A New Single-Ended Arti Ficial Neural Network-Based Protection Scheme For Shunt Faults in Six-Phase Transmission Line

INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst. (2014)

Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/etep.1901
A new single-ended artificial neural network-based protection

scheme for shunt faults in six-phase transmission line
Ebha Koley, Anamika Yadav*,† and Aniruddha Santosh Thoke

Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, C.G., India
SUMMARY
In this paper, modular concept of artificial neural network (ANN)-based technique is introduced to identify and
locate all type of shunt faults (120) in a six-phase transmission line. The proposed algorithm is composed of two
stages. In the first stage, ANN-based algorithm has been developed to detect and classify all possible types of
shunt faults within one cycle time. Then, the second stage dispenses the location of shunt faults. Total 11 num-
bers of modular ANNs have been developed in both the stages which are based on the fundamental components
of voltage and current signals at the sending end of transmission line only. For validation of the proposed
scheme, simulation studies have been carried out on a six-phase transmission system. The test results of
ANN-based fault detector/classifier and locator indicate that the proposed algorithm correctly detects/classifies
and locates the shunt faults. The results demonstrate high speed, reliability and suitability of the proposed tech-
nique and its adaptability to changing system conditions viz. fault type, fault inception angle, fault location, high
fault resistance, short circuit capacity of source and its X/R ratio. Even the cases of slight variations in system
frequency, generated voltage and initial power flow angle are also taken into account. Copyright © 2014 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
key words: six-phase transmission line; fault detection; fault classification; fault location; artificial neural
network; high impedance fault
1. INTRODUCTION
The demand of electrical energy is growing at a very rapid rate. To meet out the ever-increasing
demand, it is essential to increase the existing power transmission capability. Due to the constraints
of land availability, infrastructure and several environmental problems, multiphase transmission line
is an alternative approach for increasing power transmission capability of overhead transmission line.
In recent times, the multiphase transmission system has emerged as the viable transmission alternative
to achieve efficient utilization of rights of way and increased transmission capability to meet growing
energy demand. Among the multiphase transmission line, six-phase transmission is the most promising
alternative for transferring more power with the existing structure of a three-phase double circuit line.
Preliminary works on the design and implementation [1–9] have disclosed the feasibility of a six-phase
transmission line.
To maintain the stability of the power system under all operating conditions, it is needed to develop
an adequate protection scheme which protects the system by isolating only the portion of transmission
line that is faulty, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection
schemes must apply a very pragmatic approach in clearing system faults. Thus, it is essential to
develop a fast reliable and complete protection system for various shunt faults.
There are 120 numbers of possible fault combinations in a six-phase transmission line, which is much
more as compared to 11 numbers in a three-phase transmission line. Therefore, the complexity of
*Correspondence to: Anamika Yadav, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur,
492010, C.G., India.
†
E-mail: ayadav.ele@nitrr.ac.in
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

E. KOLEY ET AL.
protection scheme for a six-phase transmission line is more as compared to a three-phase transmission
line. Various faults likely to occur on a six-phase system have been analyzed in several papers using sym-
metrical components, unsymmetrical components and phase coordinates approach [10–12].
At the outset, microprocessor-based relay (designed for the protection of conventional three-phase
systems) was used for the first commercially operated 93-kV six-phase transmission line of New York
State Electric and Gas’s from Goudey Station to Oakdale Substation [13]. But the effect of variation of
fault resistance is considered up to 2 Ω only. The non-unit distance protection has been examined to
protect a six-phase system in [14]. In this paper, impedances seen by array comparators are used for
non-unit distance protection scheme. Further analysis of distance relay to detect the phase to ground
faults only was presented in [15]. But the protection scheme reported in this paper did not respond
to phase to adjacent phase faults. A microprocessor and wavelet-based relaying approach dedicated
for online six-phase transmission line fault detection, classification and faulted phase selection has
been proposed in [16]. A technique based on wavelet transform for accurate fault detection and
classification of a six-phase transmission line is presented in [17]. However, all these protection
schemes do not estimate the location of fault. Also, they have not analyzed the effect of variation in
fault resistance, fault inception angle, voltage variation, short circuit capacity (SCC) of the source
and X/R ratio. A hybrid technique based on wavelet and travelling wave theory has been reported in
[18] to estimate the fault location but it could not classify the type of fault.
As per review of previously reported techniques for protection of a six-phase transmission line, it is
apparent that, none of the existing approaches provide complete protection against all 120 types of
shunt faults considering the effect of variation in fault location, fault resistance, fault inception angle,
SCC of source, X/R ratio and voltage and frequency variation. The greater number of faults demands
the use of a relatively more complex and reliable protection system. This makes the task of designing
an efficient protection scheme very challenging. This has been the primary motivation behind the
proposed scheme.
With the recent advances of the artificial intelligence (AI) technique, several researches have been car-
ried out using one of the AI techniques viz. artificial neural network (ANN) to protect single circuit and
double circuit transmission line [19–24]. The principle advantage of the proposed ANN-based scheme
is its adaptability to changing operating condition and nonlinear function approximation ability, which
enables to track the changing operating conditions of the system. However, none of the earlier reported
protection technique based on ANN had analyzed the six-phase transmission line.
In the present work, a modular ANN-based approach for fault detection, classification and location of
all possible shunt faults (120 types) is presented. To the best of the knowledge of the authors, no work
on modular-based ANN has been reported for the protection of a six-phase transmission line. Several
factors, such as effect of variation of fault type, fault location, fault resistance, fault inception angle,
SCC of source, X/R ratio, voltage (+ 10%) and frequency variation (±5%), have been considered in
the proposed scheme. If the fault has occurred in any phase of transmission line, the voltage and current
corresponding to that particular phase change significantly. The variation in voltage and current profile
in the pre- and post-fault condition have been utilized to develop the proposed scheme. Simulation
results of the modular ANN on a six-phase transmission system for a wide range of fault conditions
indicates that the proposed scheme correctly detects, classifies and locates all type of phase(s) to phase
and phase(s) to ground faults within quarter to one cycle time from the inception of fault. This is a
marked improvement over the existing techniques which were able to provide the necessary output after
at least one cycle time from the inception of fault. The faster response is an important attribute in the
implementation of any digital protection scheme, since it lessens the damage arising due to uneven
voltage and current distribution.
2. SIX- PHASE POWER SYSTEM NETWORK
2.1. The system studied

