2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS 2017), 21 October 2017, Kota

Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Reduce Power Losses and Improve Voltage Level

by Using Distributed Generation in Radial
Distributed Grid
Husham Sajir Javad Rahebi Amir Abed
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Electrical & Electronic Engineering Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Department. Department Department.
University of Turkish Aeronautical University of Turkish Aeronautical University of Turkish Aeronautical
Association Association Association
06790 Ankara, Turkey 06790 Ankara, Turkey 06790 Ankara, Turkey
husham_sl@yahoo.com jrahebi@thk.edu.tr Amir_eng30@yahoo.com
Ali Farzamnia
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
ali-farzamnia@ieee.org
Abstract—Services provided by distributed generation energy transmission losses, the reduction of the costs of the
(DG) to power generation and transmission systems have construction of new transmission lines and substations [1].
become an urgent necessity due to increase in load These problems are all solved by the addition of
demand in recent years. These services include bridging distributed generation units near the consumer. Which in turn
the lack of central generation, increase the reliability of increases the reliability of the electrical networks [2].
the network, reduce the inactive power in the system, and The system includes the supply of energy from the
improve the margin of voltage for the network. On the production stage to the stage of distribution on the consumer
other hand, the use of energy sources and diversification to three stages [3].
in the production of electric power. The voltage
fluctuation on the end of consumer requires fast-paced A. Power Generation System
strategic solutions and one of these solutions is the The power plants are usually outside the cities and some
distributed generation. They contribute to the control of are far away from the consumer because they are usually near
the voltage fluctuation to have a positive role in the work the source of energy [4].
of the on-load tap changer (OLTC) which is sometimes
unable to compensate for the lack of value of the voltages B. Transmission System
supplied from the source. The main contribution of this Transmission lines are the second part of the electric
work is the introduction particle swarm optimization power system. The transmission lines operate to transfer
(PSO) algorithm to simulate a power system using the electric power in different voltages depending on the distance
MATPOWER 6.0 as a tool box and one distributed needed for the power transport [5].
generation to support the voltage profile. The results were
positive as the system was simulated before the generator C. Distribution System
was entered into the network and the voltage The distribution system is the last stage in the system of
measurement results were Low and after the input of the electric power supply before the consumer. Some engineers
generator to the distribution network recorded a clear know DS is the segment that connects the consumer and the
improvement in the voltage profile. distribution station [6].

Keywords distributed generation (DG), on load tap changer
(OLTC), particle swarm optimization (PSO)
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for
distributed generation into the electrical networks. This was
based on several factors, including increased demand of the
load, the introduction of new technology in the field of energy
production, the diversity in the use of various types of energy
sources for the production of electric power, the reduction of
II. DEFINITION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONS
The distribution generator defines the insertion of a new
field within the power generation process. The DG is usually
classified in the small generating capacity as compared to the
central power plants. This technology is introduced into
electrical power systems to support the system [7].
DGs are classified according to design capabilities as
follows:
1. Micro DG 1W < 5 KW 

978-1-5386-0846-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 128

 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS 2017), 21 October 2017, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

2. Small DG 5 KW < 5MW 

3. Medium DG (5MW < 50MW)
IV. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK
4. Large DG 50MW < 300MW  There are different objectives for sending the reactive
Fig. 1, shows DG techniques according to the energy used. electricity dispatch, such as reducing real power drops,
obtaining improvements in the voltage profile to obtain the
highest profits in the system and reduce the level of reactive
power in the system. This can be described thus:
n.
 2 2
f : Ploss .   g ij . Vi.  V j .  2  ViVJ cos  ij
k .1
 (1)
where N is the number of branches of the system,
gij the electric line between bus j and bus i,
Vi the voltage level at bus i,
Vj the voltage level at bus j, and
θij the load angle between bus i and bus j.

