult to read staff reading large distance
and higher angle of elevation this was one of the techniques in surveying to take
detailing by indirect method of leveling. The detailing in the bridge site survey was
done by tachometry. In each staff station the entire horizontal angle, vertical angle
and the three cross hair reading were taken. The reduction of the stadia hair reading
was done with the aid of the following formulae.
The horizontal distance (D) = KS Cos2
The vertical intercept (V) = KS (Sin2 )/2

Where,
K = multiplying constant = 100
S = Staff intercept
 = Vertical angle

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 Hence the horizontal control can be established by the horizontal angle and the
distance calculated by tachometry.
Now RL can be calculated as,
RL of the staff station=RL of inst. Station + HI ±V- R
Where,
HI=height of the instrument
R=middle hair staff reading
The positive sign is if the vertical angle is elevation and negative sign when the
vertical angle is depressions.
5.7 Reciprocal Leveling
It is the method of leveling in which the difference in elevation between two points is
accurately determined by two sets of reciprocal observations when it is not possible to set
up the level between the two points. For transferring the R.L. across the bridge axis,
reciprocal leveling was done.
Reciprocal leveling must be used to obtain accuracy and to eliminate the following points.
Error in instrument adjustment:
Combined effect of earth’s curvature and the refraction of the atmosphere
Variation in the average refraction.

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6. Traversing

A Q1 B

B2 A2 Q2
A1 B3

B1 A3
A4 B4
C Q4 Q3
B2’ A2’ D
A1’ B3’

A3’
B1’
E A4’ B4’
F
Q6 Q5

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CORRECTED ANGLES

Quad. Observed angles Correction(1) Correction(2)

ABCD Degree Minutes Second Degree Minutes Second Degree Minutes Second
A1 69 9 10 69 13 41 69 15 41
A2 21 4 20 21 8 51 21 17 21
A3 91 14 45 91 19 16 91 17 16
A4 20 32 20 20 36 52 20 28 21
B1 62 8 15 62 12 46 62 14 46
B2 26 59 10 27 3 4 27 12 12
B3 40 10 40 40 15 11 40 13 11
B4 28 5 10 28 9 42 28 1 12
359 23 50 360 0 0 360 0 0

Quad. Observed angles Correction(1) Correction(2)

CDEF Degree Minutes Second Degree Minutes Second Degree Minutes Second
A1’ 126 46 5 126 47 6 126 53 12
A2’ 7 21 15 7 22 16 7 22 10
A3’ 48 48 30 48 49 32 48 43 25
A4’ 24 38 35 24 39 36 24 39 42
B1’ 13 42 00 13 43 2 13 49 8
B2’ 31 55 35 31 55 36 31 55 30
B3’ 92 4 00 92 5 1 91 58 55
B4’ 14 36 50 14 37 52 14 37 58
359 51 50 360 0 0 360 0 0

(A1+B1)-((A3+B3)=ERROR=-0˚8’00’’/4

=(-ve)0˚2’00’’

(A1+0˚2’00’’+B1+0˚2’00’’)-((A3-0˚2’00’’+B3-0˚2’00’’))=0
(ok)
Similarly,
(A1’+B1’)-((A3’+B3’)=ERROR=-0˚24’25’’

=(-ve)0˚6’6.5’’

(A1’+0˚6’7’’+B1’+0˚6’6’’)-((A3’-0˚6’6’’+B3’-0˚6’7’’)=0

(ok)

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6.1 Bridge axis length by using triangulation

We have,
BD =49.87m

Using sine law,

In ∆ABD

 49.87/sin(62º 14’46”) =AB/sin(21°17' 21") =AD/sin(96°27 '53")

AB=20.46 m
AD= 55.995 m
Therefore Bridge axis length = 20.46 m

In ∆ACD

 55.995 /sin(119°18' 28") =AC/sin(40° 13'11") =CD/sin(20° 28' 21")

AC =41.464 m
CD=22.459 m

In ∆CDE

 22.459/sin(14° 37' 58") =CE/sin(126°53' 12") =ED/sin(38° 28' 50")

CE =71.107 m
ED=55.32 m

In ∆DEF

 55.32 /sin(99º 21’5”) =DF/sin(48° 43' 25") =EF/sin(31°55'30")

DF =42.135 m
EF =29.648 m

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 6.2 Calculation of Bearing

Bearing of Q3-BM=261º0’00”
Bearing of Q6-Q5=165˚ 51’25”
Bearing of Q5-Q6=345º 51’25’’
Bearing of Q5-Q3=85º 12’30’’
Bearing of Q3-Q2= 125º 31 ’44”

Bearing of Q2-Q3=125º 31 ’44”+1800 =305º31’44”

Bearing of Q2-Q1=41º 59 ’37”
Bearing of Q1-Q4= 304º 42 ’44”
Bearing of Q4-Q6=282° 30' 2"

6.3 Calculation of co-ordinate of bridge station

View Station Bearing Length Latitude Departure

L(m) Lcos Lsin

BM Degree Minute Second Angle() 1000 2000
BM-Q6 Q6 331 30 0 331.5 44.64 1039.2304 1978.69963
Q5-Q6 Q5 165 51 25 165.8569 29.648 1010.48107 1985.94394
Q5-Q3 Q3 85 12 30 85.20833 42.135 1014.00073 2027.93168
Q3-Q2 Q2 125 31 44 125.5289 49.87 985.020602 2068.51701
Q2-Q1 Q1 41 59 37 41.99361 20.46 1000.22687 2082.20573
Q1-Q4 Q4 304 42 44 304.7122 41.464 1023.83875 2048.12138
Q6-Q6 Q6 282 30 2 282.5006 71.107 1039.22979 1978.70005