The single line diagram of the power system under study is shown in Figure 1. The power system
network consists of a 138-kV, 60-Hz six-phase transmission line of 68-km length, connected to source
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst. (2014)
DOI: 10.1002/etep
A NEW SINGLE-ENDED ANN-BASED PROTECTION SCHEME FOR SIX-PHASE LINE
Figure 1. Single line diagram of a six-phase power system under study.
at sending end and a source and two loads of 250 MW and 100 MVAr at receiving end. The six-
phase transmission line has been designed and modeled referring to the Springdale-McCalmont
138-kV, 60-Hz three-phase double circuit line [4] of Allegheny Power System. The six-phase trans-
mission line model is simulated using simulink and simpowersystem toolbox of MATLAB. SCC of
the source is considered to be 1.25 GVA, source X/R ratio is 10. The six phases of the ac source must
be displaced by 60° with respect to each other. For this purpose, two three-phase ac sources are used
to create a six-phase ac source. To create various phase(s) to phase and phase(s) to ground faults in
the line, three-phase fault breakers are used.
2.2. System waveforms

Figure 2 shows voltage and current waveforms when a single phase to ground fault in phase ‘A’ at
10 km from the relaying point with 0 Ω fault resistance and at 0° inception angle has occurred. Where
Ua, Ub, Uc, Ud, Ue, Uf are voltage signals and Ia, Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If are current signals at relaying point.
Figure 2. Six-phase voltage and current waveforms during single phase to ground fault ‘AG’ at 10 km, Фf =
0°, Rf = 0Ω.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
E. KOLEY ET AL.
Under healthy condition the magnitude of voltages and currents in all the phases are same. After the
occurrence of a shunt fault, the voltage and current in the respective faulty phase changes. It can be
seen that the voltage and current in the respective faulty phase changes significantly. The ANN
algorithm for protection of a six-phase line against all shunt faults are based on these changes in voltage
and current waveforms under pre-fault and post-fault conditions.
3. DESIGNING OF ANN FOR FAULT DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION
The overall protection scheme dealt here with involves two stages. The first stage is concerned with the
detection and classification of faults, and the second stage determines the location of fault. The number
of distinct possible shunt fault in a six-phase line is 120, out of which possible phase(s) to phase and
phase(s) to ground faults combinations are 57 and 63, respectively, as depicted in Table I. A single
ANN for a total 120 types of shunt faults will become highly complex, and very large training data
set and time will be required; also, the network will not converge to the desired performance error goal.
Thus, it is decided to develop modular ANNs to accomplish the fault detection/classification and
location task. Figure 3 illustrates the ANN-based complete protection scheme for a six-phase transmis-
sion line against all possible types of shunt faults in line. Total 22 ANNs have been developed in which
ANN 1 to ANN 11 are for fault detection/classification task and ANN 12 to ANN 22 are for location
task according to type of fault, i.e. LG, 2LG, 3LG, 4LG, 5LG, 6LG, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L and 6L faults.
Among these, ANN1 to ANN6 respond for phase(s) to ground faults and ANN7 to ANN11 respond
for phase(s) to phase faults not involving ground. The output of each modular neural networks for fault
detection/classification task, i.e. ANN1 to ANN11, are given to the OR logic to get the final output of
the overall ANN-based fault detector and classifier (ANN FD/C). Once the fault in a six-phase line has
been detected and classified according to the type of fault, the ANN FD/C will activate the second
stage modular ANN FL, and it will determine the location of the fault in the line. Networks ANN12
to ANN17 locate the phase(s) to ground faults, and ANN18 to ANN22 locate the phase(s) to phase
faults not involving ground. The steps involved in the development of ANN architecture are discussed
as below.
3.1. Pre-processing and feature extraction

Pre-processing and feature extraction is a very important tool to reduce the dimension of input data
with essential information required for ANN. The pre-processing of voltage and current signals
Table I. Various combinations of ground and phase faults in six-phase trans-

mission line.
Total no. of combination
Fault type of fault
Phase(s) to ground faults
Single phase to ground (LG) 6
Double phase to ground (LLG) 15
Three phase to ground (LLLG) 20
Four phase to ground (LLLLG) 15
Five phase to ground (LLLLLG) 6
Six phase to ground (LLLLLLG) 1
Total 63
Phase(s) to phase faults
Two phase (2L) 15
Three phase (3L) 20
Four phase (4L) 15
Five phase (5L) 6
Six phase (6L) 1
Total 57
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Figure 3. ANN-based complete protection scheme for a six-phase transmission line.
involves conversion of the instantaneous voltage and current signals to their corresponding fundamen-
tal values. Instantaneous voltage and current samples at relaying point are obtained by simulating the
six-phase power system model shown in Figure 1 using Matlab software.
The per unit values of phase voltage and current signals obtained after simulating the six-phase
model are given by Equation (1) and (2).

UP ¼ UPðKÞ ; UPðKþ1Þ ; ………………………………UPðK-Nþ1Þ ………………: (1)

IP ¼ IPðKÞ ; IPðKþ1Þ ; …………………………………IPðK-Nþ1Þ ………………: (2)
th
where K = k sample of the voltage or current signals.
N = total number of samples.
The recorded instantaneous values of each phase voltage and current are processed by a second-or-
der low pass Butterworth filter. The Butterworth filter has a cut-off frequency of 480 Hz. Further, these
signals are sampled at 1.2 kHz (20 samples per cycle). It is worth mentioning here that, in case the
power system is not containing third or higher harmonics, the scheme can be implemented without a
Butterworth filter. When higher harmonics are present in the system, the absence of filter warrants
the use of a sampler with very high sampling frequency (at least twice the highest harmonic, as per
Nyquist criterion), and hence, large memory requirement. One full cycle discrete Fourier transform
is used to estimate the fundamental components of six-phase voltage and current. These pre-processing
and feature extraction process as shown in Figure 4 reduces the size of neural network and training
time considerably. For the extraction of feature input for ANN, a moving data window length of quar-
ter cycle, i.e. five samples, is chosen. After the inception of fault, five consecutive post-fault samples of
Figure 4. Pre-processing and feature extraction process.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
E. KOLEY ET AL.
fundamental components of voltage and current signals are extracted as given in Equation (3).
Subsequently, these fundamental components of voltage and current signals are applied as input to
the ANN-based fault detector, classifier and distance locator as shown in Figure 3.
2 3
Uaf ðtÞ; Uaf ðt þ 1Þ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Uagf ðt þ 4Þ
6 7
6 Ubf ðtÞ; Ubf ðt þ 1Þ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Ubf ðt þ 4Þ 7
6 7
6• 7
6 7
6 7
Upf 6 Uff ðt Þ; Uff ðt þ 1Þ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Uff ðt þ 4Þ 7
¼6 7
6 Iaf ðt Þ; Iaf ðt þ 1Þ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Iaf ðt þ 4Þ 7………………………………:
Ipf 6 7
6 7
6 Ibf ðt Þ; Ibf ðt þ 1Þ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Ibf ðt þ 4Þ 7
6 7
6 7
4• 5
Iff ðK Þ; Iff ðt þ 1Þ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Iff ðt þ 4Þ
(3)
where ‘t’ is the instant of fault inception, ‘p’ represents phase, Uaf, Ubf, Ucf, Udf, Uef, Uff : funda-
mental component of voltage phasors of each phase and Iaf, Ibf, Icf, Idf, Ief, Iff : fundamental component
of current phasors of each phase.
3.2. Response/output of ANN-based fault detector/classifier and locator