V. CONSTRAINTS.
The case of reactive power dispatch has equality and
Fig. 1. Distributed Generation Technologies inequality constraints.
A. Equality constraints: Equality constraints are the
The benefits resulting from the integration of DG into equations for power generation such as the following
distribution networks are illustrated as follow; equations:
1- Reduce transmission and distribution losses.
2. Stabilize the voltage and deliver it to the limit which is
 
h1. : Pgi.  Pdi.  Vi  V j Gij.  cosij  Bij.  sin ij  0
between (0.95 to1.05) pu. (2)
3. The possibility of running DG only with peak loads  
h2 : Q gi.  Qdi.  Vi.  V j . Gij.  cosij  Bij.  sin ij  0
without having to increase the capacity of the central
(3)
generating stations.
Where Pgi is the active power generated in the bus i.
4. Environmentally friendly and special that works on clean
Pdi load power required in the bus i,
and renewable energy sources from central stations.
Qgi reactive electricity generation for bus i.
5. DG increases network reliability.
Qdi reactive power demand for bus i
This paper summarizes the process of improving power
B. The functions of inequality
quality (which is the quality of voltages as the quality of
energy depends on the voltage levels and the difficulty of The functions of inequality are the amount of voltage
controlling current values for power). Using the PSO within a given range on the load tap changer in the
algorithm and the developer MATPOWER 6.0 toolbox, this transformer and the reactive power injected as shown below:
work includes the following aspects: g1 : Vi
min
 Vi  Vi
max
(4)
1. Application of the PSO algorithm to find the optimal
min max
location of a distribution generator in a distribution network g 2 : ti  ti  ti (5)
to control voltages within permissible limits of an electrical min max
system and to reduce any power loss; g 3 : Q gi  Q gi  Q gi (6)
2. Reduction of inefficient power in a system, and the use of Depending on the original transactions of a 30-bus
MATPOWER 6.0 for system representation and calculation distribution system, the voltage range is set from 0.95 pu to
of power flow in an electrical system [8]. 1.05 pu.

III. TECHNIQUES OF REACTIVE POWER

COMPENSATION VI. EXTERNAL PENALTY FUNCTION (EPF)
The electric power system has loads that are METHOD
constantly different in terms of the power factor. Therefore, One of the methods that contribute to editing constraint
it is necessary to inject and balance the reactive power that is limitation is the addition of an outdoor penalty function
not always efficient to maintain the angle of power and be where the solution is made closer to an integer. This is to
careful to be small. However, a day should be divided into solve the problem of energy improvement and access the
periods for the purpose of representation and for the change minimum value of the active power losses in the power
of load during the daytime within the program to ensure good system [11], which is framed as:
calculations and to reduce energy loss. This process reduces
total power loss and it reduces the opening and closing of

Minim ize: F : f  p x.rh .rg  (7)

switching [9, 10].

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 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS 2017), 21 October 2017, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

1 u
xi  xi  xi ..i  1, 2, , , , , n (8) territories. Each particle within the BSU algorithm is a
representation of a bird in that group. Each particle is
Where 𝑃(𝑋. 𝑟ℎ . 𝑟g ) is a penalty function? represented as xi = (xi1, xi2, ..., xin), where the first solutions
𝑟ℎ Multiplies the fees in order to obtain an equal restriction, in this algorithm are selected randomly, and the search for
𝑟g Is a multiplier of the penalty for an inequality constraint, optimal solutions is maintained by modifying the solutions
and until they reach the final value of the solutions. However,
F the increasing function [12]. they know which bird is local to the bird closest to the food.
In this paper, the constraints are examined using PSO will look for typical solutions by modifying solutions
MATPOWER 6.0, and thus attention is given to the each time. The fitness value of the particles is linked to the
inequality constraints. Consequently, the ultimate objective target function. The particle vi = (vi1, Vi2, ... vin) relates to
function can be described as: its former acceleration, the world’s most well-known
 
F Ploss.   rgi . Vi .  Vilim
.
2
 
  r Ti . Tilim
gi . .
2
 
  rQi . Qi . Qilim
.
2
(9) position, and the most widely known domestic position.
Acceleration refers to the directions of every particle in the
 max : Vi  Vimax  following iteration. The most well-known local position is the
lim Vi. .
best solutions that are achieved by each particle’s
Vi.  
min 
(10)
Vi. : Vi.  Vi. 
min
acceleration indicating particle trends to the next iteration.
The basic principle of PSO standards is quite clear [14].
 max; Ti.  Timax 
lim Ti 

min 
(11)
 k  vn  Q1  rand()   pbestn  xd   
Ti.