7.4 Calculation of Leveling of Bridge site survey

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 R.L
Staff B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Correctio Correcte Remarks
at n d
BM 1.275 1500 1500.000 BM
2.375 1.10 1498.9 -0.045 1498.855 F
2.178 0.472 1.903 1500.803 1500.803 Transfer
pt
3.191 0.855 1.323 1502.126 -0.051 1502.075 D
3.038 0.735 2.456 1504.582 1504.582 Transfer
pt
0.872 2.166 1506.748 1506.748 B
9.682 2.934 7.848 1.10 6.748

Arithmetic check
ΣB.S-ΣF.S = Σrise-Σfall = Last R.L-First R.L 6.748 = 6.748 = 6.748

Staff B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Correctio Correcte Remarks
at n d
B 0.872 1506.748 1506.748 B
0.792 0.08 1506.828 1506.828 Transfer
pt
0.730 3.938 3.146 1503.682 1503.682 Transfer
pt
0.285 1.725 0.995 1502.687 1502.687 Transfer
pt
0.948 0.663 1502.024 0.05 1502.074 D
0.719 2.051 1.103 1500.921 1500.921 Transfer
pt
2.830 2.111 1498.81 0.095 1498.905 F
1.735 1.095 1499.905 1499.905 BM
2.606 9.449 1.175 8.018 -6.843

Arithmetic check
ΣB.S-ΣF.S = Σrise-Σfall = Last R.L-First R.L -6.843 = -6.843 = -6.843

RECIPROCAL LEVELING
Instrument behind
B
B A
T M B Avg(B) T M B Avg(A)
1.652 1.632 1.612 1.632 0.351 0.231 0.11 0.231

Instrument behind
A
A B
T M B Avg(A') T M B Avg(B')
1.346 1.326 1.306 1.326 2.835 2.71 2.59 2.71

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 ∆H=HA-HB+-e

∆H1=HA'-HB'+-e

∆H=(HA+HA')-(HB+HB')/2

(0.545+1.521)-(1.267+2.190)/2

1.3925
R.L of A=R.L of B+∆H

1508.1405

Staff B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Correctio Correcte Remarks
at n d
A 1.326 1508.141 1508.141 A
1.274 2.950 1.624 1506.517 1506.517
3.150 1.876 1504.641 1504.641
2.026 4.608 1.458 1503.183 1503.183
3.350 1.324 1501.859 0.061717 1501.92 C
0.575 4.745 1.395 1500.464 1500.464
4.790 4.215 1496.249 0.165406 1496.414 E
1.135 0.830 3.96 1500.209 1500.209
1.578 0.443 1499.766 0.234 1500.000 BM
6.336 11.290 14.711 3.96 12.335 -8.375

Arithmetic check
ΣB.S-ΣF.S = Σrise-Σfall = Last R.L-First R.L
-8.375 = -8.375 = -8.375

7.5 CORRECTED CO-ORDINATES

Station Easting Nortjing R.L(m)

BM 1000.000 2000.000 1500.000
A 1082.205 2000.228 1508.141
B 1068.517 1985.021 1506.748
C 1048.121 2023.840 1501.920
D 1027.931 2014.002 1502.074
E 978.699 2039.231 1496.414
F 985.944 2010.482 1498.905

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 7. Detailing of Bridge site survey

Tachometric survey
The details require for topographical mapping, L-section and X-section were taken with
the help of tachometry. It includes taking horizontal and vertical angle reading, three stadia
readings, and the height of instrument at each station.

Detailing and contouring

The detailing in bridge site survey was done by tachometry. On each staff station all the
horizontal angles, the cross hair reading and a vertical angle were noted. The reduction of
the stadia hair reading was done with the aid of following formulae.

The horizontal distance (D) = K*S*cos2 

= (f/i) *S*cos2 
And
Vertical intercept (V) = K*S(sin2  )/2
Where,
K = multiplying constant = 100
S = staff intercept
= vertical angle

R.L. of staff station = R.L. of instrument + height of instrument (HI) V-CW

Where,
CW = center wire staff reading
The positive sign was for elevated vertical angle and negative sign was depressed vertical
angle.

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 8. Conclusion and recommendation

Finally we group 22 of survey camp 2011 would like to conclude that the survey camp
was very much effective one in the sense that we had a sound knowledge of the survey
works and this will be very much helpful in the future life of everyone.
The survey camp has been so very handy that we all the group members are boosted and
have grown sufficient condition in the field of various types of survey work.
Apart from this various different instrument handled in the camp were been familiarized to
us and taught us to complete the works with the provided condition. We all feel that this
camp organized by the college made each and everyone (including the teacher) to come
closer than they were before.
The camp was completed in a healthy, sporty environment. Hope all the attendees of this
camp have had the same feeling about it. The time limit during survey camp works was
very much insufficient to complete the work properly, instead the whole camp being of 10
days it would have been nice if it was extended to 12 days as in the past, some of our
incomplete works would be completed.
Last but not the least we as a whole group would like to thank college, department, and
teacher associated in this camp for providing us sound environment to do the survey camp.

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