The output of the ANN-based fault detector/classifier should indicate either 0 or 1, respectively, for
fault and no-fault condition. However, to recognize the type of fault and the faulty phase, the number
of output should be 6 representing each of six phase and another seventh output G to indicate whether
the fault involves ground or not. Thus, the total number of outputs for each modular ANN-based fault
detector/classifier are 7 (seven) as given in Equation (4) and shown in Figure 3.
Once the type of fault is identified, the ANN-based distance locator comes into picture. Here, the
output of the ANN-based distance locator should indicate the fault location from the relay point. Thus,
for the ANN-based distance locator, one neuron is taken in the output layer as given by Equation (5).
Y1 ¼ ½A; B; C; D; E; F; G ………………: (4)
Y2 ¼ ½d ………………: (5)
3.3. Preparation of training data set

To train the network, a suitable number of representative examples of the relevant phenomenon must
be selected so that the network can learn the fundamental characteristics of the problem. Once training
is completed, the network provides correct results in new situations not envisaged during training, this
means that input and output data sets of each example must be provided to train the ANN. For this pur-
pose, it is required to generate training data set for each type of shunt faults. The training and testing
data sets are generated considering different operating/fault conditions, i.e. different fault type, fault
inception angle between 0 and 360°, fault resistance between 0 and 100 Ω, and fault distance from 1
to 67 km. For example, for single line to ground fault:
(a) Fault type: AG, BG, CG, DG, EG and FG
(b) Fault location: Training: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 65 km
Testing: 1–67 km (random values in between)
(c) Fault inception angle: Training: 0° and 90°
Testing: 0°, 30°, 50°, 60°, 100°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 225°, 270°,310°,
360°, etc.
(d) Fault resistance: Training: 0 Ω and 100 Ω
Testing: 0 Ω to 100 Ω (random values in between)
DOI: 10.1002/etep
(e) No fault samples: Training: There may be variation in power system operating conditions, e.g.
initial power flow angle (25° and 35°), SCC of source and X/R ratio of source. Thus, around 115 no
fault samples corresponding to different power system operating conditions have been added in the
training patterns to differentiate from faulty condition.
Testing: variation in voltage (±10%), frequency variation (±5%), power flow angle
(25° to 35°), SCC of source (250–2250 MVA) and X/R ratio of source (1–10).
Thus, for single phase to ground fault, the total number of faults simulated for training are 6 (LG
faults) × 8 (distance to fault from relaying point) × 2 (fault resistance) × 2 (fault inception angle) = 192.
From each fault case, five numbers of post-fault samples have been extracted to form the training data
set for neural network. Thus, the total number of training patterns/samples used for training the neural
network are 192*5 (faulted) +115 (no fault) = 1075 for single phase to ground fault. Similarly, training
and testing patterns for other types of phase and ground faults were generated.
3.4. Training process

The feed forward multilayered neural network is selected for the proposed technique which consists of
three layers viz. input layer, hidden layer and output layer that are fully inter-connected to each neuron
in the subsequent layers. The training or learning of NN employs Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm as
the learning rule which is designed to approach second-order training speed without having to compute
the Hessian matrix. As mentioned earlier, individual neural networks have been developed for each
type of faults (LG, LLG, LL, etc.) which in combination comprises the modular structure. The variabil-
ity in the number of possible fault cases for different fault types demands the selection of different
ANN architecture depending on the complexity of mapping the related input output data set by the
ANN. However, as the number of neurons in the input and output layer depends on the dimension
of the input (Equation (3)) and output vector (Equation (4)), which is the same for all the cases in
the first stage (fault detection/classification), equal numbers of neurons are considered in the input
and output layers for all the ANNs, i.e. 12 and 7, respectively. The next step is to determine the number
of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each hidden layer for each network. In this regard, no
theoretic rules are available. It is a heuristic approach and is basically based on a combined consider-
ation of the performance criterion, i.e. mean square error (MSE) and training speed. Based on exten-
sive series of trails and modifications of various NNs, best results, i.e. 100% classification rate
during training and testing, were obtained with a single hidden layer network with different numbers
of neurons for different fault types. Table II reports the structure and property of the individual ANNs
comprising the fault detection and classification stage of the modular structure. Similarly, the property
of the ANNs comprising the fault location task is outlined in Table III. For the second stage of the
modular ANN, uniformly, a single hidden layer is considered for phase to phase faults and double hid-
den layer for faults involving ground. For both cases, the performance goal and maximum number of
Table II. Architecture of ANNs for fault detection and classification task.
ANN architecture No. of No. of neurons Type of activation
(multilayered feed- hidden in hidden function in hidden/ Learning
ANN forward neural network) layers layers output layer rule
ANN 1-LG 12-10-7 1 10 Tangent sigmoid Levenberg
ANN 2-2LG 12-8-7 1 8 Marquardt
ANN 3-3LG 12-10-7 1 10
ANN 4-4LG 12-60-7 1 60
ANN 5-5LG 12-15-7 1 15
ANN 6-6LG 12-5-7 1 5
ANN 7-LL 12-40-7 1 40
ANN 8-3L 12-31-7 1 31
ANN 9-4L 12-30-7 1 30
ANN 10-5L 12-25-7 1 25
ANN 11-6L 12-20-7 1 20
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Table III. Architecture of ANNs for fault distance location task.
ANN architecture Type of activation

(multilayered feed- No. of No. of neurons in first No. of neurons in second function in
ANN forward neural network) hidden layers hidden layer hidden layer hidden/output layer Learning rule
ANN 12-LG 12-9-20-1 2 9 20 Tangent sigmoid Levenberg
ANN 13-2LG 12-20-15-1 2 20 15 Marquardt
ANN 14-3LG 12-20-20-1 2 20 20
ANN 15-4LG 12-12-20-1 2 12 20
ANN 16-5LG 12-10-20-1 2 10 20
ANN 17-6LG 12-9-19-1 2 9 19
E. KOLEY ET AL.
ANN 18-LL 12-10-1 1 10 –