Ti ; Ti.  Ti 
min
 Vd  1  k   (13)
  

lim. Qi.
max. max.
: Qi.  Qi. 
  2
  rand ()  gbestn  x d 

min. 
Qi (12)

Qi. : Qi.  Qi. 
min.
 X d  1  X d  Vd  1 (14)
If all control factor variables are within limits, the free
function factor will be zero. If the control factors exceed these
limits, the status of this punitive function will be summarized Where v is the mass weight factor,
to reduce the violation. 𝜑1 and 𝜑2 the acceleration factors,
rand()∗ a random value between one and zero, and
VII. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION k the constriction factor
Scientists have created a number of computer The features of the PSO are summarized thus [15]:
simulations based on the interpretation of the movement of 1. The PSO algorithm selects the next step directions
organisms, such as schools of fish and flocks of birds with the through coherence and competition.
idea of the dynamics of the table group such as those 2. There is a need to determine a lower number of
developed by the cellular mechanism .The PSO algorithm is parameters compared to the simulation method and
one of the simulation models inspired by the behavior of the method of the genetic formula.
organisms developed by R. Eberhart and J. Kennedy in 1995 3. The PSO calculation speed is less sensitive to the
[13]. Both models relied on distance manipulation between complexity of the target functions.
herding groups. These are the efforts of birds to keep a 4. The PSO protocol applies to many regions. Figure
distance between themselves and their neighbors. However, 3A shows the flow diagram of the PSO algorithm.
it does not seem to be a large leap because it is logical to
assume that some of the rules themselves are behind the VIII. MATPOWER
behavior of social animals, including schools of fish and Matpower (matlab power system simulation package)
flocks of birds. Theoretically, members of a school or flock is widely used in research and education for simulations, for
can benefit from previous experiences of group members finding and determining the ability of programs and
during the search for food. Through the above, the algorithm calculating the optimal power flow of systems. It also
begins to emulate social circles such as the flocks of birds or contains operating tools and many examples of power flow,
schools of fish, the members of which protect themselves starting from 4 buses to represent a truly global network to
from colliding with each other when seeking food. On the thousands of buses for network representation cases [16].
other hand, the simulators introduced a dynamic force as in MATPOWER consists of the m file (MATLAB file) group
the case of flocks heading towards food. Food is placed on designed to provide the best performance with ease of
the ground and flocks head towards the edge without prior implementation and understanding.
knowledge of its location. Now we have a conception of the Additionally, it contains the libraries of strong
possibility of finding solutions with the PSO algorithm, mathematics and it is an integrated development environment
which is whether there is a group of birds looking for food with excellent capabilities that is developed by an active
within a specific area with specific dimensions such that the community of developers and users as a high-level scientific
birds do not know where the food is; they know that local language. It is also suitable for numerical calculations and
birds have a greater probability of finding food within their issues to represent stable energy systems. It has been the

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 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS 2017), 21 October 2017, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

market leader for Internet-based testing of power markets,
power transfer calculations, line break factors and the
efficiency of derivatives calculation from energy flow
equations [17].
1. The load case Function
We can upload information from m,file. The
information is brought in and then saved into the structure.
Users can change the network structure by changing the
imported data when needed. The traditional form of use of
the pregnancy case is mpc = loadcase (casefile).
analysis shows that the voltage level on the bus bar was less
than the permissible level. After analyzing the network, the
PSO algorithm improves the level of voltages. After the piece
is inserted into the distribution generator on each bus bar
separately, the user records the results and notes the marked
improvement in the level of the voltages on the bus bar.
Moreover, it also reduces the proportion of losses in the
network after the completion of the system analysis of each
bus, which turns out to be the perfect place for the generator
distribution at bus number 6. The position of each particle is
defined in a nine-dimensional space, as shown in Fig. 2.

2. The save case Function

The (save case) function conserves the data of the
network to the m.file. If the data file needs to be written
once in a single run.

3. The function of runpf

The traditional form of using runpf is: sama dengan
runpf results (casedata).

4. The get losses Function

By using the following formulas, we can estimate a non-
Fig. 2. The 30 buses of the Iraqi distribution system
active power and energy loss in the branches.
𝑣𝑓
| 𝑗𝜃 −𝑣𝑡 |2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖 = 𝜏𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡
(15) X. DISCUSSION
𝑟𝑠−𝑗𝑥𝑠 Fig. 3, shows a number of parameters of the electrical
grid where V is the voltage magnitude at the bus, T the tap
𝑣𝑓 𝑏𝑐
𝑓𝑐ℎ𝑔= | |2 (16) position in the transformer, and S6 the injection of the non-
𝜏𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 2
active power at the beginning of the optimization process and
𝑏𝑐 continuing until it reaches the stop criteria.
𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑔= |𝑣𝑡 |2 (17)
2
V1 V6 T1 T2 T3 S9
5. The Information of Generator Fig. 3. Coordinates of the Particle
The generator data format in MATPOWER 6.0 is:[bus
The process of minimizing losses shows in Fig. 4, by
Pg Qg Qmax Qmin Vg mBase status Pmax Pmin
starting the program and adjusting the values of the
Pc1 Pc2 Qc1min Qc1max Qc2min Qc2max ramp_agc
distribution generator, the power source and the type of bus.
ramp_10 ramp_30 ramp_q apf]. The parameter settings of
The type of bus could be the load or the distribution generator
the generator data are displayed in Bus System 30 in some of
with load or slack.
the names of the corresponding content name generator and
corresponding symbol are listed in Table 1. In summary, the
main steps for improvement of power transmission based on
the PSO schematic diagram that is in turn based on the
sending of the reactive power.

IX. CASE STUDIES

Analysis of the data in this paper was performed using the
PSO algorithm and MATPOWER 6.0 as a toolbox to
determine the optimal location of the distributed generation
using a data bank of an Iraqi network consisting of 30 buses
with a level of distribution effort of 33 kV and the main
source of feeding with a voltage of 132 kV through the power
transformer capacity of 189 MVA and load. The total number
of replicates was up to 200 iterations and the size of a Fig. 4. Loss Reduction Process
squadron numbered up to 50. The maximum inertia weight
was 0.9 and the minimum inertia weight will be 0.4. The

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 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS 2017), 21 October 2017, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Fig. 5, shows the voltage profile showing the

modification of this profile after optimization and after
connecting a DG at the optimum location at bus 6. This figure
shows improved voltages in the case of connecting the
distribution generator.

Voltage Profile
1.5
1
Fig. 7 Power loss
0.5
0 This is evident in Fig. 8, which represents the reduction
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 of losses when a DG is tied to 30 buses. The highest
percentage of losses on bus No. 6 was recorded at 60.55 and
Without DG and PSO Without DG the lowest percentage in bus number 13 was 39.67.
DG at bus 6
23.316  9.198
Losses reduction at b.6   60.55%
Fig. 5. Voltage profile 23.316

23.316  14.067
Fig. 6, we calculated the process of calculating the Losses reduction at b.13   39.67%
23.316
missing capacity in three stages of the first phase without
using the PSO algorithm and DG. The simulation results were
recorded to measure the power losses between bus1 and bus2
and were 7.52 MW. The second phase using the PSO
algorithm without DG recorded the power losses results of
4.248 MW. The third stage after connecting the distributed
generation, the power losses was 2.667MW.

8
7
6
5 Fig. 8. Power loss reduction
4
3 In table 1, compares the loss of real power in each
2 branch and how the losses were reduced to acceptable values
1 for the system.
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 TABLE 1. Comparison of Real Power Loss at Each Branch

Before optimazation from Before After optimization

Branch
bus to optimization optimization with DG
opt. without DG number
bus (MW) (MW) (MW)
opt. with DG
1 1_2 7.52 4.248 2.665
2 1_3 4.605 2.785 1.871
Fig. 6: Modification Power loss in distribution line 3 2_4 2.016 1.317 0.096
4 4_7 0.617 0.067 0.285
The Fig. 7, shows the extent of variation in total system 5 2_5 0.742 0.589 0.286
losses when DG rotates on 30 buses. It is clear that the bus 6 5_6 0.774 0.597 0.179
No. 6 is the ideal bus where recorded the proportion of the 7 6_10 0 0 0
least losses can be a total loss 9.198 MW, which is required 8 4_9 0 0 0
9 9_11 0 0 0
either the highest losses recorded at the bus No. 13 and had
10 4_12 0 0 0
recorded losses up to 14.067 MW. 11 12_13 0 0 0
12 12_14 0.153 0.071 0.063
13 14_15 0.011 0.003 0.002
14 15_18 0.075 0.012 0.01
15 18_19 0.007 0 0

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stability increases and the voltages improve.

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