ANN 19-3L 12-14-1 1 14 –
ANN 20-4L 12-8-1 1 8 –
ANN 21-5L 12-6-1 1 6 –
ANN 22-6L 12-6-1 1 6 –
DOI: 10.1002/etep
epochs during the training process of all the ANNs are set to 1e8 (MSE) and 5000, respectively. The
selection has been made based on the ability of the trained network in achieving a superior perfor-
mance on the test data set.
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANN-BASED FAULT DETECTOR/CLASSIFIER
After training the network, it is essential to test the network to ensure the proper performance of the
network under different faulty situations. All 22 types of modular ANN were extensively tested using
test data set consisting of fault scenarios not used previously in training. In order to generate the test
data patterns, a number of simulation studies have been accomplished using Matlab/Simulink software
package. For example, 60 numbers of fault cases for a particular single line to ground fault have been
studied for testing the modular ANN1. Thus, the total number of testing patterns/samples used for test-
ing are 60*5 (faulted) +25 (no fault) = 325 for a particular single phase to ground fault. The no fault
samples are added in testing patterns to check the correctness of ANN1 during faulted and no fault
conditions.
The test data set consist of total 4930 fault cases of various shunt faults with variation in fault loca-
tion from 1 to 67 km, Rf from 0 to 100 Ω, Φi from 0 to 360°, +10% voltage variation, ±5% frequency
variation, X/R ratio variation from 1 to 10, δ from 25° to 35° and SCC variation from 0.2 to 5 times
and no fault cases with variation in system conditions. To investigate the effects of these factors on
the performance of the ANN-based protection scheme, extreme cases like faults near the protection
zone boundary including high fault resistance were also included in the test data set. The performance
of the ANN-based protection scheme in terms of true and false detection/classification rate and the
number of fault cases studied are outlined in Table IV. It is clear that, irrespective of fault type and
the corresponding fault cases, the proposed algorithm is able to detect and classify the fault with no
misclassification, i.e. an overall detection/classification accuracy of 100%.
Along with high detection/classification accuracy, a proper protection scheme should be fast and ro-
bust to system and fault parameters/conditions. Some of the test results of the ANN-based protection
system for various phase(s) to phase and phase(s) to ground faults with different power system
Table IV. Performance of the ANN-based protection system in terms of true and false classification.
No. of fault Overall
cases for No. of true No. of false classification
Fault type ANN testing classifications classifications accuracy (%)
Phase(s) to ground
faults
Single phase to ground ANN 1-LG 360 360 0 100
(LG)
Double phase to ground ANN 2-2LG 900 900 0 100
(LLG)
Three phase to ground ANN 3-3LG 1200 1200 0 100
(LLLG)
Four phase to ground ANN 4-4LG 900 900 0 100
(LLLLG)
Five phase to ground ANN 5-5LG 360 360 0 100
(LLLLLG)
Six phase to ground ANN 6-6LG 60 60 0 100
(LLLLLLG)
Phase(s) to phase faults
Two phase (2L) ANN 7-LL 300 300 0 100
Three phase (3L) ANN 8-3L 400 400 0 100
Four phase (4L) ANN 9-4L 300 300 0 100
Five phase (5L) ANN 10-5L 120 120 0 100
Six phase (5L) ANN 11-6L 20 20 0 100
No fault cases 10 10 0 100
Total no. of cases analyzed for testing 4930 4930 0 100
DOI: 10.1002/etep
E. KOLEY ET AL.
conditions are discussed in detail in this section. The relay operation/fault detection time of the pro-
posed scheme is evaluated in the sub-section. Further, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed
scheme under different operating and faulted conditions, various cases involving fault near the protec-
tion zone boundaries (near end and far end), variations in fault type, fault location, Rf, Фi, SCC, volt-
age variation (±10%), frequency variation (±5%) and δ (25° and 35°) are analyzed, and test result are
given in the next sub-sections.
4.1. Relay operation time

For any protection scheme, it is very important to evaluate its operation time. The relay operation time
should be less than one cycle as compared to the conventional distance relaying scheme. The relay op-
eration time is highly dependent on different fault parameters. To evaluate the relay operation time, the
performance of the ANN-based protection scheme for different types of faults under varying scenarios,
i.e. different combinations of fault location, Rf, Фi, SCC, voltage variation (±10%), frequency variation
(±5%) and δ (25° to 35°), are investigated, and results are depicted in Figures 5, 7–12. As an example,
the test result for the five-phase fault ‘ABCDE’ at 67 km from the relaying point with Rf = 90 Ω,
Фi = 210° (ti = 0.04351 s), 1500 MVA and 8X/R is shown in Figure 5 which is a three-dimensional plot.
The plot is obtained between the seven outputs of ANN (six phases A, B, C, D, E, F and ground G) in
the Y axis against time in seconds in X axis and Z axis represents the level of output of ANN (0–1).
From Figure 5, it is clear that, during the pre-fault condition, i.e. before 43.51 ms, all the outputs of
ANN are low (0). The moment fault occurs at 43.51 ms time, and the outputs of ANN in corresponding
faulty phases A, B, C, D and E start changing and turn out to be high (0.9998) at 52.72 ms time and
remain constantly high for further cycles. The fault detection time of ANN is the difference between
the time at which the output goes high, i.e. 52.72 ms, and the fault inception time, i.e. 43.51 m, which
comes out to be 9.21 ms. Thus, the network has correctly detected the fault and classified it as a five-
phase fault within one cycle time.
The test result of the ANN-based detector and classifier for various other fault conditions is shown in
Figures 7–12. It is clear from Figures 5, 7–12 that the ANN-based detector and classifier is able to de-
tect and classify the fault correctly within the completion of one cycle time from the inception of fault,
i.e. within 16.7 ms. However, the time required is not exactly the same for all conditions as it depends
on various fault parameters. The input to ANN-based detector and classifier are the fundamental com-
ponents of voltage and current obtained through one full cycle discrete Fourier transform.
Figure 5. Test result for five phase fault ‘ABCDE’ at 67 km with Rf = 90Ω, Φi = 210° (ti = 0.043 s),
1500 MVA, X/R = 8.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Figure 6 shows the plot of the various inputs of ANN with respect to time during single line to ground
fault in Phase ‘A’ at 34.31 ms. It is clear from Figure 6 that the fundamental components of the voltage
and current signals of phase ‘A’ only change after this particular time and reach to steady-state value at
48.54 ms. However, the voltage and current signals in healthy phases do not change during fault condi-
tion. After the occurrence of fault, the voltage in the corresponding faulty phase, i.e. phase ‘A’, de-
creases and remains low whereas the current in phase ‘A’ goes high and remains high. The DFT
estimates the fundamental values of voltage and current at discrete interval of time depending upon
the sampling frequency for the complete simulation time, i.e. pre-, during and post-fault conditions. Be-
cause of continuous estimation of fundamental values at discrete interval of time, the ANN-based detec-
tor/classifier extrapolates the changes occurring in voltage and current signals from pre-fault condition
to during and post-fault conditions to finally detect/classify the fault in less than one cycle time.
4.2. Response of protection scheme for near-end faults: Case 1

It is very important to check the performance of the proposed scheme for near-end or close-in fault.
The relay should operate correctly for near-end faults as the faults are in its zone of operation. The test
result during three-phase to ground fault ‘ABCG’ at 1 km from the relaying point with Φi = 10°
(ti = 0.034 s), Rf = 0 Ω, 4000 MVA and X/R = 8 is depicted in Figure 7. The sensitivity of the ANN
for fault is reflected in terms of the sudden change in its output phases which are faulty from low
(0) during pre-fault period to high (1) at 0.03682 s. The maximum operating time taken by the relay
is 2.51 m (0.03682 s–0.03431 s) as shown in Figure 7. Thus, the relay is classifying the fault within
quarter cycle time from the inception of fault. Further, Table V shows the response of the protection
scheme, i.e. the relay output and operation time for other types of faults occurring at the near end of
the line under varying fault parameters. As observed, the relay operation time for all the close-in fault
cases is maximum 10.2 ms and minimum 2.51 ms. It can be concluded that the relay detects and
Figure 6. Change in fundamental component of voltage and current signals in a six-phase line during fault
condition.
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E. KOLEY ET AL.
Figure 7. Test result for three phase to ground fault ‘ABCG’ at 1 km with Φi = 10° (ti = 0.034 s), Rf = 0Ω,
4000 MVA, X/R = 8.
classifies various types of shunt fault correctly and rapidly within one cycle time and there is no
misclassification; thus, the accuracy is 100%.
4.3. Response of protection scheme for far-end faults: Case 2

When the fault occurs at the far end of the line (near the remote bus) particularly with high fault resis-
tance, conventional distance relays usually underreach. To check the performance of the proposed pro-
tection scheme under this situation, a five phase to ground fault ‘ABCDEG’ at 61 km with Φi = 100°
(ti = 0.04351 s), Rf = 99 Ω, 1250 MVA and 10X/R is analyzed, and the test result is shown in Figure 8.
The maximum time taken by ANN-based FD/C is 10.88 ms (0.05439 s–0.04351 s) to detect/classify
the fault as five phase to ground ABCDEG fault. Table VI represents some fault cases, where the faults
occur at the far end of the line from the relaying point with different fault parameters. The fault resis-
tances are kept quite high for faults involving ground varying between 30 Ω and 100 Ω, and for phase
(s) to phase fault, fault resistance is kept low between 0 and 10 Ω considering the arc resistance.
Different operating conditions for variations in Φi, Rf, Lf, SCC and its X/R ratio are also considered.
A threshold limit is considered for fault classification, i.e. the level of output of ANN above 0.8 is
taken as high or 1, and below 0.1 is treated as low or 0. In case of six phase to ground fault ABCDEFG
at 67 km with Φi = 0° (ti = 0.0333 s), Rf = 100 Ω, 1250 MVA and 10X/R, level of output of ANN-based
fault detector/classifier in all faulty phase and ground is above the threshold limit 0.8; thus, it is
considered to be high, and the fault is classified correctly as six phase to ground fault. It is clear from
Table VI that the relay is classifying all types of shunt faults within one cycle time as the response time
for all the far-end fault cases, considering different fault variations are max. 15.06 ms and min.
3.35 ms. Thus, the accuracy of the proposed protection system is 100%.
4.4. Response of protection scheme for different locations of faults: Case 3

The proposed protection scheme is tested for different locations of faults from the relaying point
ranging from Lf = 1 km to 67 km, i.e. 98.5% of the line length of the line, and some of the results
are given in Table VII. The fault resistance is constant 50 Ω for phase(s) to ground faults and 0 Ω
for phase(s) to phase fault, and other fault parameters are taken as: Φi = 90° (ti = 0.0376 s), SCC = 1250
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Table V. Response of protection scheme (fault detector/classifier) for near-end faults.
Output of ANN-based fault detector/

Fault Fault Short Relay operation Relay classifier (six phase and ground)
Rf inception location circuit capacity X/R in fraction of operation
Fault type (Ω) angle Фi in km source (MVA) ratio cycles time in ms A B C D E F G
AG 5 90° 1 1250 10 0.55 9.2 0.99 0 0 0 0 0 0.99
BCG 2 90° 1 1250 10 0.59 10 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
ABEG 2 150° 1 650 6 0.25 4.18 0.99 0.99 0 0 0.99 0 0.99
ABCEFG 1 0° 1 2250 10 0.62 10.2 0.99 0.9 1.01 0.1 1.13 1.1 1.13
ABCDEFG 1 0° 1 1250 10 0.25 4.18 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
AB 0 90° 1 1250 10 0.5 8.37 1 0.99 0 0 0 0 0
ABC 4 120° 3 1750 6 0.2 3.34 0.99 1 1 0 0 0 0
CDEF 0 90° 1 1250 10 0.55 9.2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
ACDEF 1 225° 1 1600 9 0.35 5.85 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
ABCDEF 2 0° 4 1250 10 0.45 7.53 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
ABCG 0 10° 1 4000 8 0.15 2.51 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
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E. KOLEY ET AL.
Figure 8. Test result for five phase to ground fault ‘ABCDEG’ at 61 km with Φi = 100° (ti = 0.04351 s),
Rf = 99Ω.
MVA, X/R = 10 and δ = 35°. As observed, the relay response time for all the fault cases at different
fault locations is less than 16.7 ms. The test result for a four-phase fault ‘ABDE’ at 58 km at Rf = 0 Ω,
Φi = 90° (ti = 0.037 s), 1250 MVA and 10X/R is shown in Figure 9. The time taken by ANN-based
FD/C is 8.37 ms (0.04603 s–0.03766 s) for detecting/classifying the fault as a four-phase ABDE fault.
4.5. Response of protection scheme for variation in fault resistance: Case 4

Various types of phase(s) to ground fault may occur without or via a fault resistance. Majority of the
fault detection/classification algorithms are influenced by the fault resistance; therefore, it is essential
to study the effect of fault resistance on the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. To evaluate the influ-
ence of the fault resistance, simulation results for various phase(s) to ground faults with different fault
resistances are presented in Table VIII.
As an example, a single phase to ground ‘AG’ at 45 km with Rf = 60 Ω, Φi = 90° (ti = 0.0376 s),
1250 MVA and 10X/R is analyzed, and the result is shown in Figure 10. The time taken by ANN-
based FD/C is 6.69 ms (0.04435 s–0.03766 s) to detect and classify the fault as single phase to ground
fault. Further, the response of the ANN-based detector/classifier for other phase(s) to ground faults
with different values of Rf is shown in Table VIII. The fault parameters are set as: fault location is
45 km from the relaying point, Фi = 90°, SCC = 1250 MVA, X/R = 10 and δ = 35°. It is clearly observed
from Table VIII that relay detects and classifies the fault within one cycle time and variation in fault
resistance has no significant effect on the accuracy of the algorithm. This means that the ANN is robust
to fault resistance variations, and this can be directly attributed to the fact that, an ANN is a nonlinear
compensator which adapts to variation in fault resistances.
4.6. Response of protection scheme for different fault inception angles: Case 5
The protection algorithms based on travelling wave maloperate during a fault at zero fault inception
angles [25]. Also, the conventional distance relaying scheme is not reliable as it overreaches under
varying fault inception angles due to the effect of DC offset. So to assess the performance of proposed
ANN FD/C for different fault inception angle, some test results are presented in Table IX. In all the
fault cases, Rf is kept 20 Ω, and the location of fault is 35 km from the relaying point. While the other
operating conditions are given as, SCC = 1250 MVA, X/R = 10 and δ = 35°. As observed from
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Table VI. Response of protection scheme (fault detector/classifier) for far-end faults.
Output of ANN-based fault detector/

Fault Fault Short circuit Relay operation Relay classifier (six phase and ground)
Rf inception location capacity source X/R in fraction of operation
Fault type (Ω) angle Фi in km (MVA) ratio cycles time in ms A B C D E F G
AG 100 0° 67 1250 10 0.54 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.99
ABCG 90 70° 67 1250 10 0.9 15.06 0.99 0.99 0.99 0 0 0 0.98
ABCEG 40 180° 66 1250 10 0.65 10.88 0.98 0.99 0.99 0 0.99 0 0.99
ABCDEG 99 100° 61 1250 10 0.7 10.88 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0 0.99
ABCDEFG 100 0° 67 1250 10 0.75 12.56 0.93 0.81 0.94 0.81 0.94 0.85 0.85
DE 0 30° 64 1250 10 0.75 12.55 0 0 0 0.99 0.99 0 0
DEF 0 300° 67 500 1 0.2 3.35 0 0 0 0.99 1 0.99 0
CDEF 6 0° 63 1250 10 0.65 10.88 0 0 1 0.99 1 0.99 0
BCDEF 8 0° 52 1250 10 0.5 8.37 0 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0
ABCDEF 0 310° 67 6250 9 0.25 4.18 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
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Table VII. Response of protection scheme (fault detector/classifier) for different locations of faults.
Output of ANN-based fault

detector/classifier
Fault Relay operation (six phase and ground)
location in fraction Relay operation
Fault type in km of cycles time in ms A B C D E F G
AG 1 0.24 4.04 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
ABG 2 0.3 5.02 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
BCDG 12 0.35 5.85 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
ABCDG 22 0.55 9.2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
ABCDEG 36 0.5 8.37 1 0.99 1 1 0.99 0 1
ABCDEFG 45 0.55 9.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
BC 49 0.85 14.22 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
BCD 52 0.55 9.25 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
ABDE 58 0.5 8.37 0.99 1 0 0.99 1 0 0
ABCDE 64 0.7 11.72 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
ABCDEF 67 0.6 10 0.99 1 1 0.99 1 1 0
Figure 9. Test result for four phase fault ‘ABDE’ at 58 km at Rf = 0Ω, Φi = 90° (ti = 0.037 s).
Table IX, the maximum time taken by the proposed protection scheme is 12.55 ms which is within one
cycle time. Thus, the proposed ANN-based protection scheme is insensitive to fault inception angle
variations. Further, as an example, the test result of a six-phase fault at 35 km from the relaying point,
with Rf = 20 Ω and Φi = 360° (ti = 0.05105 s), is shown in Figure 11; the time taken by ANN-based FD/
C is 5.02 ms (0.05607 s–0.05105 s) to detect/classify the fault as a six-phase fault.
4.7. Response of protection scheme with variations in SCC of source, voltage variation (±10%),
frequency variation (±5%), power flow angle variation: Case 6
The power system parameters such as voltage (±10%), frequency (±5%) and power flow angle
(δ = 25°–35°) change during different operating conditions, e.g. switching on/off of generators, loads,
transmission lines and faulty condition. Further, the SCC of a source is the fault level of the source.
The strength of a source (or the ability to maintain its voltage) is directly proportional to its SCC. If
the SCC is large, it is a strong source, and if it is small, it is a weak source. The variation in SCC affects
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Table VIII. Response of protection scheme (fault detector/classifier) for variation in fault resistance.
Output of ANN-based fault detector/classifier

Relay operation Relay (six phase and ground)
Rf in fraction operation
Fault type (Ω) of cycles time in ms A B C D E F G
AG 60 0.4 6.69 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
ABG 12 0.35 5.85 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
BCDG 38 0.45 7.53 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
ABCDG 90 0.55 9.2 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0 0 0.99
ABCDEG 50 0.64 10.8 1 0.99 1 1 1 0 1
ABCDEFG 100 0.75 12.55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Figure 10. Test result for single phase to ground fault ‘AG’ at 45 km with Rf = 60Ω, Φi = 90° (ti = 0.0376 s).
Table IX. Response of protection scheme (fault detector/classifier) for different fault inception angles.

Fault Relay operation Relay (six phase and ground)
inception in fraction operation
Fault type angle Фi of cycles time in ms A B C D E F G
AG 0° 0.25 4.19 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
BCG 30° 0.3 5.02 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
ABCG 45° 0.55 9.2 1 0.99 1 0 0 0 1
ABCDG 90° 0.6 10.04 0.99 1 1 0.99 0 0 1
ABCDEG 150° 0.45 7.53 0.99 1 1 1 1 0 1
ABCDEFG 180° 0.65 10.88 1 0.99 1 0.99 1 0.99 0.99
BC 200° 0.6 10.04 0 0.99 0.99 0 0 0 0
BCE 225° 0.55 9.2 0 0.99 0.99 0 1 0 0
ABCE 265° 0.7 11.71 0.99 1 1 0 1 0 0
BCDEF 310° 0.75 12.55 0 1 0.99 0.99 1 0.99 0
ABCDEF 360° 0.3 5.02 0.99 1 1 1 1 1 0
the operation of the relay, i.e. relay overreach or underreach. Thus, it is required to analyze the effect of
variations in SCC of either end source (0.2 to 5 times), voltage (±10%), f (±5%) and δ (25°–35°) on the
performance of the proposed protection scheme in order to provide information for the reliability and
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E. KOLEY ET AL.
Figure 11. Test result for six phase fault ‘ABCDEF’ at 35 km with Φi = 360° (ti = 0.051 s), Rf = 20Ω.
suitability of scheme. Few test results are presented in Table X. All these fault cases have been simu-
lated at 25 km from the relaying point, and the fault resistance is 40 Ω. As observed from Table X, the
maximum relay operation time is 14.23 ms in case of four phase to ground fault which is within one
cycle. Based on the presented results in Table X, it can be concluded that the proposed scheme is
not sensitive to variation in SCC (0.2 to 5 times) in MVA, voltage (±10%), frequency (±5%), and δ
(25° to 35°). Moreover, a result for five phase to ground fault ‘ABCDEG’ at 25 km with Φi = 0°
(ti = 0.03347 s), Rf = 40 Ω, 2250 MVA, 142 kV, 4X/R and 60 Hz is shown in Figure 12. It is clear from
Figure 12 that the time taken by ANN-based FD/C is 6.7 ms (0.04017 s–0.03347 s).
4.8. Response of protection scheme with current transformer (CT) saturation: Case 7
During a short circuit condition, the large current containing a significant DC component may lead to
current transformer (CT) saturation. The saturation leads to a distorted secondary current. A proper
protection scheme should operate even under CT saturation. The appropriateness of the proposed
scheme has been evaluated under the condition of distorted secondary current, arising out of CT satu-
ration as shown in Figure 13(b). After the occurrence of fault, the asymmetry in the current waveform
during the transient period is solely attributed to CT saturation.
Figure 13 shows the comparison of six-phase currents without and with test results during single
phase to ground fault, i.e. ‘AG’ fault at 1 km from relaying point at Φi = 0° (ti = 0.0333 s), with Rf = 0
Ω. Figure 13(a,b) represents the instantaneous current waveforms without and with CT saturation,
Figure 13(c,d) shows the fundamental component of the current signals of phase ‘A’ and Figure 13
(e,f) shows the output of ANN FD/C. It is clear that due to the effect of CT saturation, the secondary
current of the CT is reduced considerably and distorted having asymmetry, but this has no effect on the
performance of the proposed protection scheme as it detects and classifies the faults accurately and
quickly within one cycle after inception of fault. This is attributed to the dependency of ANN perfor-
mance on the magnitude of the fundamental frequency component and not the magnitude of the instan-
taneous phase current.
The effect of CT saturation is most prominent for single line to ground faults because of
the high current magnitude relative to other faults. Hence, test results corresponding to single
line to ground fault have been reported though simulations have been carried out for all
significant faults.
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Table X. Response of protection scheme (fault detector/classifier) for variation in other power system parameters.

Short Relay (six phase and ground)
Voltage Frequency Power flow circuit capacity X/R operation Relay operation
Fault type (±10 %) (±5%) angle (δº) source (MVA) ratio in cycles time in ms A B C D E F G
BG 138 60 25 1250 10 0.2 3.35 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
BCG 132 60 35 1550 9 0.2 3.35 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
BCDG 136 59 25 650 4 0.55 9.21 0 1 1 1 0 0 0.99
ABCDG 120 60 25 2250 6 0.85 14.23 1 0.99 1 0.99 0 0 1
ABCDEG 142 60 30 2250 4 0.4 6.7 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
ABCDEFG 130 57 35 700 8 0.7 11.72 1 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.97
AC 128 58 35 1000 5 0.4 6.7 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
ABE 132 57 30 750 4 0.55 9.21 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
CDEF 134 58.5 30 2750 6 0.45 7.53 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
BCDEF 135 61 32 1500 7 0.45 7.53 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
ABCDEF 132 63 28 1750 8 0.35 5.86 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
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E. KOLEY ET AL.
Figure 12. Test result for five phase to ground fault ‘ABCDEG’ at 25 km with Φi = 0° (ti = 0.033 s), Rf = 40Ω,
2250 MVA, 142 kV, 4X/R, 60 Hz.
Figure 13. Comparison of six-phase currents without and with CT saturation and corresponding phase test
results for single phase to ground fault ‘AG’ at 1 km with Φi = 0° (ti = 0.033 s), Rf = 0Ω.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
Table XI. Response of protection scheme (fault distance locator) at different fault inception angles.
Actual location Fault inception angle =0° Fault inception angle =45° Fault inception angle =90°

of fault
(LA in km) Estimated location of fault Estimated location of fault Estimated location of fault
Fault type from relaying point (LF in km) % error (LF in km) % error (LF in km) % error
ABCD 1 1.1085 0.125 1.1048 0.154 1.1120 0.1647
ABCDG 2 2.06 0.088 2.13 0.19 2.167 0.245
ABCDE 7 7.0009 0.0013 6.9904 0.014 6.9992 0.08
ABC 8 8.0031 0.0045 8.019 0.0279 8.007 0.0102
ABCDEFG 17 16.7764 0.329 16.9724 0.0406 16.7750 0.331
ABCDEF 24 24.0109 0.016 24.0095 0.014 24.0101 0.015
ABCDEG 31 30.9562 -0.0644 30.9613 0.0569 30.9102 0.132
AG 42 42.102 0.15 42.110 0.016 42.1 0.146
BCG 56 56.016 0.023 56.024 0.035 56.102 0.15
EF 64 64.0018 0.0026 64.0131 0.0192 64.0016 0.0023
CDEG 67 66.99 0.0147 67.002 0.0029 67.012 0.017
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5. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANN-BASED FAULT LOCATOR
Once the fault detector/classifier detects and classifies the fault type, it activates the particular type of
ANN-based fault locator according to the type of fault. The reach setting of the proposed scheme is set
up to 98.5% of the line length. The proposed modular ANN-based fault locators have been tested for
different fault location with variation in fault resistance and fault inception angle for all 120 types of
shunt faults. The conventional travelling-based algorithms are not able to detect the faults at zero fault
inception angle [25]. The effect of variation on the fault inception angle is studied, and some of the test
results for phase(s) to phase and phase(s) to ground faults at different fault inception angles, e.g. 0°,
45° and 90°, are given in Table XI. The reach of the proposed scheme is not affected by remote end
infeed, fault inception angle and high fault resistance. Percentage error can be calculated in terms of
percentage length of line by maximum deviation of the estimated location of fault LF from the actual
fault location LA from relaying point.
Percentage error ¼ ½ðLF –LA Þ x 100=L % ………… (6)

The test result of close in faults, i.e. near to relaying point for example ABCD fault at 1 km and
ABCDG at 2 km at different inception angles, is depicted in Table XI. Also, the far-end faults located
near to the remote end bus, e.g. EF fault at 64 km and CDEG fault at 67 km at different inception an-
gles, are tested, and response of the protection scheme is shown in Table XI. In all cases, the location
of fault is estimated with % error or precision of less than ±0.245%. It can be concluded that the ac-
curacy of the proposed ANN-based fault locator is not amenable to fault inception angle.
The proposed algorithm is also tested for different types of shunt faults with Фi = 0° considering dif-
ferent fault resistances and fault location. Some of the results are summarized in Table XII. It is seen
that the accuracy of the proposed ANN-based fault distance locator is not affected by variation in fault
location and fault resistance. In all the cases, the fault distance locator estimates the fault location ac-
curately as the errors in locating the fault are less than ±0.73%.
An important aspect for the real-time implementation of any protection scheme is the computational
overhead. For the propose scheme, the average execution time for the simulation of the ANN algorithm
(for different faults) implemented using MATLAB/Simulink on an HP Z420 workstation with 4-GB
RAM and Intel(R) Xeon 3.6-GHz processor is found to be 15.7 ms (less than completion of one cycle).
6. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME
The proposed ANN-based fault detector/classifier and fault distance locator approach is found to offer
the following advantages:
(i) The principle advantage of the proposed ANN-based scheme is its capability of adapting to
changing operating conditions of the power system, e.g. fault type, fault inception angle, fault
Table XII. Response of protection scheme (fault distance locator) at different fault resistances.
Fault resistance Actual location of fault Estimated location of fault
Fault type (Rf in Ω) (LA in km) (LF in km) % error
BCEFG 100 1 0.8908 0.16
ABCDEG 10 8 7.8908 0.16
BC 0 9 9.13 0.19
ABC 0 15 15.5 0.73
DEF 0 35 35.0092 0.014
ABEF 0 37 37.0588 0.086
ABDEF 0 42 42.0454 0.067
ABCG 0 45 45.0625 0.0919
ABCDEFG 0 48 47.9739 0.044
ABCDEF 0 66 65.8981 0.15
BG 100 67 67.0014 0.002
ABEG 100 67 66.816 0.27
DOI: 10.1002/etep
resistance and fault location, SCC of source, its X/R ratio, voltage, frequency and power flow
angle. Thus, the proposed scheme is highly accurate and robust as it gives the 100% classifi-
cation rate and maximum ±0.73% percentage error in fault location estimation.
(ii) The proposed ANN-based scheme detects and classifies all 120 types of shunt faults in a six-
phase line irrespective of varying power system operating/faulty conditions within one cycle
time from the inception of fault.
(iii) The reach setting of the proposed scheme is set up to 98.5% of the line length. The reach of the
proposed scheme is not affected by remote end infeed, fault inception angle and high fault
resistance.
(iv) The proposed ANN-based scheme is immune to the loading effects of transmission line as it
correctly detects/classifies and locates the faults during wide variation in power flow angles.
7. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, multilayer feed-forward neural network-based algorithm has been developed for detection/
classification and distance location for 120 types of phase(s) to phase and phase(s) to ground faults in
six-phase transmission lines. The proposed technique uses only one end data; thus, it does not require
any communication link. The effects of variations in the fault type, fault inception angle, fault resistance,
fault location, SCC of source, its X/R ratio, voltage, frequency and power flow angle have been investigated
extensively on the performance of the developed protection scheme. The test result shows that the proposed
scheme correctly detects and identifies the faulty phase within one cycle time from the inception of fault.
The simulation results obtained are very encouraging and confirm the reliability and suitability of the
proposed technique under different fault situations with large variation in operating conditions. The accu-
racy of the ANN-based fault detector/classifier in terms of detection/classification rate is 100% whereas
the maximum absolute error of ANN-based fault locator is within ±0.73%. Such flattering characteristics
make the proposed protection scheme as an alternative protection scheme for a six-phase transmission
line. It can also act as backup in the absence of communication link as it uses only one end data for fault
detection/classification and distance location. This is the main advantage of the proposed technique over
the conventional relaying techniques which requires communication link to retrieve the remote end data.
8. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
A, B, C, D, E, F Phases of a six-phase system

G Ground
Rf Total fault resistance in Ω
Φi Fault inception angle
δ Power flow angle from sending end to receiving end
ANN Artificial neural network
X/R Reactance to resistance ratio of the source
SSC Short circuit capacity of the source
f Frequency
U, I Voltage and current phasors
L Line length
Lf Fault location from relaying point
ANN FD/C Artificial neural network-based fault detector and classifier
ANN FL Artificial neural network-based fault distance locator
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DOI: 10.1002/etep

A New Single-Ended Arti Ficial Neural Network-Based Protection Scheme For Shunt Faults in Six-Phase Transmission Line

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A New Single-Ended Arti Ficial Neural Network-Based Protection Scheme For Shunt Faults in Six-Phase Transmission Line

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INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS

Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst. (2014)

A new single-ended artiﬁcial neural network-based protection

Ebha Koley, Anamika Yadav*,† and Aniruddha Santosh Thoke

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

2. SIX- PHASE POWER SYSTEM NETWORK

2.1. The system studied

Figure 1. Single line diagram of a six-phase power system under study.

2.2. System waveforms

3. DESIGNING OF ANN FOR FAULT DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION

3.1. Pre-processing and feature extraction

Table I. Various combinations of ground and phase faults in six-phase trans-

Figure 3. ANN-based complete protection scheme for a six-phase transmission line.

Figure 4. Pre-processing and feature extraction process.

3.2. Response/output of ANN-based fault detector/classiﬁer and locator

3.3. Preparation of training data set

3.4. Training process

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ANN 18-LL 12-10-1 1 10 –

4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANN-BASED FAULT DETECTOR/CLASSIFIER

4.1. Relay operation time

4.2. Response of protection scheme for near-end faults: Case 1

4.3. Response of protection scheme for far-end faults: Case 2

4.4. Response of protection scheme for different locations of faults: Case 3

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

4.5. Response of protection scheme for variation in fault resistance: Case 4

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Output of ANN-based fault

Output of ANN-based fault detector/classiﬁer

Output of ANN-based fault detector/classiﬁer

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

5. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANN-BASED FAULT LOCATOR

Percentage error ¼ ½ðLF –LA Þ x 100=L % ………… (6)

6. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME

8. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A, B, C, D, E, F Phases of a six-phase system

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